Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
marian kluczyski
thousand; 34 thousand soldiers served in two corps and their subordinate units, in military schools and training centers. The AADF had at
its disposal 197 combat aircraft, 136 training aircraft, 25 anti-aircraft
missile systems and almost 180 radar stations. By the end of that year
all remaining MiG-21 fighters had been withdrawn from service in
the 3rd, 10th and 41st Tactical Air Squadrons to be replaced with the
TS-11 Iskra operational trainers. The 39th Tactical Air Squadron with
the Su-22 assault aircraft was also disbanded.
After a tender on medium transport aircraft had been closed in
2003, Poland received first two CASA C-295Ms. By the end of the
year, the AADF had a total of 424 aircraft in service: 329 fixed-wing
aircraft (25 MiG-29As, six MiG-29UBs, 78 Su-22M4s, 15 Su22UM3Ks, 113 TS-11 Iskras, 37 PZL-130 Orliks, two CASA C295Ms, 10 An-26-Ws, eight Yak-40s, two Tu-154Ms, eight An-28s,
and 25 An-2s) and 95 helicopters (11 Mi-8s, 65 Mi-2s, eight W-3s, 10
W-3Ws, and one Bell-412).
The Air and Air Defense Force would consecutively receive PZL130TC-1 Orlik training aircraft and small transport M-28 Bryzas. It
further withdrew all aircraft that had become useless, namely: the Su22s, TS-11 Iskras, An-2s, Yak-40s, and Mi-2s.
In 2004, Poland purchased from the Luftwaffe for a symbolic one
euro 23 used MiG-29 aircraft. Due to the differences in equipment
and a significant aircraft wear-and-tear, the decision was made to introduce into service only 14 of those fighters.
Western Technology
In July 2004, the Air and Air Defense Force changed its name to
the Polish Air Force (PAF). This meant the end of one of the most
advanced restructuring processes of the air force. Next in queue was
exploitation of new F-16 fighters, which won the tender for multirole aircraft, and a five-year stabilization and quality development
plan for the air force. In the meantime, the works on the expansion
of the 31st Air Base in Krzesiny were carried out; it was the base for
the first F-16s. The ground and air personnel also went through
training. Before the first F-16 aircraft arrived in November 2006, the
PAF had 286 aircraft (36 MiG-29s, 48 Su-22M4s, 111 TS-11s, 37
PZL-130TC Orliks, two Tu-154Ms, four Yak-40s, three C-295Ms,
13 An-2s, 10 An-26s, and 17 An-28/An-28M28s).
The Air Forces exploitation of the F-16s, bought after a one time
law had been adopted on the assignment of 0.05 percent of GDP annually for such purchases, enforced a change in air training. On
April 1, 2008, the 31st Tactical Air Base in Krzesiny was opened,
transformed from an air base offering simple services to the squadrons. In 2010, other air bases will undergo such transformations: the
32nd in ask, the 33rd in Powidz, and the 8th in Krakw by the
end of June, and the 23rd in Misk Mazowiecki, 21st in widwin,
22nd in Malbork and the training air base in Dblin will follow.
Struktura
Structure
The Polish Air Force includes three branches: the Air, Ground
Based Air Defense (GBAD) and Radar Forces (Air Surveillance
and Control Systems). Today, there are 17.6 thousand soldiers in
active service.
The structure of the Polish Air Force: Air High Command, Air Operations Command with subordinate command and control centers
and air operation coordination centers, two tactical air wings, one
air transport and training wing, two missile brigades and two
anti-aircraft regiments, one radar brigade, one special air transport regiment, and training and support units.
W roku 2004 za symboliczn opat 1 euro za sztuk Polska odkupia od Luftwaffe 23 uywane samoloty MiG-29. Ze wzgldu na rnice
w wyposaeniu oraz znaczne zuycie, podjto decyzj o wczeniu do
suby jedynie 14 znajdujcych si w najlepszym stanie myliwcw.
Zachodnia technika
81
prZeciWlotnicy
W latach 19902002 w wojskach rakietowych dokonano najwikszych zmian, polegajcych na zmniejszaniu etatw i dostosowywaniu struktur do rozwiza przyjtych przez sojusznikw oraz integracji narodowego systemu obrony powietrznej z odpowiednim natowskim. Rozformowano wtedy 18 dywizjonw rakietowych, co
zwizane byo gwnie z wycofaniem z eksploatacji przeciwlotniczego zestawu typu ziemia-powietrze Wochow. Zlikwidowano
4. i 26. brygady rakietowe OP w Gdyni i Gryficach, 79 Samodzielny Puk Rakietowy OP w Poznaniu oraz Centrum Szkolenia Specjalistw Wojsk Rakietowych w Bemowie Piskim.
