he 60s World

What you need to know about the 60s...

International News
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War , also
known as the Second Indochina War, and also
known in Vietnam as Resistance War Against
America or simply the
American War, was a Cold
War-era proxy war that
occurred in Vietnam,
Laos, and Cambodia from
1 November 1955[A 1] to
the fall of Saigon on 30
April 1975. This war followed the First Indochina
War(1946-54) and was
fought between North
Vietnam-supported by
the Soviet Union, China
and other communist allies-and the government
of South Vietnam-supported by the United
States and other anticommunist allies. The
Viet Cong (also known as
the National Liberation
Front, or NLF), a South
Vietnamese communist
common front aided by
the North, fought a guerrilla war against anticommunist forces in the
region. The People's
Army of Vietnam (also
known as the North Vietnamese Army) engaged
in a more conventional
war, at times committing

large units to battle.

As the war continued, the
part of the Viet Cong in
the fighting decreased as
the role of the NVA grew.
U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on
air superiority and overwhelming firepower to
conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, and airstrikes. In
the course of the war, the
U.S. conducted a largescale strategic bombing
campaign against North
Vietnam, and over time
the North Vietnamese
airspace became the
most heavily defended in
the world.

Amercan U-2
plane shot
down

crat, flown by Central Intelligence Agency pilot

Francis Gary Powers, was
performing aerial reconnaissance when it was hit
by an S-75 Dvina (SA-2
Guideline) surface-to-air
missile and crashed in
Sverdlovsk.

French
withdraw
navy

Vietnam soldier

The French government

shocks its allies by announcing that it is withdrawing its navy from the
North Atlantic fleet of the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The
French action was viewed
in the West as evidence Anything for the land
that France would be pursuing an independent
policy regarding its nuclear arsenal.

The 1960 U-2 incident

happened during the
Cold War on 1 May 1960,
during the presidency of
Dwight D. Eisenhower
and the premiership of
Nikita Khrushchev when
a United States U-2 spy
plane was shot down Frech plane
inSoviet airspace. The air-

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National News
Its all about the Mexican miracle!
they had to wait a year
more to embrace their
own books.

Free books
for public
schools
On september 1st,1960
about 5.8 million Mexican
children rejoiced with
culture. That day, for the
first time in history, the
state distributed in all the
country, 17 million 632
000 22 free textbooks,
they spoke the same national language, math,
science, histor y and
civics .
That same day, the children who were attending
the fourth, fith and sixth
grades were let emptyhanded. Submitted to the
contest by the National
Commission for Free
Textbooks -created a year
earlier and was headed
by Martin Luis Guzman
corresponding to these
degrees copies at the
time did not meet the requirements requested, so

Mexicana
Flight 704

Dirty War

June 4, 1969, Mexicana

Flight 704, a Boeing
727-64 airliner registered
XA-SEL, crashed near
Salinas Victoria, some 20
miles north of the city of
Monterrey. All 79 people
on board were killed, including Mexican tennis
star Rafael Osuna and
politician Carlos A.
Madrazo. The aircrat was
approaching Del Norte International Airport near
Monterrey. It had made a
continuous descent in the
last 5 minutes before impact. The pilot turned let
instead of right once the
aircrat had passed over
the Monterrey VOR, apparently not knowing his
exact position at the
time. The aircrat collided
with Cerro del Fraile upon
impact and broke up.

The Dirty War is the internal conflict in Mexico between the Mexican PRIruled government and
let-wing student and
"guerrilla" groups in the
1960s and 1970s under
the presidencies of Luis
Echeverra and Jos
Lpez Portillo.
The war is a backlash
against the active student movement which
later terminated in the
Tlatelolco massacre at a
1968 student rally in Mexico City.

Monroe- Typer
President Diaz Ordaz

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Local News
Guadalajara, Jal.

Chivas wins
1,000,000th
4th champiTapatio
onship
Today (februar y 1st ,
1962) was celebrated the The football epic Chivas
birth of the millionth of Guadalajara was in full
"Tapatio".
swing, because having
clocked up three league
The new baby is a trade- titles (the last two in a
mark of how Guajalajara row) as well as being woris growing; its estimated thy to be counted, reprethat for the year 1980 we senting a moral obligawill have a poulation tion of much importance
around the two millions, in the 1960-1961 season.
and by the end of 2005 Since repeated triumphs
arounf 5 million of people h a d p e n e t ra t e d t h e
living in Guadalajara and minds of his supporters
its surroundings.
in such an important
communication that had
spread to many areas of
the Mexican people producing eects of pleasant
consecuentes.

