1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

When the loaded sleeve moves up and down along the spindle, the frictional force
acts on it in a direction OPPOSITE to that of motion of sleeve.
What is a Hartnell governor?
i. A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor. It consists of two
bell crank levers pivoted at the points O, O to the frame. The frame
is attached to the governor spindle and therefore rotates with it.
Each lever carries a ball at the end of the vertical arm OB and a
roller at the end of the horizontal arm OR.
What is a Hartung governor?
i. In this type of governor, the vertical arms of the bell crank levers
are fitted with spring balls which compress against the frame of the
governor when the rollers at the horizontal arm press against the
sleeve. It is a spring controlled governor.
What is a Wilson-Hartnell governor?
i. A Wilson-Hartnell governor is a governor in which the balls are
connected by a spring in tension. An auxiliary spring is attached to
the sleeve mechanism through a lever by means of which the
equilibrium speed for a given radius may be adjusted.
What is a pickering governor?
i. A pickering governor consists of three straight leaf springs
arranged at equal angular intervals round the spindle. Each spring
carries a weight at the center. The weight moves outwards and the
spring bend as they rotate about the spindle axis with increasing
speed. It is mostly used for driving gramophone.
Define sensitiveness of governors?
i. It is defined as the ratio of difference between the maximum and
minimum equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.
Define stability of governors?
i. A governor is said to be stable, when for every speed within the
working range, there is a definite configuration (ie) there is only
one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor
is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed
increases, the radius of the governor balls must also increase.
A governor is said to be unstable if the radius of the rotation DECREASES as the
speed INCREASES.
Define isochronous governors.

i. A governor is said to be isochronous, when the equilibrium speed

is constant, for all radii of rotation of the balls within the working
range, neglecting friction. The isochronisms is the state of infinite
sensitivity.
10.

11.

12.

Define Hunting of a governor?

i. A governor is said to be hunt if the speed of the engine fluctuates
continuously above and below the mean speed. This is caused by a
too sensitive governor which changes the fuel supply by a large
amount when a small change in the speed of rotation takes place.
Define effort of a governor?
i. The effort of a governor is the mean force exerted at the sleeve for
a given percentage change of speed.
Define power of a governor?
i. The power of a governor is the work done at the sleeve for a given
percentage change of speed.
ii. Power = Mean effort * lift of sleeve.

13.

Write down the expression for governor effort and power of a porter governor?
i. Governor effort = [ 2m/(1+q) + M ] C * g
ii. Governor power = 4C^2/1+2C [m + M/2 + 1+q] g *h

14.

15.

16.

17.

Where C is the % change of speed.

What is a controlling force diagram?
i. When the graph between the controlling force (Fc) as ordinate and
radius of rotation of the balls (r) as abscissa is drawn then the
graph obtained is known as controlling force diagram.
Define Controlling force.
i. When a body rotates in a circular path, there is an inward radial
force or centripetal force acting on it. In case of a governor
running at a steady speed, the inward force acting on the rotating
balls is known as controlling force. It is equal and opposite to
centrifugal reaction. Fc = m.w^2 r
What is co-efficient of Insensitiveness?
i. Generally we have assumed the governor to be frictionless. In
actual practice there is always friction in the joints and operating
mechanism of the governor. Since the frictional force always acts
in the opposite direction to that of motion, therefore when the

speed of rotation decreases, the friction prevents the downward

movement of the sleeve and the radial inward movement of the
balls.

18.

The ratio N-N/N is called co-efficient of insensitiveness of governor.

When the sleeve of a porter governor moves upwards, the governor speed
INCREASES

19.

A Hartnell governor is a SPRING LOADED GOVERNOR.

20.

PICKERING GOVERNOR is used to drive a gramophone.

21.

22.

In a Hartnell governor if a spring of greater stiffness is used, then the governor

will be LESS SENSITIVE.
Name any four spring loaded governors?
Hartnell governor.
Hartung governor.
Wilson Hartnell governor.
Pickering governor.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

What is viscous damping?

i. When the frictional resistance (damping) to the motion of the
body is directly propotional to the speed of the movement, it is
called viscous damping.
Define Simple Harmonic Motion.
i. A periodic motion of a particle whose acceleration is always
directly towards the mean position and is propotional to its
distance from the mean position, is known as S.H.M
What is amplitude?
i. The maximum displacement of a vibrating body from the mean
position.
Define particle motion, time period and frequency.
i. A motion which repeats itself after equal intervals of time is known
as periodic motion.
ii. Time taken to complete one cycle is called time period Tp.
What is Resonance?
i. Resonance occurs when the frequency of the external force equal
to the natural frequency of vibration of the system.The amplitude
of vibration at resonance becomes excessive.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

Define Damping.
i. It is the resistance to the motion of vibrating body.
Explain about degree of freedom?
i. A system has n degree of freedom, if it needs n independent
variables to specify completely the configuration of the system at
any instant.
Define single degree of freedom.
i. A mass supported by a spring and constrained to move in one
direction without rotation is a single degree of freedom system.
EXAMPLE:
Simple pendulum oscillating in one plane.A crank slider mechanism, since

only the crank angle is sufficient to define the system completely.

