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Appendix 1
Viscosity (cSt)
@ 60F
API Gravity
Specific Gravity
@ 60F
0.70
0.70
0.70
62.0
63.0
65.0
0.7313
0.7275
0.7201
0.70
0.70
0.70
2.57
3.90
2.17
1.40
2.17
57.0
58.0
66.0
42.0
37.0
50.0
52.0
44.5
0.7467
0.7165
0.7711
0.8155
0.8392
0.7796
0.7711
0.8040
Propane
Butane
Gasoline
Kerosene
Diesel
Light crude
Heavy crude
Very heavy crude
Water
0.5118
0.5908
0.7272
0.7796
0.8398
0.8348
0.8927
0.9465
1.0000
N/A
N/A
63.0
50.0
37.0
38.0
27.0
18.0
10.0
488
Formula
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
n-Butane
Isopentane
n-pentane
Neopentane
n-Hexane
2-Methylpentane
3-Methylpentane
Neohexane
2,3-Dimethylbutane
n-Heptane
2-Methylhexane
3-Methylhexane
3-Ethylpentane
2,2-Dimethylpentane
2,4-Dimethylpentane
3,3-Dimethylpentane
Triptane
n-Octane
Di-isobutyl
Isooctane
n-Nonane
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
C4H10
C5H12
C5H12
C5H12
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C6H14
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C7H16
C8H18
C8H18
C8H18
C9H20
16.0430
30.0700
44.0970
58.1230
58.1230
72.1500
72.1500
72.1500
86.1770
86.1770
86.1770
86.1770
86.1770
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
100.2040
114.2310
114.2310
114.2310
128.2580
Critical Constants
Vapor
Pressure at
100F (psia)
Pressure
(psia)
5000
800
188.65
72.581
51.706
20.443
15.575
36.72
4.9596
6.769
6.103
9.859
7.406
1.621
2.273
2.13
2.012
3.494
3.294
2.775
3.376
0.5371
1.1020
1.7090
0.17155
666.0
707.0
617.0
527.9
548.8
490.4
488.1
464.0
436.9
436.6
452.5
446.7
454.0
396.8
396.0
407.6
419.2
401.8
397.4
427.9
427.9
360.7
361.1
372.7
330.7
Temperature
(F)
Volume
(ft3/lb)
116.66
90.07
205.93
274.4
305.52
368.96
385.7
321.01
453.8
435.76
448.2
419.92
440.08
512.8
494.44
503.62
513.16
476.98
475.72
505.6
496.24
564.15
530.26
519.28
610.72
Gravity
(air = 1.00)
0.0988
0.0783
0.0727
0.0714
0.0703
0.0684
0.0695
0.0673
0.0688
0.0682
0.0682
0.0667
0.0665
0.0682
0.0673
0.0646
0.0665
0.0665
0.0667
0.0662
0.0636
0.0673
0.0676
0.0657
0.0693
0.5539
1.0382
1.5226
2.0068
2.0068
2.4912
2.4912
2.4912
2.9755
2.9755
2.9755
2.9755
2.9755
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.4598
3.9441
3.9441
3.9441
4.4284
23.654
12.620
8.6059
6.5291
6.5291
5.2596
5.2596
5.2596
4.4035
4.4035
4.4035
4.4035
4.4035
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.7872
3.322
3.322
3.322
2.9588
0.52676
0.40789
0.38847
0.38669
0.39500
0.38448
0.38831
0.39038
0.38631
0.38526
0.37902
0.38231
0.37762
0.38449
0.38170
0.37882
0.38646
0.38651
0.39627
0.38306
0.37724
0.38334
0.37571
0.38222
0.38248
Appendix 1
Gas
Molecular
Weight
C10H22
C5H10
C6H12
C6H12
C7H14
C2H4
C3H6
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C4H8
C5H10
C4H6
C4H6
C5H8
C2H2
C6H6
C7H8
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H10
C8H8
142.2850
70.1340
84.1610
84.1610
98.1880
28.0540
42.0810
56.1080
56.1080
56.1080
56.1080
70.1340
54.0920
54.0920
68.1190
26.0380
78.1140
92.1410
106.1670
106.1670
106.1670
106.1670
104.1520
0.06088
9.917
4.491
3.267
1.609
1400
232.8
62.55
45.97
49.88
64.95
19.12
36.53
59.46
16.68
3.225
1.033
0.3716
0.2643
0.3265
0.3424
0.2582
304.6
653.8
548.8
590.7
503.4
731.0
676.6
586.4
615.4
574.9
580.2
509.5
656.0
620.3
582.0
890.4
710.4
595.5
523
541.6
512.9
509.2
587.8
652.1
461.1
499.28
536.6
570.2
48.54
198.31
296.18
324.31
311.8
292.49
376.86
354
306
403
95.29
552.15
605.5
651.22
674.85
650.95
649.47
703
0.0702
0.0594
0.0607
0.0586
0.0600
0.0746
0.0717
0.0683
0.0667
0.0679
0.0681
0.0674
0.0700
0.0653
0.0660
0.0693
0.0531
0.0549
0.0564
0.0557
0.0567
0.0572
0.0534
4.9127
2.4215
2.9059
2.9059
3.3902
0.9686
1.4529
1.9373
1.9373
1.9373
1.9373
2.4215
1.8677
1.8677
2.3520
0.8990
2.6971
3.1814
3.6657
3.6657
3.6657
3.6657
3.5961
2.6671
5.411
4.509
4.509
3.8649
13.527
9.0179
6.7636
6.7636
6.7636
6.7636
5.411
7.0156
7.0156
5.571
14.574
4.8581
4.1184
3.5744
3.5744
3.5744
3.5744
3.6435
0.38181
0.27122
0.30027
0.29012
0.31902
0.35789
0.35683
0.35535
0.33275
0.35574
0.36636
0.35944
0.34347
0.34223
0.35072
0.39754
0.24295
0.26005
0.27768
0.28964