W planach rozwoju Si Powietrznych do 2010 roku zaoono, e
dywizjony rakietowe bd sukcesywnie rozmieszczane wok baz
lotniczych do ich osony. Obecnie wojska przeciwlotnicze skadaj
Apart from the changes introduced at squadron and air base level, the
tactical air brigades also were reorganized. As of January 1, 2010,
they were replaced with tactical air wings. The brigades in widwin
and Pozna became the 1st and 2nd Tactical Air Wings, and a transport air brigade in Powidz the 3rd Transport Air Wing. All medium
transport An-26s were withdrawn from service, and on March 24,
2009 the first transport C-130E Hercules aircraft for the Polish Air
Force landed. The 4th Training Air Wing was created in Dblin. It incorporated the wing command and two logistical units from the
Dblin and Radom air bases.
Having gone through such transformations, the Air Forces structure ended up similar to the air forces of the Western European states.
At present, Poland awaits new operational training aircraft and aircraft
for VIP transport.
gBad forces
During 19902002, there were job reductions in the missile forces,
the structures were adjusted to the NATO standards and air defense
systems of Poland and NATO were integrated. At the time, 18 missile
air squadrons were disbanded, which was mainly associated with the
withdrawal of the Wolchov anti-aircraft surface-to-air missile system.
The 4th and 26th Air Defense Missile Brigades in Gdynia and Gryfice, the 79th Independent Air Defense Missile Regiment in Pozna,
and the Center for Missile Forces Specialist Training in Bemowo
Piskie were disbanded.
The development plans for the air force (up to 2010) assumed that
the missile air squadrons would be consecutively deployed around air
bases for protection. Currently, the Ground Based Air Defense Forces
(GBAD Forces) consist of two missile air brigades and two air regiments: the 1st Silesian Air Defense Missile Brigade in Bytom, the 3rd
Warsaw Air Defense Missile Brigade, the 78th Air Defense Missile
Regiment in Mrzeyna, and the 61st Skwierzyna Air Defense Missile
Regiment.
These forces were equipped with the S-200 Wega (SA-5) anti-aircraft long-range, the Krug (SA-4) medium-range, and the S-125 Newa
SC (SA-3) short-range missile systems. Additionally, they also received the Strzaa S-2M (SA-7) and Grom mobile anti-aircraft shortrange missile systems, and the 57-mm anti-aircraft guns.
radar forces
The forming of the Air and Air Defense Force initiated the reorganization of the Radar Forces. Poland was divided into two defense regions - North and South, and the 1st Radar Brigade was disbanded. Its
dowdcy
commanderS
82
19901995
genera broni pilot
jerzy gotowaa
19951999
genera dywizji pilot
kazimierz dziok
19992002
genera broni pilot
andrzej duLBa
20022005
genera broni pilot
rySzard oLSzewSki
19901995
Lieutenant general (Pilot)
jerzy gotowaa
19951999
major general (Pilot)
kazimierz dziok
19992002
Lieutenant general (Pilot)
andrzej duLBa
20022005
Lieutenant general (Pilot)
rySzard oLSzewSki
si z dwch brygad rakietowych oraz dwch pukw: 1 lskiej Brygady Rakietowej OP w Bytomiu, 3 Warszawskiej Brygady Rakietowej OP,
78 Puku Rakietowego OP w Mrzeynie i 61 Skwierzyskiego Puku
Rakietowego OP.
Wojska te wyposaono w przeciwlotnicze zestawy rakietowe dalekiego zasigu S-200 Wega (SA-5), redniego zasigu Krug (SA-4)
oraz maego zasigu S-125 Newa SC (SA-3). Ponadto maj przenone przeciwlotnicze zestawy rakietowe bliskiego zasigu Strzaa
S-2M (SA-7) oraz Grom i armaty przeciwlotnicze kalibru 57 milimetrw.
Powstanie WLOP zapocztkowao kolejn reorganizacj wojsk radiotechnicznych (WRt). Wraz z podziaem terytorium Polski na dwa
rejony obrony pnoc i poudnie rozformowano 1 Brygad Radiotechniczn (BRt). Jej bataliony przekazano do brygad 2. i 3. Wojska radiotechniczne przejy wtedy 5 Zgierski Puk Radiotechniczny oraz trzy bataliony radiotechniczne. Cz batalionw przeformowana zostaa w kompanie, a inne zlikwidowano. Zmiany skutkoway zmniejszeniem etatw o jedn trzeci. W dwch brygadach pozostao sze batalionw radiotechnicznych. Utworzone cztery
orodki dowodzenia i naprowadzania przejy cz zada wojsk radiotechnicznych i zastpiy poczone stanowiska dowodzenia.
Zmieni si tym samym zakres odpowiedzialnoci tych wojsk, ktre
obecnie prowadz gwnie obserwacj przestrzeni powietrznej i ledz poruszajce si w niej obiekty.
