b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 2 6 0 8 e2 6 1 8

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Generation of bioenergy and biofertilizer on a sustainable

rural property
1

Sonia Valle Walter Borges de Oliveira , Alexandre Bevilacqua Leoneti*,

Glauco Mateus Magrini Caldo, Marcio Mattos Borges de Oliveira
Department of Administration e FEA-RP e University of Sao Paulo (USP) - Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Monte Alegre, 14040-905,
Ribeirao Preto,
SP, Brazil

article info

abstract

Article history:
Received 4 February 2010

Energy sources have become a focus of legal, ethical, social and economic pressures due
to
increasing environmental problems. Nonrenewable energy sources are being increasingl

Received in revised form

21 February 2011
Accepted 22 February 2011

y
replaced by other sources that are renewable and less pollutive, with technologies aimed

Available online 3 April 2011

at

Keywords:

ase

Sustainability
Biodigester
Biodiesel
Biofertilizer
Biogas

sustainability. Companies that adopt alternative forms of energy will be able to incre
their competitiveness and use wastes to generate energy, which is an ecological
and
economical efciency approach. In the interior of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, a
rural
producer of pork crackling and coffee evaluated the entire production cycle of his produc
ts
and wastes, seeking to achieve energy self sufciency and identify new possibilities
for
gains through cost reductions. Biodiesel, soap and detergent are produced with the was
te
animal fat left from the production of pork crackling. Pig farm wastes become biomass f
or
a biodigester, which produces sufcient biogas to keep the piglets warm, dry the coffee, f
ry
the pork crackling, and generate electricity, among other uses. The biofertilizer produc

1.

Introduction

ed
by the biodigester helps fertilize coffee and corn plantations. The purpose of this article
is
to demonstrate the ecological and economic feasibility of the project. The research meth
od
used here is a case study involving qualitative analyses of environmental and s
ocial
variables and quantitative analyses of economic variables. It is concluded tha
t the
investment made in this project yields excellent returns, with savings of 100% in fuels, 5
0%
in electric energy and 40% in fertilizer, in addition to gains from the products develo
ped
with the wastes.
2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

and by the risk of climate changes cause by the intensive use

of
energy sources that generate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
s.
The energy crisis and the environmental problems resulti
New models of energy production and consumption must
ng
be developed using renewable sources of energy such as wind
from the use of pollutive and nonrenewable sources of ener ,
gy
solar, biomass, and ocean energy produced by waves, current
have changed the worldwide scenario on this theme, leadi s
ng
and tides. The adoption of green and sustainable technologies
to the search for sustainable solutions in the three amb in the lifestyle of societies is an important solution to th
its:
e
economic, environmental and social. These aspects can problem of energy [1]. However, one of the greatest challenge
be
s
translated by the volatility of the worlds fossil fuel marke
ts
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 55 16 3602 4751 (USP).
E-mail addresses: soniavw@terra.com.br (S.V. Walter Borges de Oliveira), ableoneti@usp.br (A.B. Leoneti), mmattos@usp.b
r (M.M.
Borges de Oliveira).
1
Tel.: 55 16 3602 4751 (USP)
0961-9534/$ e see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.02.048
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 2 6 0 8 e2 6 1 8

of this task is the introduction of major changes in enviro

nments adapted to traditional forms of energy, not only fro
m
the technological standpoint but also from the human aspe
ct
of adaptation to and comfortableness with existing install
ations, which may be the more difcult aspect to overcome.
Any possible alternatives for the solution of environment
al
problems will be strongly weighted by the economic fact
or.
According to Nagel and Meyer [2], ecological solutions usuall
y
lead to economy savings because reducing the consumptio
n
of raw materials and energy, recycling or reusing products a
re
both ecologically and economically sound. Hence, ecologic
al
and economic efciency must be achieved.
Although biomass has a high energy potential, the pra
ctices of its exploitation require comprehensive managemen
t,
since these practices may be very harmful to the envir
onment, not only in terms of undesirable emissions but also d
ue
to the environmental degradation resulting from unbalance
d
exploitation.
The guidelines of the Kyoto Protocol encourage the use o
f
renewable and less pollutive energy sources in developi
ng
countries. The goal proposed at the United Nations Clima
te

