130

Int. J. Data Mining, Modelling and Management, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2011

A pattern matching approach for clustering gene

expression data
Rosy Das*
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Tezpur University,
Napaam, Assam, 784028, India
E-mail: rosy8@tezu.ernet.in
*Corresponding author

Jugal Kalita
Department of Computer Science,
University of Colorado,
Colorado Springs, CO 809933, USA
E-mail: jkalita@uccs.edu

Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya
Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Tezpur University,
Napaam, Assam, 784028, India
E-mail: dkb@tezu.ernet.in
Abstract: Identifying groups of genes with similar expression time courses is
crucial in the analysis of gene expression time series data. This paper proposes
a regulation-based clustering approach, PatternClus, for clustering gene
expression data. The method also identifies sub-clusters based on an order
preserving ranking approach. The clustering method was experimented in light
of real life datasets and the proposed method has been established to perform
satisfactorily. PatternClus was compared to some of the well-known clustering
algorithms (k-means and hierarchical algorithm) and was found to give better
results in terms of z-score measure of cluster validation. An incremental
version of PatternClus is also presented here which helps in identifying clusters
incrementally where the database is continuously increasing.
Keywords: gene expression; microarray; regulation pattern; matching;
clustering; sub-cluster; incremental clustering.
Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Das, R., Kalita, J. and
Bhattacharyya, D.K. (2011) A pattern matching approach for clustering gene
expression data, Int. J. Data Mining, Modelling and Management, Vol. 3,
No. 2, pp.130149.
Biographical notes: Rosy Das is an Assistant Professor in the Department of
Computer Science and Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India. Her
research interests include clustering and bioinformatics.

Copyright 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

A pattern matching approach for clustering gene expression data

131

Jugal Kalita is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Colorado

at Colorado Springs. He received his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania.
His research interests are in natural language processing, machine learning,
artificial intelligence and bioinformatics.
Dhruba K. Bhattacharyya is a Professor in the Department of Computer
Science and Engineering, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India. He received his
PhD from Tezpur University in the year 1999. His research interests include
data mining, network security and content-based image retrieval.

Introduction

The advent of DNA microarray technologies has enabled the monitoring of expression
levels of a large number of genes across different experimental conditions. DNA chips
measure the expression level of thousands of genes, perhaps all genes of an organism,
within a number of different experimental conditions (samples) (Stekel, 2006). The
conditions may correspond to different time points, different organs, different
experimental conditions or may have come from cancerous or healthy tissues, or even
from different individuals. Visually this kind of data, which is widely known as gene
expression data or simply expression data is difficult and extracting knowledge of
biological relevance from such data is highly challenging.
Microarrays measure the activity (expression level) of the genes under varying
conditions. Expression level is estimated by measuring the amount of mRNA for that
particular gene. Microarray data or gene expression data is organised together as a gene
expression matrix with rows corresponding to genes and columns to conditions. This can
be viewed as a G T matrix where each of the G rows represents a gene (or a clone,
ORF, etc.) and each of the T columns represents a condition. Each entry in the matrix
represents the expression level of a gene under a condition. It can either be an absolute
value (e.g., Affymetrix GeneChip) or a relative expression ratio (e.g., cDNA
microarrays). A row/column is sometimes referred to as the expression profile of the
gene/condition. If two genes are related (having similar functions or are co-regulated),
their expression profiles should be similar (e.g., low Euclidean distance or high
correlation).
According to Jiang et al. (2003b), most data mining algorithms developed for gene
expression data deal with the problem of clustering. Clustering methods can be used to
group either genes or conditions. There is a third way of clustering gene expression data
which is by grouping subsets of genes under subsets of conditions. Such discovery of
local patterns in gene expression data is known as biclustering or subspace clustering
(Jiang et al., 2003b). We will, however, consider the first objective in this paper.
Clustering gene expression data identifies subsets of genes that behave similarly
along a course of time (conditions, samples, etc.). Genes in the same cluster have similar
expression patterns. A detailed survey on clustering gene expression data is given in
Jiang et al. (2003b). Co-expressed genes can be grouped into clusters based on their
expression patterns (Jiang et al., 2003b). In such gene-based clustering (objective 1), the
genes are treated as the objects, while the samples are the features. In sample-based
clustering (objective 2), the samples can be partitioned into homogeneous groups where

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