W 2008 roku rozformowane zostay kolejne jednostki: dowdztwo 2 Brygady Radiotechnicznej w Bydgoszczy, dwa bataliony radiotechniczne, sze kompanii radiotechnicznych i cztery kompanie
zabezpieczenia.
Docelowy system radiolokacyjnego rozpoznania polskiej przestrzeni powietrznej ma tworzy 3 Brygada Radiotechniczna we Wrocawiu, majca cztery bataliony radiotechniczne, po dwa w poudniowej i pnocnej czci Polski, w ktrych skadzie przewidziano
sze posterunkw radiolokacyjnych dalekiego zasigu systemu
Backbone z radarami RAT-31DL i NUR-12M oraz kompanie radiotechniczne wyposaone w stacje radiolokacyjne NUR-12. Komponent manewrowy kompanii radiotechnicznych, wyposaony
w niewielkie mobilne radary trjwsprzdne TRS-15 Odra, bdzie
natomiast strzeg dolnej granicy strefy rozpoznania radiolokacyjnego nad wanymi obiektami i rejonami na terytorium kraju. W obecnym rozlokowaniu jednostek radiotechnicznych zmiany nie s przewidywane.
n
20052007
genera broni pilot
Stanisaw Targosz
2007...
genera broni pilot
Andrzej Basik
20052007
Lieutenant General (Pilot)
Stanisaw Targosz
2007-ongoing
Lieutenant General (Pilot)
Andrzej Basik
Radiotechnicy
battalions were taken over by the 2nd and 3rd brigades. The Radar
Forces also took over the 5th Zgierz Radar Regiment and three radar
battalions. Some of the latter ones were formed into companies, others were disbanded. The changes resulted in a reduction of personnel
by one-third. Six radar battalions remained in two brigades. Four command and control centers took over some of the tasks of the radar
forces and replaced the joint command posts. Thus, the scope of responsibilities of these forces, which currently deal with air surveillance and control, changed.
In 2008, three further units were disbanded: the 2nd Radar Brigades command in Bydgoszcz, two radar battalions, six radar companies and four support companies.
In the future, the system of radar surveillance in the Polish air space
will include the 3rd Radar Brigade in Wrocaw with their four radar
battalions - two in the north and two in the south of Poland, with further six Backbone long-range radar stations with RAT-31DL and
NUR-12M radars, and radar companies equipped with NUR-12 radar
stations. A maneuver component of radar companies with small mobile TRS-15 Odra three-dimensional radars will guard the lower border line of the radar surveillance zone over important facilities and areas in Poland. At present, no changes are anticipated in regard to present distribution of radar units.
n
Translated by Anita Kwaterowska
83
Na fali zmian
Jako pierwsza polska formacja zbrojna wzia udzia
w operacji w rejonie Zatoki Perskiej. Pierwsza zacza
wiczenia w ramach Partnerstwa dla pokoju.
A po wstpieniu do NATO to marynarze byli
prekursorami w wiczeniach sojuszniczych.
Tomasz
Gos
Najdusza suba
Zasadnicza suba wojskowa w Marynarce Wojennej RP do
1988 roku trwaa trzy lata. Od 1989 roku marynarze suyli ju
tylko dwa lata. W 1992 roku nastpio skrcenie suby wojskowej we wszystkich rodzajach si zbrojnych do ptora roku. Od roku 1999 przygoda z wojskiem trwaa dokadnie rok. Pniej nadal
j skracano, a w 2009 roku ostatni marynarze z powszechnego
poboru opucili jednostki marynarki. Obecnie MW jest w peni zawodowa, suy w niej okoo 10 tysicy marynarzy. To o ponad pi
tysicy mniej ni dwie dekady temu.
84
On Wave
of Change
It was the first Polish armed formation to have
participated in the Gulf War operation and the first one
to have started the Partnership for Peace exercise.
Consequently, after Poland joined NATO, the Navy was
a forerunner in NATO exercises.
ince the beginning of the last decade of the 20th century, the
Polish Navy has been going through a restructuring process. In
the Warsaw Pact era, this branch of the armed forces was getting ready for the landing operation on the Jutland Peninsula, and as
a result, a mass number of landing ships supported by extended light
forces of torpedo and missile boats and minesweepers entered service.
The fleet was also based on destroyers, submarines, and anti-submarine warfare aircraft (fighters and helicopters). The following generations of armament involved Russian or Polish ships and aircraft.
