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Guided Notes: Intermolecular Forces

In a water molecule, there are two O–H bonds. Because of their


electronegativity difference, these bonds are classified as _________________.
When water is in the gas phase, these are the only bonds that are present.
When water is in the solid or liquid phase, there are also bonds between water
molecules called intermolecular forces. Define intermolecular and
intramolecular: ______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Are the O–H bonds intermolecular or intramolecular? _______________________

The intermolecular forces are attractive forces between the positive end of
one molecule with the negative end of another molecule. There are three
different types of intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, H-bonding, and London
dispersion forces.

Dipole-Dipole Forces
This is the type of force displayed by polar molecules. Let’s look at the polar
molecule HCl. Explain why this molecule is polar: _________________________
____________________________________________________________________

The diagram to the right shows the attractive and


repulsive forces that would be present when a group
of HCl molecules are next to each other. Identify
which atoms are H and which are Cl. Label one of
the dipole-dipole forces.

Laliberte, 4/28/08
H-Bonding
Some of the dipole-dipole forces are much stronger than average. The factors
that affect the strength of the dipole-dipole forces are E.N.D. and the size of
the atoms (smaller is better). There are 3 bonds that, when present in the
molecule, will cause super strong dipole-dipole forces. Each of these has H
bonded to a small atom where the electronegativity difference will be very
large. The three bonds are _______________________________________.
So, H-bonding is a type of dipole-dipole force that is exceptionally strong and
occurs when one of the three bonds that you listed is present in the molecule.

London Dispersion Forces


Nonpolar molecules are also known to condense into liquids and solids. Dry ice
(CO2) and liquid nitrogen are common examples. We might ask ourselves, “How
can nonpolar molecules be attracted to each other when they don’t have a
permanent dipole?” The answer is that the electrons in nonpolar molecules are
not always evenly distributed. Since they move
about randomly, it is possible that momentarily there
will be more electrons on one side than the other.
When this happens, it is called a momentary dipole.
The momentary dipole will affect its neighbors by
distorting their electron clouds causing what is called
an induced dipole. This sets up a chain reaction where induced dipoles
continue to be created. In the diagram on the right, label the momentary
dipole and the induced dipole.

Strength of intermolecular forces


Arrange the three forces from strongest to weakest and justify your
arrangement.

Laliberte, 4/28/08

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