PHY 2053C College Physics A

L4Ch3,4

Fall 2004
Motion, Forces, Energy, Heat, Waves
Dr. David M. Lind
Dr. Kun Yang
Dr. David Van Winkle
Today:
Today:
v Kinematics1)
inKinematics
two
in two dimensions
dimensions
kinematical equations
vectors
projectile motion
preview: Newtons Laws

Free Fall
Galileo observed that all objects fall
with the same, constant
acceleration
g = -9.80 m/s2 (downward)
(as long as air-resistance is small)

Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642

Free Fall is one-dimensional

motion with a constant, negative
acceleration. This means the
acceleration is always pointing
downward!

Introduction Projectile Motion

2 special cases of 1d-motion:
v motion with constant
velocity (e.g. horizontal
motion on a frictonless rail)
v motion with constant
acceleration (e.g. free fall)
Projectile Motion is
combination of
horizontal constant velocity
and vertical free fall

2d-Motion
Motion in the horizontal and vertical directions are
independent.
X and Y are independent (linked only by time).
There is no acceleration in the X direction.
There is acceleration in the Y direction.
Horizontal Motion:
Vertical Motion:
constant velocity,
constant acceleration,
zero acceleration
A = -9.80 m/s2

x t

vx t

x 0 v x0 t
vx0 (const)

yt

y0 v y0 t 1 2 gt
vy t vy0 g t

Examples

Example#1: Pop-Up train

Example#2: Shoot the Monkey
Example #3: the football kicker What is the longest kick?

Example: Projectile Range 1

An object is thrown at a speed of 25 m/s. What is the
farthest distance it can travel horizontally before
hitting the ground, assuming no air resistance and
level ground?
1.

We take the vertical motion

to find the flight time tf by
requesting y(tf) = 0

0 y tf
2.

v y0 t f 1 2 gt f

Then we use that time tf to

determine the range x(tf) in
the horizontal motion.

x tf

vx0 t f

Example: Projectile Range 2

An object is thrown at a speed of 25 m/s. What is the
farthest distance it can travel horizontally before
hitting the ground, assuming no air resistance and
level ground?
First find tf, for which y becomes zero

0 y t f v y0 t f 1 2g t 2f
0 v y0 1 2 g t f
2v y0
tf
g
Then find out how far the object came
in that time

R x tf

v x0 t f

2v x0 v y0
g

Example: Projectile Range 3

An object is thrown at a speed of 25 m/s. What is the
farthest distance it can travel horizontally before
hitting the ground, assuming no air resistance and
level ground?
Now we have to relate vx0 and vy0 to the
initial speed v0 and the angle
2v x0 v y0
With that, the total range becomes: R
g

Vy0=Vosin

2v0 cos

with 2sin

sin

g
cos

sin 2

Vx0=Vocos

v0 sin 2
g

Example Projectile Range 4

The maximal range is achieved at = 45
Range versus Angle
Range (m) or Time(s)

70
60
50
40

Time
Range

30
20
10
0
0

15

30

45

60

75

90

Angle (degrees)

Cause and effect.

v

In Kinematics we have discussed the

motion of objects.

Now we will talk about why objects

move.

Dynamics, Forces, Newtons Laws

Newton's Laws
v

Newtons First Law: All objects

continue in their state of rest or of
uniform speed in a straight line
unless acted on by a net force.
Newtons Second Law: The net
force acting on an object equals its
mass times acceleration.

F ma
v

Newtons Third Law: Whenever an

object excerts a force on a second
object, the second excerts an equal
and opposite force on the first.

Sir Issac Newton (1642-1727)

==> First we need to talk about Forces !

Force
Most of you intuitively know the effect of forces:
v To set an object in motion or change its state of
motion
v To deform an object (See also Chapter 9)

In Physics, forces are vectors, with both magnitude and

direction
Unit for force : 1 Newton = 1N = 1 kg.m/s2
Forces add up as vectors, the sum of all forces acting on
one object is called the net force.

Stay tuned...
v This Friday: Recitation/CAPA 2
v Next Monday: No classes/Labor Day Holiday
v Next Wednesday: Mini-Exam1