Political transformation in Poland and Eastern Europe brought to
a halt the European threat of armed conflict, thus keeping offensive
landing forces became redundant. Despite certain usefulness of
landing crafts in potential coastal defense, as a result of downsizing
of the armed forces and disbanding the 7th uycka Landing Division, almost all ships of the Cold War era (770/771 Projects) were in
19901991 withdrawn from service, except for two units used for
transport, research and development needs, and one ORP Grunwald command ship (776 Project). New and more useful ships of
the 767 Project (Lublin class) remained in service, although in a different role for transport and mine laying. The air assault aircraft
was also eliminated.
class ships between 2010 and 2012, which should finalize compliance
of the units to NATO standards.
Between 2000 and 2005, the missile frigates of the Oliver Hazard
Perry class (OORP Puaski and Kociuszko) successfully entered
service, along with Norwegian Kobben-class submarines (OORP
Sp, Bielik, Sok and Kondor). They replaced older Soviet
ships.
Sprawdzone fregaty
Time-Tested Frigates
Fregaty typu OHP stanowi jedn z najbardziej udanych konstrukcji w historii wspczesnej techniki wojenno-morskiej, o czym moe
wiadczy dua liczba wybudowanych jednostek (tylko stocznie
w USA wybudoway ich ponad 50 sztuk) oraz krajw je eksploatujcych (USA, Tajwan, Australia, Turcja, Egipt).
Dziki nowoczesnym sonarom oraz moliwoci bazowania na nich
migowcw, fregaty OHP, mimo zaawansowanego wieku, pozostaj wci w czowce jednostek przeznaczonych do zwalczania
okrtw podwodnych w siach NATO i nadal s eksploatowane
przez US Navy, najbardziej technologicznie zaawansowane siy
morskie na wiecie.
Jednostki te maj wyposaenie pozwalajce na ich uycie do obrony przed rodkami napadu powietrznego i okrtami nawodnymi. Ponadto sprawdzaj si w misjach patrolowych oraz eskortowych. Polskie fregaty typu OHP s obecnie czci staych zespow NATO,
z ktrymi wspprac podejmuj take okrty podwodne typu Kobben, doskonale sprawdzajce si podczas skrytego patrolowania akwenw morskich.
The OHP-class frigates are one of the most successful developments in the history of modern naval and war technology, the fact
confirmed by a great number of produced units (the US shipyards
themselves produced over 50 ships) and the countries employing them
(USA, Taiwan, Australia, Turkey, Egypt).
In spite of their old age, the OHP frigates, with their advanced sonar system and capability to house helicopters, are still among the top
ships for anti-submarine warfare in the NATO forces, and are continually in service with the US Navy, the most technologically advanced
naval force in the world.
The ships are fitted with armament to defend against air assault
weapons (such as helicopters and UAVs) and surface ships, and they
are used in the patrol and escort missions. Polish frigates of the OHP
class are a part of fixed NATO groups today, working with submarines of the Kobben class and proving their best in secret patrol operations on the sea waters.
Pywajca baza
W 2001 roku podniesiono bander na ORP Kontradmira Xawery
Czernicki. Okrt powsta w Stoczni Pnocnej w Gdasku. Wikszo urzdze i mechanizmw w nim zamontowanych pochodzi
z krajowych zakadw, a rozwizania konstrukcyjne powstay w polskich uczelniach i instytucjach badawczych. Jednostka zaopatruje
w morzu zespoy okrtowe w paliwo, ywno i materiay bojowe.
Jest okrtem sanitarnym i warsztatowcem. Wyposaenie pozwala na
ewakuacj z zagroonych terenw wojska, sprztu i personelu cywilnego. ORP Kontradmira Xawery Czernicki moe przewozi onierzy jednostek specjalnych z penym wyposaeniem do dowolnego
miejsca na wiecie i stanowi ich baz do wypadw jednostkami pywajcymi i migowcami, znajduje si tam bowiem miejsce dla migowca. Jest te adownia na kontenery i pojazdy wojskowe.
Okrt jest uzbrojony w armaty uniwersalne i rakiety przeciwlotnicze, moe wic peni funkcje patrolowe i wsparcia, a take stanowiska dowodzenia. Na pokadzie s warunki do wypoczynku, nowoczesne warsztaty, pralnia i urzdzenia do utylizacji odpadw.
migowiec na pokadzie
Na pocztku lat dziewidziesitych w Dowdztwie Marynarki
Wojennej rozpoczto prace nad wprowadzeniem nowej, dostosowanej
do struktur NATO, organizacji lotnictwa MW. Ich efektem byo sformowanie w 1994 roku Brygady Lotnictwa Marynarki Wojennej.