0.27427
0.27470
0.26682
(Continued)
Appendix 1
n-Decane
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylene
Propylene
Butylene
Cis-2-butene
Trans-2-butene
Isobutene
1-Pentene
1,2-Butadene
1,3-Butadene
Isoprene
Acetylene
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Styrene
489
490
Gas
Formula
Molecular
Weight
Isopropylbenzene
Methyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulfide
Sulfur dioxide
Ammonia
Air
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Water
Helium
Hydrogen chloride
C9H12
CH4 O
C2H6O
CO
CO2
H2S
SO2
NH3
N2+O2
H2
O2
N2
Cl2
H2O
He
HCl
120.1940
32.0420
46.0690
28.0100
44.0100
34.0820
64.0650
17.0305
28.9625
2.0159
31.9988
28.0134
70.9054
18.0153
4.0026
36.4606
Vapor
Pressure at
100F (psia)
0.188
4.631
2.313
394.59
85.46
211.9
157.3
0.95
906.71
Critical Constants
Pressure
(psia)
Temperature
(F)
Volume
(ft3/lb)
465.4
1174
891.7
506.8
1071
1306
1143
1647
546.9
187.5*
731.4
493
1157
3200.1
32.99
1205
676.2
463.01
465.31
220.51
87.73
212.4
315.7
270.2
221.29
400.3
181.4
232.48
290.69
705.1
450.31
124.75
0.0569
0.0590
0.0581
0.0527
0.0342
0.0461
0.0305
0.0681
0.0517
0.5101
0.0367
0.0510
0.0280
0.04975
0.2300
0.0356
4.1500
1.1063
1.5906
0.9671
1.5196
1.1768
2.2120
0.5880
1.0000
0.06960
1.1048
0.9672
2.4482
0.62202
0.1382
1.2589
3.1573
11.843
8.2372
13.548
8.6229
11.134
5.9235
22.283
13.103
188.25
11.859
13.546
5.3519
21.065
94.814
10.408
0.30704
0.32429
0.33074
0.24847
0.19909
0.23838
0.14802
0.49678
0.2398
3.4066
0.21897
0.24833
0.11375
0.44469
1.24040
0.19086
Appendix 1
491
Appendix 1
(A 1.5)
where
log Logarithm to base 10
Z Variable that depends on viscosity of the liquid, v
v Viscosity of liquid, cSt
T Absolute temperature, R or K
A and B constants that depend on the specific liquid
The variable Z is defined as follows:
Z = v + 0:7 + C D
(A 1.6)
(A 1.7)
D = exp0:0038138 12:5645v
(A 1.8)
(A 1.9)
(A 1.10)
From the above equations, the two unknown constants A and B can be easily
calculated, since T1, Z1, and T2, Z2 values are known.
492
Appendix 1
(A 1.11)
B = 0:931 1:72V
(A 1.12)
for
B = 0:6 for
V > = 1:5
Viscosity (cP)
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
n-Butane
Isopentane
n-Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
Ethylene
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Hydrogen sulphide
Air
Nitrogen
Helium
0.0107
0.0089
0.0075
0.0071
0.0073
0.0066
0.0066
0.0063
0.0059
0.0050
0.0048
0.0045
0.0098
0.0184
0.0147
0.0122
0.0178
0.0173
0.0193
(A 1.13)
(A 1.14)
493
Appendix 1
+
+ A4 +
Z = 1 + A1 +
Tpr Tpr3 r
Tpr r
(A 1.15)
A5 A6 r5
A7 r3
+
+ 3
Tpr
Tpr 1 + A8 r2 e A8 r2
where
r =
0:27Ppr
ZTpr
(A 1.16)
and
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
Ppr
Tpr
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.31506237
1.04670990
0.57832729
0.53530771
0.61232032
0.10488813
0.68157001
0.68446549
Pseudo-reduced pressure
Pseudo-reduced temperature
(A 1.17)
where gas properties include the critical temperature, critical pressure, and gas
gravity.
The AGA-IGT, Report No. 10 describes in detail this method of calculating Z.
This approach is valid for gas temperatures in the range of 30120F and for
pressures not exceeding 1380 psig. The compressibility factor calculated using
494
Appendix 1
this method is quite accurate and generally within 0.03% of those calculated
using the Standing-Katz chart in these range of temperatures and pressures.
When temperatures and pressures are higher than these values, the compressibility factor calculated using this method is within 0.07% of the value obtained from
Standing-Katz chart.
The reader may also refer to the AGA publication Report No. 8, Second
Edition, November 1992 for more information on compressibility factor calculation methods.
(A 1.18)
where
Pavg Average gas pressure, psig
Tf Average gas temperature, R
G Gas gravity (air = 1.00)
Note that pressure used in this equation is the gauge pressure.
This formula for the compressibility factor is valid when the average gas
pressure Pavg is more than 100 psig. For pressures less than 100 psig, Z is
approximately equal to 1.00.