Define period of vibration or time period?
i. The time period after which the motion repeats itself is time period
.It is expressed in seconds (S).
Define a cycle?
i. Motion completed during one time period.
What is frequency?
i. The number of cycles described in one second.Unit : Hz (hertz)
What are the types of vibratory motion?
i. Free or natural vibrations.
ii. Forced vibrations
iii. Damped vibrations.

1. Define gyroscopic acceleration

36. If the angular velocity of the disc changes the direction but remains constant in
magnitude, then angular acceleration of the disc is given by
c = * d/dt = * P

37.

The angular acceleration c is known as gyroscopic acceleration.

2. What is reactive gyroscopic couple?

38. When the axis of spin itself moves with angular velocity P the disc is subjected
to reactive couple. This reactive couple to which the disc is subjected, when the
axis of spin rotates about the axis of precession is known as reactive gyroscopic.
3. What are the applications of gyroscopic couple?

39.

40.
41.

42.

The gyroscopic couple is usually applied through the bearings which support the
shaft.
The gyroscopic principle is used in an instrument or toy known as gyroscopic.
They are installed in ships in order to minimize the rolling and pitching effects of
waves.
They are used in aero planes, monorails cars, gyrocompasses etc.

4. Write down the expressions for gyroscopic couple acting on the aero plane
43. C = I * * P
44.
45.
46.

Where I
= mass moment of inertia.

= angular velocity of the engine

P
= angular velocity of the precession = V/R rad/sec.

5. When the engine or propeller rotates in anticlockwise direction when viewed from
the rear or tail end and aero plane takes a left turn, then the effect of reactive
gyroscopic couple will be
47. Ans: to dip the nose and raise the tail of the aero plane.
6. The front end of the ship is called __________ and the rear end is known as
_________
48. Ans: bow, (stern or aft).
7. The left hand and the right hand sides of the ship when viewed from the stern is
called ________ and _______
49. Ans: port and starboard.
8. What are the different types of motions of a naval ship, while considering
gyroscopic couple?
50. Steering.
51. Pitching.
52. Rolling.
9. Define steering.
53. Steering is the turning of a complete ship in a curve towards left or right while it
moves forward.
10. Define pitching.
54. Pitching is the movement of a complete ship up and down in a vertical plane
about transverse axis. The pitching of the ship is assumed to take place with SHM
i.e. the motion of the axis of spin about transverse axis is simple harmonic.
11. Write down the expressions for maximum angular velocity of precession and
maximum gyroscopic couple.
55. Pmax = * 1 = * ( 2 / tp )
56. Cmax = I* * Pmax

12. The maximum gyroscopic couple tends to shear the ________during pitching.
57. Ans: holding down bolts.
13. The angular acceleration during pitching is given by_______
58. Ans: = d / dt = - (1 ) sin 1 t
14. The angular acceleration is maximum if _________
59. Ans: sin 1 t = 1
15. Maximum angular acceleration during pitching is __________
60. Ans: max = - (1 )
16. Write the effect of gyroscopic couple during rolling of a ship.
61. In case of rolling of a ship, the axis of precession is parallel to the axis of spin for
all positions. Hence there is no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body
of the ship.
17. What is the condition for the effect of gyroscopic couple to occur?
62. The axis of precession should always be perpendicular to the axis of spin.
18. What is the effect of centrifugal force acting on a four wheel drive?
63. Since the vehicle moves along a curved path, centrifugal force will act outwardly
at the centre of gravity of the vehicle. The effort of this centrifugal force is to
overturn the vehicle.
64. Fc = mV / R
19. Define angle of heel.
65. It is the inclination of the vehicle to the vertical for equilibrium.
20. What is balancing couple?
66. Balancing couple = m.g.h sin
67. The balancing couple acts in clockwise direction when seen from the front of the
vehicle.
21. A disc is spinning with an angular velocity rad/sec about the axis of spin. The
couple applied to disc causing precession will be __________
68. Ans: I. . P
22. The engine of an aero plane rotates in clockwise direction when seen from the tail
end and the aero plane takes a turn to left. The effect of gyroscopic couple on the
aero plane will be _________
69. Ans: to raise the nose and dip the tail.