Teatro
Degollado

Chivas

The theater has finally

gotten the Italian tile
friese.
Ater one year of remodeling the theater, it finally
arrived the last piece,the
italian tile friese, which
had a cost of around
800,000 pesos.

The fact of having lost

three games in the first
round, meant more to
Chivas champions in their
pride and their followers;
simply because "daisies"
They climbed the first
place, secondly Chivas,
America in third and
fourth Oro. But not long
before the Guadalajara in
enfilarse to another title.
Throughout the second
round will no longer lost,
until the penultimate
date; noting that two
dates before (at 23) won
the fourth League title,
beating Toluca in the
Jalisco stadium by 3
goals to 2, on Thursday,
December 22, 1960.

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Politics
Operation
interception
1969, September 20, the
US government implemented rigorous inspection measures along the
border with Mexico by
calling Operation Intercept. She President Diaz
Ordaz referred in his report of 1 September 1970
in the following terms:
"Stringent inspection
measures implemented
on 20 September last
year by the Government
of the United States of
America, along the border with Mexico by
calling" Operation Intercept "suddenly interrupted spontaneous and
friendly cooperation developed between the two
countries since 1949, to
combat drug smuggling.
"Operation not only
caused problems, delays
and irritations on the border, by the excessive and
sometimes oensive to
our nation, some measures taken, but darkened, with the greatest
threat in recent years,
friendly relations and understanding between the
two countries.
"With firm equanimity
face the problem, and the
Government of the United States, ater the first
day of proceeding unilaterally, also endeavored,
like us, to get to the sign-

ing of the administrative

agreement of 10 October
1969, by which substitute
"Operation Intercept"
and agree to continue, in
the interest of both the
fight against drug production, traicking and illicit drug use. The government of the neighboring country undertook to
amend its procedures for
inspection and Mexico
confirmed its intention to
intensify its own program
against these criminal activities that cause damage to humanity and, in
r e ce n t t i m e , m a i n l y
youth. "

Planting and
traic

Sonora, Chihuahua and

Durango; Zone 2, Jalisco,
Zacatecas, Nayarit and
Colima; Zone 3, Michoacn, Zone 4, Guerrero and
Oaxaca; and zone 5, Nuevo Len. Aircrat available
for this campaign, with
the purchase of three helicopters were increased.

Kennedy is
dead

initially supported by a
majority of the American
public, polls conducted
between 1966 and 2003
found that as many as 80
percent of Americans
have suspected that
there was a plot or coverup. A 1998 CBS News poll
showed that 76% of
Americans believed the
President had been killed
as the result of a conspiracy. A 2013 AP poll
showed that, although
t h e p e r ce n t a g e h a d
fallen, more than 59% of
those polled still believed
that more than one person was involved in the
President's murder. A
G a l l u p Po l l i n m i d November 2013 showed
61% believed in a conspiracy and 30% thought
Oswald did it alone.

John Fitzgerald Kennedy,

the 35th President of the
United States, was assassinated at 12:30 p.m.
Central Standard Time
(18:30 UTC) on Friday,
November 22, 1963, in
Dealey Plaza, Dallas,
Texas. Kennedy was fatally shot by a sniper while
traveling with his wife
Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and
Connally's wife Nellie, in JKF moments before his
a presidential motorcade. death
A ten-month investigation from November 1963
to September 1964 by
theWarren Commission
concluded that Kennedy
was assassinated by Lee
Harvey Oswald, acting
alone, and that Jack
Ruby also acted alone A young Kennedy
when he killed Oswald
before he could stand trial.