2609

Change Conference held in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, is an aver

age
reduction of 5.2% in GHG emissions between 2008 and 2
012.
The goal refers to the level of gases emitted into the at
mosphere in 1990. This reduction is encouraged by the possibi
lity
for developing countries to negotiate their reductions, a
chieved by Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), with dev
eloped countries through the sale of carbon credits.
In Brazil, the use of biomass as an energy sour
ce is
increasing year after year, seeking to encourage the valuat
ion
of environmental and economic aspects. Thus, alcohol,
biodiesel, biogas, sugarcane bagasse-powered thermoele
ctric
plants, and others, have been gaining ground in the Brazil
ian
scenario, replacing traditional fossil fuels.
In the 1970s and 80s there was a strong incentive for
the
installation of rural biodigesters in northeastern B
razil,
although the program subsequently lost momentum. W
ith
the possibility of carbon credit sales, this energy mod
ality
regained its former position, as did other methane generati
ng
processes.
Biodiesel, another renewable source of energy, has beco
me

a focus of attention in recent years, mainly due to its c processing, and coffee and corn production, based on t
he
harconcepts of sustainability.
acteristics of reduced pollution and its reasonably sim
The specic objectives were to evaluate the possibility
ple
of
production technique. The use of biodiesel reduces
using the wastes generated on the property; evaluate
the
the
emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), particulate material (P
possible energy sources compatible with the enterprise; an
M),
d
sulfur oxide (SOx), total hydrocarbons (HC), and a large part
analyze the its environmental and social variables.
of
the toxic hydrocarbons with carcinogenic potential. From th
e
3.
Theoretical references
economic standpoint, biodiesel can be produced from sever
al
Energy is one of the most important resources for
types of oils and fats, both vegetable and animal, includi
the
ng
economic development of a country [3]. Energy sources can
waste fats.
be
Concomitantly to the use of alternative energy sourc
divided into two groups: biomass (also called traditional) an
es,
d
wastes and by-products of production processes have al
non-biomass (also called commercial) [4].
so
Biomass, which is composed of organic matter produced b
gained ground, demonstrating the importance of cost reduc
y
biological processes involving the capture of solar energy, ha
tions with a view to sustainable development.
s
a high energy potential which is also renewable. The variou
s
2.
Objectives
forms of biomass include wood, plants, food rests, ani
mal
This paper aims to demonstrate the ecological and econom excrements, domestic sewage, industrial wastewaters, a
ic
nd
feasibility of a rural enterprise for pig breeding
several other elements or residues of organic composition. Up
and
on
undergoing conversion processes such as burning, digestion b
y
microorganisms, fermentation, chemical reaction, and other
s,
these products generate caloric energy or biogas.
In the paper of Demirbas and Demirbas [3], the authors sa
y
that the decreasing reserves of fossil fuels and their potenti
al
risk to the environment, such as the emission of greenhous
e
gases into the atmosphere, has led to the development
of
renewable energy sources, sustainable development and ec
ofriendly concepts. Nevertheless, although renewable ener
gy
has been the object of special attention in many countries, o
n
a global scale less than 15% of the main supply of ene
rgy
comes from this modality [5]. According to Brazils Ministry o
f
Mines and Energy (MME) [6], the energy matrix of 43.8% of t
he
countrys energy sources is renewable, due in large part to t
he
intensive use of wood and hydroelectric energy. Howeve
r,
solar and wind energy still represent only a minor fraction o
f
the total energy supply in most countries, including Brazil.