W 1995 roku z dotychczasowych jednostek lotnictwa MW wydzielono dywizjony lotnicze i jednostki zabezpieczenia logistycznego bataliony zabezpieczenia. Na przeomie lat 2002/2003 brygada zmienia
struktur dywizjonowo-batalionow na samodzielne eskadry i bazy
lotnicze. Z uycia wycofano ponaddwikowe samoloty MiG-21bis
i odrzutowce TS-11 Iskra, ktrych zadania przejy samoloty patrolowo-rozpoznawcze An-28B1R. W 2002 roku wraz z transferem ze Stanw Zjednoczonych fregat rakietowych typu Oliver Hazard Perry
Floating Base
In 2001, the flag on ORP Kontradmira Xawery Czernicki was
raised. The ship was built in the Northern Shipyard in Gdask. The
majority of the ships equipment and mechanisms are of domestic
production, and her design solutions were developed by Polish academic and research and development institutions. She supplies other
ships with fuel, food and combat materials, and is also a medical and
repair ship. The ships equipment allows for evacuation of troops,
equipment and civil personnel from the areas under threat. ORP Czernicki can carry commando troops with their full outfit and weapons to anywhere in the world, and can be a floating base for their
boats and helicopters. In the ships hold, there is room for military
containers and vehicles.
The Polish ships armament includes general-purpose guns and anti-aircraft missiles; she can thus function as a patrol and support ship
as well as a command post. Aboard the ship, there are places for the
crew to relax, modern repair shops, a laundry room and waste utilization units.
Helicopters Aboard
At the outset of the 1990s, the Polish Navy Command commenced
work to introduce the new NATO compliant naval air force
85
pierWsi W nato
Wspprac z flotami pastw NATO polska Marynarka Wojenna
zacza ju w 1991 roku, kiedy nasze okrty doczyy do si koalicji
w Zatoce Perskiej. W operacji Pustynna burza wziy wwczas
udzia ORP Wodnik jako okrt-szpital i okrt ratowniczy
ORP Piast. Cho nie byy to dziaania pod auspicjami NATO, to
stanowiy wstp do wspdziaania polskich si morskich z flotami zachodnimi.
Dwa lata pniej Marynarka Wojenna wzia udzia w wiczeniach
Baltops, ktre byy jednymi z najwikszych na morzu z udziaem
pastw NATO w rejonie Batyku. W 1994 roku wszed w ycie program Partnerstwo dla pokoju. Od tego momentu, a do wstpienia
Polski do NATO, Marynarka Wojenna RP obecna bya we wszystkich
wiczeniach sojuszu organizowanych na Batyku pod auspicjami PdP.
Oprcz tego w 1995 roku 13 Dywizjon Traowcw zacz wspprac
ze staymi zespoami okrtw NATO.
Gdy 12 marca 1999 roku Polska przystpia formalnie do NATO,
polskie i niemieckie okrty przygotowyway si ju do wsplnych
wicze na morzu. Rozpoczy je trzy dni po wstpieniu Polski do sojuszu pnocnoatlantyckiego. Byy to manewry lekkich nawodnych si
uderzeniowych u wybrzey Rugii organizowane przez MW Niemiec
z udziaem polskich jednostek ORP Piorun i ORP Grom. Przeszy one do historii jako pierwsze wiczenia polskich si zbrojnych
w NATO.
na misjach
Najwaniejszymi akcjami polskiej Marynarki Wojennej po 1989 roku byy operacje Pustynna burza, (Desert Storm, 19901991),
Iracka wolno (Iraqi Freedom, 20022003) oraz Aktywny wysiek (Active Endeavour, 20052006).
W Pustynnej burzy bray udzia okrty Wodnik i Piast, majce cznie 319 marynarzy. Ich zadaniem byo gwnie podejmowanie
akcji ratowniczych i opieka medyczna. W zwizku z tym jednostki te
dowdcy
commanderS
86
od 11 listopada
2007 roku
wiceadmira
andrzej karweta
october 1, 2003
november 11, 2007
Fleet admiral
roman krzyeLewSki
Northern, Norwegian and Mediterranean Sea as well as on the Atlantic and in the Baltic straits. Most of the Navys equipment has been
updated to conform to NATO standards.
First in NATO
On Missions
The most important operations the Polish Navy took part in after 1998
were Operation Desert Storm (19901999), Operation Iraqi Freedom
(20022003) and Operation Active Endeavour (20052006).
In Operation Desert Storm a total of 319 naval personnel were engaged on two ships: Wodnik and Piast, responsible primarily for
rescue operations and medical care. The ships had been rebuilt and
renovated (equipment updated, armament removed, medical rooms
expanded). Wodnik was repainted white with red crosses on both
sides of the hull.
ORP Kontradmira Xawery Czernicki was deployed in Operation Iraqi Freedom. The ships tasks would change as the situation
progressed in the Persian Gulf. Initially, the crew supplied small US
Coast Guard patrol boats and two heavily armed US Navy cutters.
The landing deck for helicopters was a transport platform for commando boats. With the start of the second part of the operation at the
outbreak of war, the ship was tasked with different roles. She joined
the main combat ship group operating on Iraqi territorial waters.