The action against the illicit production and trafficking of drugs, in addition to the actions of destruction of crops, detection and destruction of
laboratories, concerning
legislative measures to
combat these crimes covered. The Report of the
Attorney General's Oice
1969-70 reference to the
Mexican legislative developments in the field of
drug crimes is made.
In 1970 the country was
divided into five zones
hired to eect the campaign against drug trafficking. Zone 1 compris- Although the Commising the states of Sinaloa, sion's conclusions were

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Paying the
price of a
great society
By the end of Johnson's
term however, inflation
had reared its ugly head.
And as the 1960s became
the 1970s, many policymakers began to question the wisdom of
Kennedy's and Johnson's
assault on poverty. These
critics were troubled
most by the rising costs
of the programs that had
been implemented during the optimism-filled
1960s. For example, when
created in 1966, Medicare
cost $3 billion. Congressional analysts estimated
that the annual cost
would rise to $12 billion
by 1990, but the estimates were not even
close. By 1990 Medicare
spending had actually
reached $112 billion annually. In 2003, costs
reached $244 billion
($172 billion in inflationadjusted 1990 dollars).29
The cost of Johnson's
Great Society was indeed
sobering, but there was
no denying its success in
reducing poverty and improving public health. By
1970, the share of the
population living in
poverty had been cut in
half. Before 1963, and the
creation of Medicare and
Medicaid, one in five
Americans had never

Economy
seen a doctor. By 1970,
this proportion had
shrunk to one in twelve.
Infant mortality rates fell
by one-third between
1965 and 1972; among
African Americans, infant
mortality rates were reduced by half.30

ing as an answer to economic stagnation.

Law of
Kennedy:
supply and
Supply-sider demand

Kennedy's tax cuts are

widely credited with
stimulating economic
growth over the next two
years. By 1966, there
were 5.5 million more
Americans employed
than when he was elected to oice. During these
same years corporate
profits grew more than
70%.26
As with the rest of
Kennedy's legacy, politicians have argued over
what exactly these tax
policies represented. Republicans have called
Kennedy an early supplysider-a Democratic
Ronald Reagan who recognized that economic
growth rested on lowering business taxes and reducing the burden of gove r n m e n t . D e m o c ra t s
have emphasized the demand-side portion of the
c u t s - t h e a c ro s s - t h e board rate reductionsand have insisted that
Kennedy would never
have tolerated the sorts
of cuts later supported by
Reagan and his Republican successors. They insist that Kennedy was ultimately a Keynesian convert, willing to cut taxes
and accept deficit spend-

The price of goods is at

the intersection of supply
and demand curves. If
the price of a good is too
low and consumers demand more than what
producers can put on the
market, a shortage occurs, and therefore consumers are willing to pay
more.
Producers prices will rise
until the level at which
consumers are not willing
to buy more if the price
co n t i n u e s to r i s e i s
reached. In the reverse
situation, if the price of a
good is too high and consumers are not willing to
pay, the tendency is to
lower the price until it
reaches the level at which
consumers accept the
price and can sell all what
occurs.
US GDP (1998 dollars):
$719.1 billion
Federal spending:
$118.23 billion
Federal debt:
$322.3 billion
Consumer Price Index:
31.5
Unemployment: 5.2%
Cost of a first-class
stamp: $0.05

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Sports
Olympic
games
The 1968 Mexico
Olympics, oicially
known as the Games of
the XIX Olympiad, were
an international multisport event held in Mexico City, Mexico, between
12 and 27 October 1968.
Mexico City was nominated for the Olympic Games
in 1956 and 1960, but
both times the candidates failed to receive a
minimum of votes during
the election. In 1963, the
city was chosen to host
the Games, beating Detroit, USA, Lyon, France
and Buenos Aires, Argentina. From that moment was approved by
the Organizing Committee who worked together
with the Mexican government and some state sec-

retariats in the organization of the Games.

Green Bay
wins!
again
The 1966 Green Bay Packers season was their 46th
in the NFL and resulted in
a 12-2 record, coached by
Vince Lombardi and led
by quarterback Bart
Starr. The team beat the
Dallas Cowboys in the
1966 NFL Championship
Game, the Packers' 10th
NFL title. The Packers
recorded a 35-10 victory
over the Kansas City
Chiefs in the inaugural
AFL-NFL Championship
Game.

