Pracs

Production of Materials
Alkane and Alkenes
- Yellow Bromine Water, cyclohexane, cyclohexene
- Do in fume cupboard, respiratory problems from fumes
- Micro test tubes, 10 drops of cyclohexene & cyclohexane, add drops of
bromine water, shake gently
- Br Water into cyclohexane, yellow to bottom, colourless cyclohexane to top
- Br water into cyclohexene, 2 colourless layers, organic compound at top and
water at bottom
- Differentiate between alkane and alkene: Add Br water
Fermentation of Glucose
- Monitor mass change
- Warm water, glucose, yeast, limewater, side arm flask, stopper, thermometer

Heat of Combustion of Alcohols

- Enthalpy calculated with H = -mCT
- Spirit burners with alcohol, heat water in aluminium can on retort ring and
stand
- Weight spirit burner before and after, measure temperature of water before
and after
- Calculate
- Safety glasses, do not ingest alkanols, keep away from naked flame, avoid
spillages
Displacement of Metals
- Metal sulfates (zinc, magnesium, copper(II), iron(II)) and metal solids
- White tile, used small amounts in eyedropper
- Watch for precipitate
- Wash hands, small amounts (drops on tiles)
Galvanic Cells
- Sand metals with emery paper, place in metal nitrate, connect to voltmeter to
each other
- Soak paper in electrolyte, salt bridge
- Investigate voltage change

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Acidic Environment
Natural Indicators
- Purple cabbage, flower petals
- Cut leaves and petals, put in beaker and heat, make water colourful
- Use coloured water to test against HCL, CH 3COOH, NH3, NaOH, water
- Note colour change
- Safety glasses, dont inhale fumes of dilute ammonia
Colour Change in Commercial Indicators
- Methyl orange, bromothymol blue, phenolphthalein, litmus
- Concentrated HCl, NaOH, use graduated pipette and measuring cylinders to
make solutions of different pH with the HCl and NaOH
- Test the indicators against the solutions, record colours, work out pH, see
colour range
pH of household products
- Tested pH of household products with indicators
Decarboonation of Soft Drink
- Opened cans of soft drink and weighed, placed in incubator, weighed
periodically to monitor weight loss
- The CO2 came out of solution, the can decreased in weight
- Water evaporates as well, have water control and subtract weight loss of
water from weight loss of can
Hydrolysis of Salts
- Some salts form acidic solutions, some form basic solutions, some are neutral
- Use indicator/pH probe & data logger to find pH of aqueous salt solution,
record
- Dissolve salt and measure their pH
- All waste go into inorganic waste jar, safety glasses, do not ingest
Titration
Primary Standard
- Use powdered form of solids which do not absorb water or lose water from or
to the air, pure substances like NaCO3 and oxalic acid (not HCl or NaOH)
- Weight out exact mass in beaker, add distilled water, dissolve
- Pour into volumetric flask with funnel, rinse beaker and funnel with wash
bottle and distilled water
- Fill with distilled water until calibrated mark on flask, stopper, invert
Secondary Standard
- Rinse burette with secondary standard, rinse bulb pipette with primary
standard, rinse flask with distilled water
- Set up burette with retort stand, burette clamp, close tap and fill secondary
standard, fill to 0 or record volume
- Draw out exact volume of primary standard, put into rinsed conical flask
- Add 2-3 drops of indicator

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Run secondary primary from the burette slowly into the flask, swirling the
solution to mix until indicator changes colour, stop burette, read and record
volume
Repeat until 3 consistent results within 0.1 are reached
Calculate

Ester
- Alkanoic acid (25ml), alkanol (15ml)
- Put into round bottom flask with ceramic boiling chips, 2ml of concentrated
H2SO4
- Set up flask and condenser on retort stand for reflux
- Use hot plate and water bath to gently heat the reaction
- Safety glasses, clean up spills, H2SO4 corrosive, keep fume away from naked
fumes

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Chemical Monitoring
Flame Test
- Burn end of a graphite pencil, dip into salt in watch glass
- Hold pencil at tip of blue flame, observe and record colour change
Salt

Flame Colour

Lead
salts

N/A
(Toxic vapour)

BaCl2

Yellow Green

CaCl2

Red

CuCl2

Green

FeCl2

No Reaction

FeCl3

No Reaction

Precipitation Test
- Use semi-micro test tubes and 10 drops of each cation solution Pb(NO 3)2,
Ba(NO3)2, FeSO4, CuSO4, CaCl2, FeCl3
- Add 10 drops of HCl, observe, watch for precipitation
- Repeat for NaOH, Na2SO4, NH3, KI
HCl (Cl-)
OHSO42INH3
Pb

2+

Ba2+

Ca

2+

2+

Cu

Fe2+

Fe3+

Anions
- Use
Anion
ClCO32-

White
ppte
PbCl2

White
ppte
Pb(OH)2
White
ppte

White
ppte
PbSO4
White
ppte
BaSO4

White
ppte
Ca(OH)2
Blue
ppte
Cu(OH)2
Green
ppte
Fe(OH)2
Brown
ppte
Fe(OH)3

yellow
ppte
PbI2

White
ppte
Pb(OH)2

Brown
ppte

Blue
ppte
Cu(OH)2
Green
ppte
Fe(OH)2
Brown
ppte
Fe(OH)3

20 drops of each salt

Test
Add AgNO3, AgCl ppte, discolours in sunlight, dissolves in ammonia
Bubbles with nitric acid (warm water bath)
5

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SO42PO43-

Off white ppte with AgNO3, white ppte with Ba(NO3)2

No reaction with AgNO3, white ppte with Ba(NO3)2
Yellow ppte with AgNO3,white ppte with Ba(NO3)2

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Sulfate Content of Fertiliser
-

Grind fertiliser, weigh out 0.5g into beaker, add 25mL warm water, stir and
dissolve
10 drops nitric acid
Use hot plate to heat until just boil
Add Ba(NO3)2 from burette until no more white precipitate forms, stir after
each addition
Re-boil mixture for 5 minutes, coagulate precipitate
Weigh filter paper and watch glass, pour mixture into filter (vacuum filter)
Dry the filter paper with precipitate on filter paper and watch glass in
incubator until dry
Weigh and record precipitate, filter paper and watch glass
Calculate