23. A motor car moving at a certain speed takes a left turn in a curved path. If the
engine rotates in the same direction as that of wheels due to centrifugal force
_________
70. Ans: the reaction on the outer wheels increases and on the inner wheel decreases.
24. Define kinematics of machines.
71. It is that branch of theory of machines which deals with the relative motion
between various parts of the machines.
25. Define dynamics of machines.
72. It is that branch of theory of machines which deals with forces and their effects
while acting upon the machine parts in motion.
26. Define kinetics.
73. It is that branch of theory of machines which deals with the inertia forces which
arise from the combined effect of the mass and motion of the machine parts.
27. Define statics.
74. It is that part of theory of machines which deals with the force and their effects
while the machine parts are at rest.
28. The three vectors in a gyroscopic which are mutually perpendicular are
_________, __________ and _________.
75. Ans: axis of precession, axis of spin and axis of reactive gyroscopic couple.
29. There will be no effect of gyroscopic couple acting on the body of a ship due to
rolling. Why
76. Since the axis of the precession becomes parallel to the axis of spin, there will be
no effect of the gyroscopic couple acting on the body of the ship, during rolling.

77.

Governor

1. What is the function of the governor?

78. The function of the governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when
there are variations in the load (eg) when the load on the engine increases, its
speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of fuel. It
is done by governor automatically.
2. What are the types of governors?
79. Centrifugal governor
80. Inertia governor.
3. What are centrifugal governors?

81.

The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the
rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force known as the controlling force.
It consists of two balls of equal weight which are attached to the arms.

4. When the balls rotate at uniform speed, controlling force is equal to the _______
and they _________
82. Ans: centrifugal force, balance each other.
5. Define height of a governor.
83. It is a vertical distance from the centre of the ball to a point where the axes of the
arms
84. ((Or) arms produced) intersect on the spindle axis. It is denoted by `h.
6. Define equilibrium speed.
85. It is the speed at which the governor balls, arms etc, are in complete equilibrium
and the sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards.
7. Define mean equilibrium speed.
86. It is the speed at the mean position of the balls or the sleeve.
8. Define maximum and minimum equilibrium speeds.
87. The speed at the maximum and minimum radius of rotation of the balls, without
tending to move either way are known as maximum and minimum speeds.
9. What is sleeve lift?
88. It is the vertical distance which the sleeve travels due o change in equilibrium
speed.
10. Write down the expression for finding the height of a watt governor.
89. h= 895 / N metres.
90. Where h height of the governor
91. N Speed in r.p.m.
11. What is a porter governor?
92. The porter governor is a modification of a watts governor, with central load
attached to the sleeve. The load moves up and down the central spindle. This
additional
93.

94.

95.

Define free, forced and damped vibrations?

Forced vibrations: when a body vibrates under the influence of external force, the
body is said to be under forced vibrations
Free vibrations: the body is said to be under free vibrations, when no external
force acts on the body, after providing an initial displacement.

96.

97.

Damped vibrations: when there is a reduction in amplitude over every cycle of

vibration, the motion is said to be damped vibrations.
What are the types of free vibrations?

100.

Longitudinal vibrations
Transverse vibrations
Torsional vibrations

101.

Explain longitudinal transverse and torsional vibrations?

98.
99.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.
107.
108.

109.

110.

111.

Longitudinal vibrations: When the particles of a shaft moves parallel to axis of the
shaft, then vibrations are called longitudinal vibrations.
Transverse vibrations: When the particles of the shaft move perpendicular to axis
of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as transverse vibrations.
Torsional vibrations: When the particles of the shaft move in a circle about the
axis of the shaft, then the vibrations are known as torsional vibrations.
What are the methods for finding out natural frequency of free longitudinal
vibrations?
Equilibrium method
Energy method
Rayleighs method
Explain Energy method?
1. In this method, summation of kinetic energy (K.E) and
potential energy (P.E) must be a quantity, which is same at
all, times.
ii. d/dt (K.E+P.E) = 0
Explain Rayleighs method?
i. In this method, the maximum kinetic energy at mean position is
equal to the max. Potential energy (strain energy) at extreme
position.
Give the formula for natural frequency of free longitudinal and transverse
vibrations?
i. F n = 0.4985 /

112.