Quarterback Bart Starr

was named the league
MVP. Said Cold Hard Football Facts about Starr's
1966 season, "Starr, always underappreciated,
was at his classic
assassin-like best in 1966,
his lone MVP season. He
led the league in completion percentage, yards
per attempt and passer
rating, while his 4.7-to-1
[touchdown-to-interception] ratio remains one of
the very best in history.
Starr, as always, cranked
out great performances
when he absolutely had
to: the 1966 Packers, for
example, were the worst
rushing team in football,
with a meager average of
3.5 [yards-per-attempt]
on the ground, despite
the
reputation
Lombardi's Packers still
carry with them today as

Green Bay
Green Bay team

Olympics Logo

a dominant running
team.
" Cold Hard Football Facts
also notes that 1966
Packers had the best
passer rating dierential
(oensive passer rating
minus opponents passer
rating), +56.0, in the Super Bowl Era.

A.J Foyt
June 10 & July 1, 1960;
A.J. Foyt wins the Indianapolis 500 and the LeMans 24-Hour Grand Prix
of Endurance, the only
driver to win both in a
single season. It was
Foyt's third Indianapolis
500 victory and came after he drove through a
crash on the final turn.

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Malcom X;
Shot to
death.
(Originally published by
the Daily News on Feb. 22,
1965. This story was written by John Mallon, Henry
Machirella and Leeds
Moberley.)
A week ater he was firebombed out of his
Queens home, Black Nationalist leader Malcolm X
was shot to death shortly
ater 3 P.M. yesterday as
he started to address a
Washington Heights rally
of some 400 of his devoted followers.
Three other men were
wounded in the wild
burst of firing from at
least three weapons - a .
38 and a .45 automatic
pistol and a sawed-o
shotgun - although only
the shotgun was recovered. One of the wounded was identified by witnesses as one of the
killers, but the role of the
others was not clear. Nor
was it established how
any of them got their
wounds.
Police believed the murder detail consisted of at
least five men, and every
available witness was being questioned last night
at the Wadsworth Ave.
station.
Malcolm's followers were
quick to accuse the Black

Muslims, whom he had

blamed for the bombing
of his home. Half a dozen
of his bodyguards were
reported last night to be
en route to Chicago to
wreak vengeance on Elijah Muhammad, leader of
the Black Muslims. Police
were unable to confirm
the report but an alert
was out.

The Beatles
The ultimate pop phenomenon, they appear
everywhere in the '60s:
on TV, movie screens,
magazine covers, lunch
boxes, dolls, dishes and
more. Beatlemania influences hairstyles and
clothing, but most of all,
the Beatles revolutionize
music. The Rock & Roll
Hall of Fame puts it this
way: "They literally stood
the world of pop culture
on its head, setting the
musical agenda for the
remainder of the
decade."

Culture
town of Woodstock, New
York, in adjoining Ulster
County.
During the sometimes
rainy weekend, 32 acts
performed outdoors before an audience of
400,000 young people. It
is widely regarded as a
pivotal moment in popular music history. Rolling
Stone listed it as one of
the 50 Moments That
Changed the History of Malcom X
Rock and Roll.
The festival is also widely
considered to be the
definitive nexus for the
larger counterculture
generation.

Woodstock
Woodstock cartel
The Woodstock Music &
Art Fair; informally, the
Woodstock Festival or
simply Woodstock-is a
music festival, billed as
"An Aquarian Exposition:
3 Days of Peace & Music".
It was held at Max
Yasgur's 600-acre dairy
farm in the Catskills near
the hamlet of White Lake
in the town of Bethel,
New York, from August 15
to 18, 1969. Bethel, in Sullivan County, is 43 miles The beatles for"The 60s world"
(69 km) southwest of the

The word is
out!
On June 27, 1969, police
raided the Stonewall Inn,
a gay bar in New York
City's Greenwich Village.
The bar's patrons, sick of
being subjected to harassment and discrimination, fought back: For five
days, rioters took to the
streets in protest. "The
w o r d i s o u t ," o n e
protester said. "[We] have
had it with oppression."
Historians believe that
this "Stonewall
Rebellion" marked the
beginning of the gay
rights movement.

We want
civil rights
The struggle for civil
rights had defined the
'60s ever since four black
students sat down at a
whites-only lunch
counter in Greensboro,
North Carolina, in February 1960 and refused to
leave. Their movement
spread: Hundreds of
demonstrators went back
to that lunch counter every day, and tens of thousands clogged segregated
restaurants and shops
across the upper South.
The protesters drew the
nation's attention to the
injustice, brutality and
capriciousness that characterized Jim Crow.