The major challenge lies in integrating a high fraction o senting 40% and the latter 60% of the total methane emissio
f
ns.
intermittent resources as a large part of the renewable energ
Both natural and anthropogenic sources may invol
y
ve
in the electric power supply, and in including the transpor degradation processes by microorganisms, which can
be
t
divided into aerobic, facultative and anaerobic degradation [
sector in these strategies [5].
8].
The conditions of the medium in which degradation occurs
3.1.
Generation of biogas by biomass
,
Methane (CH4 ) is one of the GHGs with a global warmin with the presence or absence of oxygen, will dene
the
g
consortium of microorganisms that act in the decomposition
potential 23-fold greater than that of carbon dioxide (CO2),
of the organic matter. In anaerobic degradation, oxygen
and
a high energy power. Methane emissions into the atmosphere is
originate from many sources, such as anaerobic biodegrada- toxic to microorganisms, and carbon dioxide and methan
tion, ruminant digestion, biomass burning, etc [7]. The e,
se
which are present in biogas, are eliminated as degradation b
sources are natural and anthropogenic, the former repre y-

2610

b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 2 6 0 8 e2 6 1 8

products. The production of methane in anaerobic systems

is
due to methanogenic microorganisms.
The average composition of biogas produced by anaerobi
c
degradation varies from 50 to 80% of methane and 20e50%
of
carbon dioxide, besides traces of other gases [9].
Biodigesters are optimized anaerobic degradation system
s
that use about 50% of organic wastes to 50% of dilution liqui
d,
which may be water (especially rainwater), sewage, or
any
other liquid efuent that is not harmful to the system [10].
If
the organic wastes are not sufciently dissolved in water, t
he
percentage of liquid should be increased in order to re
ach
a moisture content of about 90%.
It is important to point out that anaerobic degradation, an
d
therefore the biodigester, requires high temperatures to achi
eve
its maximum efciency, as demonstrated in a study by Cas
tro
and Cortez [12], who found that 31 C is the optimal tempera
ture
for the degradation of cattle manure. One of the possible sol
utions to maintain these high temperatures is proposed
by
Axaopoulus and Panagakis [9], who suggest the use of s
olar
heating in biodigesters treating pig manure in Greece, wh
ere
solar collectors were installed on the canvas cover, providin
g an
average temperature of 35 C inside the biodigester.
Some of the advantages of the use of biodigesters,
in

addition to the possible use of biogas, are the use of wast

es
that would otherwise be pollutive if discharged directly int
o
the environment, due to their high load of organic matter, an
d
the reduction of odors resulting from this practice [13]; t
he
removal of pathogens that reinfest the animals that feed o
n
pastures fertilized with untreated wastes; the production
of
biosolids that can be used as organic fertilizers in agriculture
;
the production of biofertilizers or bioliquids, also rich i
n
nutrients, for farming, aquaculture or as leaf fertilizers [11].
Domestic sewage can be treated by anaerobic process
es
such as upow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor
s,
which remove 60e80% of the biochemical oxygen dema
nd
(BOD) and generate 65e80% of methane [14]. According
to
Liedl, Bombardiere and Chateld [15], degradationgenerated
biosolids or bioliquids can be used jointly with miner
al
fertilizers in a variety of vegetable cultures, providing a yiel
d
comparable to that obtained with the exclusive use of minera
l
fertilizer, and reducing the cost of the production process.
Biogas generated by anaerobic degradation contains about
65% of methane and 35% of carbon dioxide [16]. One cubic me
ter
of biogas is equivalent to 3.47 kg of wood, 0.63 L of kerosen
e,
0.61 L of dieseloil, 1.5 kg of coal, 1.25 kW/hof electricity, 0.45
kg of