The shallow draft of the Czernicki ship was used, and she was directed to the Kaa River, a drainage basin for the Euphrates and the
Tigris.
In Operation Active Endeavour, ORP Bielik, ORP Puaski and
ORP Kondor took part twice. The submarines were to patrol the
Mediterranean Sea and prevent smuggling or illegal migration. At the
same time, they protected sea transport against possible terrorist attacks. The Mediterranean Sea is a key sea-route for Europe, and any
interruption could paralyze the European economy.
In 2010, two Polish ships (ORP Czernicki and Mewa) together
with other NATO ships will serve as an anti-mine defense shield for
Europe. Czernicki will be a command ship in one of the NATOs
task groups of ships.
n
TOMASZ GOS is a journalist for Polska Zbrojna.
Translated by Anita Kwaterowska
87
Wojownicy
i politycy
Utworzenie w 1990 roku jednostki GROM dla polskich
specjalsw byo przepustk do lepszego wiata.
Pionierskie pocztki
Pierwszym zdecydowanym krokiem stanowicym zapowied
od dawna oczekiwanego w tej formacji zawodowstwa byo utworzenie
w 1990 roku pododdziaw kadrowych zoonych z oficerw, chorych i zawodowych podoficerw. W jednostkach komandosw rozkaz
formowania elitarnych zalkw profesjonalizmu: w batalionie szturmowym kompanii, a w samodzielnych kompaniach plutonw,
przyjto z entuzjazmem. Pocztkowo jakby nie dostrzegano tego, e
za dokumentem nie poszy ani rozwinita idea, ani instrukcje szkolenia, ani te odpowiednie rodki materialne. Inicjatyw pozostawiono
jednostkom w terenie. Dziki tej swobodzie dziaania komandosw
ogarn twrczy zapa.
Podoficerw werbowano spord onierzy suby zasadniczej, oficerw i chorych natomiast prosto ze szk wojskowych. Prbowano
siermine wyposaenie i umundurowanie zastpi wasnymi produktami (internaty zamieniono w manufaktury), opracowywano programy szkolenia i od razu weryfikowano je w dziaaniu. Rozwijano szkolenie agenturalne, eksperymenty strzeleckie budziy popoch i protesty obsug strzelnic, realizm wicze, cznie z rozpracowaniem agen-
88
piotr
bernabiuk
Warriors
and Politicians
The formation of GROM in 1990 was for the Polish
Special Forces a pass to a better world.
olitical transformations at the end of the 1980s and the replacement of old allies with new ones put the Polish Special
Forces into brand new shoes.
First of all, a potential threat now could come from a totally new
direction.
Second, a relationship with new partners was a chance for our
commandos to release their coarseness.
Third, at that time, any aggressive improvement of the unit seemed
like a must.
Special forces troops consisted of carefully selected operatives, extremely well-trained, whose combat spirit and almost fanatic approach
to special operations conduct was quite impressive. This stood in contrast with their rather meager equipment and arms, and lack of proper
means of delivery, which was particularly evident in totally abstract
mission plans. The vision of commandos with insufficient budget and
no knowledge of their area of deployment or the locals language being deployed to urbanized northern regions of Europe (which was so
different from the partisan environment they had been trained for)
seemed so surreal that they used to call themselves cannon fodder.
At that point, the Special Forces included the 1st Assault Battalion,
48th, 56th and 62nd Special Companies and Naval Special Operations
Unit, known as Formoza, as well as top secret electronic units and divisional special subunits, which were under different operational control and had different training. The 1st Assault Battalion, which for
decades had been a leading unit, as a result of its move in 1986 from
Dziwnw on the Wolin island to Lubliniec in the south of Poland lost
not only much of their experienced personnel, but for a time also
much of their glamour.
Pioneering Origins
The first firm step, leading up to the long expected professional formation, was the creation in 1990 of personnel subunits of officers, warrant officers and professional non-commissioned officers. In the commando units, an order to form first elite professional formations companies in assault battalions, and platoons in independent companies received their zealous approval. Initially, no one seemed to notice that the
89
WZloty i upadki
Utworzenie w 1990 roku jednostki GROM byo dla si zbrojnych,
a szczeglnie dla dziaa specjalnych, wydarzeniem przeomowym.
Tajemniczy zesp werbunkowy nawiedzajcy jednostki komandosw
nie odkrywa wprawdzie kart do koca, jednake wielu modych
i ambitnych onierzy z kadrwki wolao wej w ciemno do gry, ni
przegapi niezwyk okazj. Znikali, a wkrtce po ich odejciu do
tych, ktrzy zostali, docieray wieci o piekielnych selekcjach do nowej jednostki, o jej wsppracy z najbardziej elitarnymi formacjami
wiata, o szkoleniu i wyposaeniu, o ktrym polscy komandosi mogli
jedynie pomarzy.