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Society
Tlatelolco
massacre
The Tlatelolco massacre,
also known as the Night
of Tlatelolco (from a book
title by the Mexican writer Elena Poniatowska),
was a killing of an estimated 30 to 300 students
and civilians by military
and police on October 2,
1968, in the Plaza de las
Tres Culturas in the
Tlatelolco section of Mexico City. The events are
considered part of the
Mexican Dirty War, when
the government used its
forces to suppress political opposition. The massacre occurred 10 days
before the opening of the
1968 Summer Olympics
in Mexico City. More than
1,300 people were arrested by security police.
There has been no consensus on how many
were killed that day in
the plaza area.

At the time the government and the mainstream media in Mexico

claimed that government
forces had been provo ke d by p ro te s te rs
shooting at them. But
government documents
made public since 2000
suggest that the snipershad been employed by
the government.
Estimates of the death
toll ranged from 30 to
300, with eyewitnesses
reporting hundreds dead.
According to US national
security archives, Kate
Doyle, a Senior Analyst of
US policy in Latin America , d o c u m e n te d t h e Tlatelolco students
deaths of 44 people.[8]
The head of the Federal
Directorate of Security reported the arrests of
1,345 people on October
2.

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Apolo 11
Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first
humans on the Moon,
Americans Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin,
on July 20, 1969, at 20:18
UTC. Armstrong became
the first to step onto the
lunar surface six hours
later on July 21 at 02:56
UTC. Armstrong spent
about two and a half
hours outside the spacecrat, Aldrin slightly less,
and together they collected 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg)
of lunar material for return to Earth. The third
member of the mission,
Michael Collins, piloted
the command spacecrat
alone in lunar orbit until
Armstrong and Aldrin returned to it just under a
day later for the trip back
to Earth.
Launched by a Saturn V
rocket from Kennedy
Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16,
Apollo 11 was the fith
manned mission of
NASA's Apollo program.
The Apollo spacecrat
had three parts: a Command Module (CM) with a
cabin for the three astronauts, and the only part
that landed back on
Earth; a Service Module
(SM), which supported
the Command Module
with propulsion, electrical power, oxygen, and
water; and a Lunar Module (LM) for landing on
the Moon. Ater being
sent toward the Moon by

Technology
the Saturn V's upper
stage, the astronauts separated the spacecrat
from it and traveled for
three days until they entered into lunar orbit.
Armstrong and Aldrin
then moved into the Lunar Module and landed in
the Sea of Tranquility.
They stayed a total of
about 21 12 hours on the
lunar surface. Ater liting
o in the upper part of
the Lunar Module and rejoining Collins in the
Command Module, they
returned to Earth and
landed in the Pacific
Ocean on July 24.

is a pn-junction diode,
which emits light when
activated. When a suitable voltage is applied to
the leads, electrons are
able to recombine withelectron holes within the
device, releasing energy
in the form of photons.
This eect is called electroluminescence, and the
color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy
band gapof the semiconductor.

tern.

The network
grows

By the end of 1969, just

four computers were connected to the ARPAnet,
but the network grew
steadily during the 1970s.
In 1971, it added the University of Hawaii's ALOHAnet, and two years later it added networks at
London's University College and the Royal Radar
Establishment in Norway.
As packet-switched computer networks multiplied, however, it became
more diicult for them to
An LED is oten small in integrate into a single
area (less than 1 mm2) worldwide "Internet."
and integrated optical
Broadcast on live TV to a components may be used
world-wide audience, to shape its radiation patArmstrong stepped onto
the lunar surface and described the event as "one
small step for a man, one
giant leap for mankind."
Apollo 11 eectively ended the Space Race and Rifle Shooting
fulfilled a national goal Carlos&Sons
LEDs
proposed in 1961 by the
U.S. President John F.
Kennedy in a speech before the U.S. Congress:
"before this decade is
out, of landing a man on
the Moon and returning
him safely to the Earth."

Its all about

LEDs
A light-emitting diode
(LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It Armstrong, Collins & Aldrin (Apolo11crew)

10

By:
-Korina Guerrero
-Christopher Raul
-Sofia Villegas
-Ana Victoria Ramrez
-Montserrat Buenrrostro
-Ana Paula Ascencio

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