In economic terms, biogas can provide signicant energy

liqueed petroleum gas, and 0.5 kg of butane, and can
benets when its production is controlled and investments
be
can generate nancial returns, including the costs of nes an
generated from the degradation of 13 kg of manure [17].
Methane can be used as an energy source in various typ d
alignment with environmental legislation [11]. The soli
es
of equipment, such as stoves, engines, generators, lighting d
wastes of agriculture represent a potential energy source i
in
general, heaters for homes and animals, refrigerators, gree f
converted into methane [16].
nIn rural areas or villages not connected to the energy grid,
houses, grain dryers, incubators, etc [18]. Although anaero
or
which seek to reduce their electric power expenses, th
bic
e
degradation may produce unpleasant odors, methane
availability of biogas represents not only an improvement in
is
odorless. Biogas that emits unpleasant odors prob the quality of life of their residents but also a busine
ss
ably
opportunity [3]. It should be kept in mind that, in addition to
contains other gases such as hydrosulfuric gas.
The methane generated in the above described biomathe aforementioned benets, there is the possibility of selling
carbon credit.
ss
Brazil already has several projects that include cle
degradation processes can be channeled to small pla
an
nts
development mechanisms (CDM) for the sale of carbo
where it will be used to run engine-driven power
n
generators.
Methane production is advantageous if it involves the op credits. According to the Ministry of Mines and Energy [20], 45
of the 207 carbon sequestration projects registered at th
timization of processes, reaching high efciency as a functi e
United Nations up to April 2006 were Brazilian projects. The
on
reduction of methane emissions is present in three project
of investments in installations [19].
s
that are already issuing Renewable Energy Certicates (RECs)
:
the sanitary landlls of NovaGerar (RJ) and Bandeirantes (SP
)
and the Sadia biodigester project in which 3.5 thousand small
farmers participate, mainly pig farmers in the states of Sant
a
Catarina and Parana.
The search for energy self sufciency is a strong incentive
for the development of projects that take the best possibl
e
advantage of the energy potential of a productive plant, be it
rural, industrial or urban.
An example of this search is presented by Angonese et al.
[21], who evaluated the energy efciency of a swine production system with treatment of wastes in a biodigester in the
municipality of Ouro Verde do Oeste (PR). The autho
rs
demonstrated the possibility of maximizing the ener
gy
potential of pig farm waste, within the production structure
itself, reducing the environmental impacts caused by th
e
disposal of these untreated wastes in the environmen
t.
According to their study, the production of wastes h
as
a considerable energy value of about 30% of the systems tota
l
energy output, since its use can minimize the importation of
energy for the entire system.

3.2.

Biodiesel

Biodiesel is an economically competitive and environmentally

friendly alternative fuel obtained from renewable sources [22]
.

In Brazil, the National Petroleum Agencys (ANP) Admini costs of projects involving biodiesel (originating from both
svegetable oils and animal fat) against diesel prices, presentin
trative Rule no. 255/2003 established a preliminary specic g
anumbers that demonstrate that the latter is still a cheap
tion for the use of biodiesel in mixtures of up to 20% (B2er
0),
energy source, at least in the United States and in so
which is similar to the European and American specication me
s,
European countries (i.e., while the cost of biodiesel oscillates
but with some measure of exibility to meet the characteri from US$ 0.30 to 0.69, the price of diesel varies from US$ 0.20
sto
tics of the national raw materials.
0.24). The use of biodiesel is justied by positive externalities
As for the economic aspects, Demirbas [16] compares th ,
e
some of the main ones being the interest and engagement of
b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 2 6 0 8 e2 6 1 8

a signicant portion of local populations in the cause

of
environmental conservation.
Biodiesel production costs depend essentially on the co
st
of the raw material, the vegetable oil or any other f
atty
substance, and the costs of industrial processing. Thus,
the
cost of vegetable oil generally represents about 88% of the c
ost
of biodiesel when it is produced in high capacity plants, whi
ch
is the reason for the interest in reducing the costs of
raw
materials, so that eventually the fatty material ca
n be
obtained from industrial wastes, such as used frying oil a
nd
animal grease [23].
The potential market for biodiesel in Brazil is determine
d
by the market of petroleum-derived products and by t
he
obligatory mixture of up to 5% of biodiesel in diesel,
as
established by Law 11097 of 13 January 2005. The purpose
of
this law, which regulates the introduction of biodiesel in th
e
Brazilian energy matrix, is to increase the participation
of
biofuels in the national energy matrix, based on econo
mic,
social and environmental considerations [24]. The t
otal
demand for diesel oil in Brazil in 2007 was in the order of 4
1.5
million cubic meters, while the production of biodiesel th
at
year was 402 thousand cubic meters [25].
The use of biofuels in general reduces the main l
ocal
emissions associated with diesel, notably that of particul
ate
material, as well as carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons, S
Ox
e sulfur oxide, except NOx e nitrogen oxides (2e4%, w
ith

2611

B20) [26]. Moreover, biofuels are nontoxic and biodegrada

ble
forms of energy whose widespread use would contri
bute
considerably to reduce pollution in large urban centers
and
population conglomerates around the world.