Tymczasem, po trzech latach eksperymentw z zawodowstwem,
lubliniecki batalion szturmowy zosta w 1993 roku przeformowany
w 1 Puk Specjalny Komandosw.
W kompaniach specjalnych w Bolesawcu, Krakowie i Szczecinie rwnie szykowano si do rozwijania
struktur batalionowych, sposobiono
do awansw, opracowywano daleko
idce plany uzawodowienia. Zaskoczenie byo cakowite, gdy rok pniej przyszed rozkaz o rozformowaniu. Do dzi to posuniecie uwaane jest za absurdalne, niszczce
dorobek wielu lat i osabiajce potencja rozwijajcych si Wojsk
Specjalnych.
Dramat mniejszych jednostek
zbieg si z osigniciem w 1994
roku zdolnoci bojowej przez lubliniecki puk oraz udziaem jego
komandosw w midzynarodowych wiczeniach Dwa ory.
Pierwsze symboliczne wspdziaanie trzydziestu onierzy lublinieckiej jednostki z amerykaskimi komandosami z legendarnej
10 Special Forces Group Aiborne
niemale zbiego si w czasie z innym, nie mniej wanym debiutem
90
order was never followed by any complete project nor training instructions, nor even proper material or financial resources. All the initiative
was left to the soldiers themselves, and with so much freedom, they got
overwhelmed by their creative enthusiasm.
The non-commissioned officers were recruited among regular military
service soldiers, however officers and warrant officers were recruited directly from military schools . They made attempts to replace some coarse
equipment and uniforms with their own products, they would work on
training programs and would consequently verify them in practice. Agent
training was conducted, the rifle shooting experiments brought panic and
protests among shooting range staff, and the realism of exercises including successful intelligence work on the headquarters of the military district staff resulted in severe conflicts between generals. The commanders,
seeing how creative their soldiers could be, divided into those who caught
the wind in their sails or those who anticipated the worst.
It was a time of great enthusiasm, crazy work and uncountable mistakes. Major General Jan Kempara, a commando from Dziwnw who
was then an officer in the Pomeranian Military District responsible for
special forces, recalls today: These were pioneering times. The personnel platoon of the 56th Special Company was being formed with no previous concept officially adopted. We were developing it ourselves. It was
a very creative time for us. We made a lot of mistakes. () For a moment,
we hoped to form fully professional special forces. A majority of us, enticed with better financial and career perspectives, moved to GROM, and
special companies were soon disbanded. The world of the 1st Assault
Battalion in Dziwnw, the 56th Special Company and the special companies from Bolesawiec and Krakw went down in history. Their remnants
may still be found in the special forces units today.
Wiele
zada...
Jedno rozwizanie
BLACK HAWK!
www.sikorsky.com
91
FOT. grom
wyjazdem jednostki GROM na Haiti. Krtka, zaledwie kilkutygodniowa, ale bardzo pracowita i wysoko oceniona przez sojusznikw
misja bya dla nowo utworzonej formacji znakomitym wstpem
do dalszej wsppracy z sojusznikami, midzy innymi dwa lata pniej na Bakanach, w 2003 roku w Kuwejcie, a nastpnie w Iraku
i Afganistanie.
Polec i odbij?
W cigu kolejnych lat, mimo zawirowa politycznych, sprawy szy
na tyle dobrze, e w roku 2002 Jerzy Szmajdziski, wczesny minister obrony narodowej, podczas szczytu NATO w Pradze zadeklarowa, e Wojska Specjalne bd w sojuszu polsk specjalnoci. Bya
to odwana propozycja ze strony pastwa posiadajcego jedn jednostk speniajc wiatowe standardy, czyli GROM, do tego rwnie
skromn ilociowo i troch zapomnian formacj morsk Formoz
oraz borykajcego si z licznymi problemami, w tym rwnie szkoleniowymi, molocha, 1 Puk Specjalny Komandosw w Lublicu. Na
razie jednak nie byo mowy o adnym ich wspdziaaniu, zarwno ze
wzgldu na specyfik jednostek, jak i brak jakiegokolwiek centrum
koordynacji na szczeblu centralnym.