---- Static deflection

What is the effect of constraints inertia in longitudinal and transverse vibrations?

In longitudinal vibrations

i. Natural frequency, fn = 1/ 2 (s)/(m+m /3)

113.
114.

115.

116.

Where m--- mass of the disc ,

m --- mass of constraint(shaft)
s --- stiffness

In transverse vibrations
1. Natural Frequency, fn = 1/2 s/(m+33mc /140)
Name the methods employed in determining the natural frequency of free
vibrations for a shaft subjected to number of point loads.
Energy method
Dunkerleys method

117.

Give the formula for Dunkerlys method.

118.

Fn= 0.4985/ (1+2+3++s/1.27)

119.

120.
121.

122.
123.
124.

Where 1,2, 3 are the static deflections due to point loads at W1, W2 ,
W3 and W ; s = static deflection due to uniformly distributed load

Define whirling speed or critical speed of a shaft?

The speed at which the shaft runs so that the additional deflection of shaft

from the axis of rotation becomes infinite, is known as critical or whirling

speed.
Give the formula for finding out the whirling speed?
Nc = 0.4985/ r.p.s
also ( Nc / N)2 =1+ e/y
N = critical speed or whirling speed in r.p.s N = speed of shaft in r.p.s
= static deflection in m
e = eccentricity in m
y = additional deflection in m

what are the types of damping

over damping -----> (c/2m)2 >s/m ;under damping ----> s/m>(c/2m)2
critical damping ------> (c/2m)2 =s/m
where c = damping coefficient m= mass of spring and s = stiffness of spring
125.

126.

Define damping factor or damping ratio.

i. The ratio of actual damping coefficient to critical damping
coefficient is known as damping factor

127.

It is equal to C/Cc

128.

Define logarithmic decrement.

129.
130.
131.

132.
133.

134.
135.

It is defined as the natural logarithm of the amplitude reduction factor. The

amplitude reduction factor is ratio of any 2 successive amplitudes on same
side of the mean position.

How frequency of under damped forced vibrations are determined?

Differential equation method
Graphical method
Define magnification factor or dynamic magnifier?
D = xmax/ x0 .It is the ratio of maximum displacement x of the forced vibration to
deflection (x0 ) due to the static force F.
What is isolation factor transmissibility ratio?
The ratio of force transmitted (FT ) to the force applied (F) is known as isolation
factor.

136.

Give the formula for natural frequency of free torsional vibrations?

137.

fn = 1 / 2 (q/I)

138.

where q torsional stiffness Imass moment of inertia

139.

what is the effect of inertia of constraint torsional vibrations?

140.

141.
142.

143.
144.

145.

146.

147.
148.
149.
150.

151.

Fn = 1/2 (q/(I+Ic/3)
I----mass moment of inertia

q--- torsional stiffness

Ic ---- total mass moment of inertia of constant shaft
Define node.
The point or section of the shift whose amplitude of torsional vibration is zero is
known as node.
What are free torsional vibrations of two-rotor system?
i. When two rotors A and B are rotating on two extreme ends of a
shaft in opposite direction,
fnA = fnB

In this system, torsional vibrations occurs only when the two rotors A and B move
in opposite directions
What are the conditions of two-rotor system?
FnA = fnB
(b) l = lA + lB
Where lA ---- distance of node from rotor A
lB ----- distance of node from rotor B

fnA , fnB ---- frequency of torsional vibrations for rotor A and B

152.
153.

154.
155.

156.

What are free torsional vibrations of three-rotor system?

Here the two rotors rotate in one direction and the third rotor rotates in opposite
direction with the same frequency.
What are the conditions to be satisfied by equivalent system?
The kinetic energy of equivalent system must be equal to kinetic energy of
original system
The strain energy of equivalent system must be equal to strain energy of original
system.

157.

At a nodded point in a shaft, the amplitude of torsional vibration is zero

158.

A shaft carrying two-rotor s at its ends will have one node

159.

160.
161.
162.
163.

164.

165.

166.

When a body is subjected to transverse vibrations, the stress induced will be

tensile stress
What are the factors affecting critical speed of a shaft?
Diameter of disc
Span of shaft
Eccentricity
If the roots of equation of motion for a vibrating system are real, then the system
will be over damped
In vibration isolation system, if w/wn < 2 ,then for all values of damping factor,
the transmissibility will be greater than unity
In under damped vibration system, if x and x are successive values of amplitude
on same side of mean position, then logarithmic decrement is = ln (x1/x2)