Dopiero dwa lata pnej powoano Szefostwo Dziaa Specjalnych
Sztabu Generalnego, pierwsz instytucj na strategicznym poziomie
dowodzenia. Misj organizacji kompleksowej struktury si specjalnych powierzono generaowi dywizji Janowi Kemparze, penicemu formalnie funkcj asystenta szefa Sztabu Generalnego WP. Dowiadczonemu komandosowi przyszo dziaa w atmosferze cierania si licznych, mniej lub bardziej twrczych koncepcji i wyjtkowej aktywnoci ekspertw zajmujcych si t dziedzin, co z pewnoci nie uatwiao mu pracy. Genera stara si wprawdzie funkcjonowa poza mediami, kilkakrotnie poczu si jednak zmuszony
do przedstawienia publicznie swego stanowiska: Istnieje przekonanie, e gdy tylko co si wydarzy, komandosi polec i odbij. Aby
92
tions came as a shock to them. Up to this day, the decision is considered absurd, destroying many years of hard work and weakening the
potential of the developing Special Forces.
The dramatic situation of smaller units coincided with the Lubliniec regiment developing its combat capabilities and its participation in the international Two Eagles Exercise. The first symbolic cooperation of thirty Polish soldiers with commandos of the legendary
US 10th Special Forces Group (Airborne) coincided with equally
important debut GROM troops deployment to Haiti. This short,
barely several-week long mission, very challenging and highly appreciated, was for our newly formed unit an excellent start to further
cooperation with our allies two years later on the Balkans, in Kuwait in 2003, and later in Iraq and Afghanistan.
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Polscy specjalsi
Wkrtce ju nie tylko lider GROM, lecz take polscy specjalsi zaczli by widoczni na arenie midzynarodowej. W 2005 roku Holandia, Stany Zjednoczone, Polska i Norwegia wystpiy z koncepcj
wsplnego rozwoju zdolnoci si sojuszniczych do prowadzenia operacji specjalnych. Tak zwana inicjatywa czworga zawieraa ponadto
propozycj utworzenia w strukturach NATO instytucji koordynujcej
wspprac w tej dziedzinie.
W wyniku tego rok pniej, podczas szczytu w Rydze, ministrowie
obrony pastw czonkowskich jednogonie przyjli opracowan na
jej podstawie Inicjatyw transformacji sojuszniczych si specjalnych. W kolejnym roku (1 stycznia 2007 roku) dowdca si specjalnych USA w Europie wiceadmira William McRaven powoa
NATO Special Operations Coordunation Center. By moe wcale nie
przypadkiem tego samego dnia zostao utworzone Dowdztwo Wojsk
Specjalnych w Polsce, dziesita taka struktura na wiecie. Na jej czele, cho na krtko, stan genera dywizji Edward Gruszka, ktrego
zastpi dowodzcy do dzi formacj genera dywizji Wodzimierz
Potasiski. Pi miesicy pniej Sejm RP
uchwali ustaw z 24 maja 2007 roku o zmianie
ustawy o powszechnym
obowizku obrony Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej,
powoujc tym dokumentem Wojska Specjalne
Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.
Dowdztwo Wojsk
Specjalnych rni si od
pozostaych dowdztw
rodzajw si zbrojnych
w jednej, ale zasadniczej kwestii rwnie
w przypadku prowadzenia dziaa bojowych
jednostki WS nie podlegaj Dowdztwu Operacyjnemu. W sumie polska droga budowy
Wojsk Specjalnych zyskaa midzynarodowe uznanie, a w dokumencie analitycznym NATO SOF Study zostaa okrelona jako
modelowa, w peni wspierajca zasad prowadzenia operacji poczonych przez narodowe i sojusznicze siy zbrojne.
W 2008 roku minister obrony narodowej zadeklarowa w NATO
osignicie w 2012 roku przez Siy Zbrojne RP zdolnoci do
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Polish Operatives
Soon not only GROM, but also the Polish Special Forces operatives could be seen internationally. In 2005, the Netherlands, USA,
Poland and Norway suggested the concept of joint development of capabilities of the NATO forces for special operations conduct. The socalled Initiative of the Four also involved a proposition to establish
an institution coordinating joint activities of special forces in the
NATO structures.
As a result, a year later at the NATO summit in Riga, the defense
ministers of the member states unanimously adopted an initiative on
transformation of the Alliance Special Forces. On January 1, 2007,
the US Special Forces Commander in Europe, Vice-Admiral William McRaven, established
the NATO Special Operations Forces (SOF) Coordination Center (NSCC). Perhaps it was not by coincidence that on the same day
the Polish Special Forces
Command was created, the
tenth such structure in the
world. The first to command it was Major General
Edward Gruszka, who
was soon replaced by Major
General Wodzimierz
Potasiski. Five months
later, the Sejm of the Republic of Poland enacted
the law of May 24, 2007 on
the change of the law on
general defense obligation
of the Republic of Poland, which initiated the creation of the Special
Forces of the Republic of Poland.
A difference between the Special Forces Command and the commands of other branches of the armed forces is only one, but quite
crucial the former one commands their subordinate units and does not
pass it over to the Operations Command even during combat. The Polish
way of creating the Special Forces gained international recognition, and
FOT. bogusaw politowski
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