3.3.

Alternative uses of wastes on rural properties

With the reduction of the prot margin in every product

ive
sector, the aim should be to seek the minimum loss of
any
input and the maximum efciency of every process. In
this
sense, rural properties should see their wastes as raw m
aterials, encouraging research and the quest for sustain
able
alternatives for their processes [10]. A description is
given
below of several researches and cases of exploitation of
byproducts from coffee cultivation and the production of b
iodiesel, expanding the list of wastes mentioned earlier her
ein.
Rathinavelu and Graziosi [27] present several alternati
ves
for the use of coffee processing by-products. In studies of
pig
feed, the authors claim that corn may be replaced by d
ehydrated coffee pulp in up to 16% of the total feed, wit
h no
harmful effects in terms of weight increase or food con
version. Another use for coffee pulp they mention is
the
production of organic fertilizer by composting, with a rete
ntion time of three weeks. Coffee husks can also be us
ed to
generate energy by burning.
Another study on the use of coffee by-products was p
resented by Ribeiro Filho et al. [28], who studied their substit
ution

glycerin, as a component of animal feed and as a coof ground corn with husks and cobs (GCHC) in Fresiansubstrate
Zebu
in biodigesters [29].
crossbred bullocks in the post-weaning phase. The autho
The use of glycerin in pig feed is discussed in the work o
rs
f
concluded that it is feasible to substitute up to 30% of GCH
Holtkamp, Rotto and Garcia [30]. These authors state that ra
C
w
with coffee husks in the feed concentrate.
glycerin from biodiesel production contains approximatel
In the production of biodiesel, the main residue is glyceri
y
n,
85% of glycerol, 10% of water and 3e7% of salts, with a gro
which is often used as a raw material in the production
ss
of
energy of 3600e3750 kcal/kg, depending on its purity (p
soaps. However, the literature lists other possible uses
ure
of
glycerol contains 4305 kcal/kg of gross energy). The author
s
studies on pigs in the fattening phase indicate that glycerol i
s
highly palatable and digestible and that 10% can be added t
o
pig feed, improving it and maintaining the pigs grow
th
performance.
Another use for glycerin from biodiesel production is in biodigesters [31]. This researcher reports that the addition of 6%
of
glycerin in a biodigester degrading swine manure can increas
e
the production of methane in the system by about 180%.

4.

Method

The present research was based on the case study meth

od,
which Yin [32] denes as empirical questioning that invest
igates a contemporary phenomenon with its real life context
s,
when the boundaries between the phenomenon and t
he
context are not clearly evident, and in which multiple sourc
es
of evidence are used.
It was decided to study a single case because
this
phenomenon is a recent one in Brazil. This research
was
conducted on a rural property in the municipality of Cacond
e
(SP), situated 290 km from Sao Paulo, on the border with Min
as
Gerais. The property covers 250 ha and involves differ
ent
activities: pig production and pork processing, coffee planta
tions, and corn plantations for the production of pig feed.
Through this research, we sought to ascertain how an
d
why the changes on the analyzed property were imp
lemented, and to make a subsequent evaluation of the advan
tages gained from the investment.

Yin [32] suggests that six sources of evidence should b study site. The direct observations of the different activities
e
on
used, as far as possible, to obtain a good case study, namely the property enabled us to follow-up on the data presented b
:
y
(1) documentation, (2) le records, (3) interviews, (4) dir the interviewee, and provided a more detailed and safe vie
ect
w
observations, (5) participant observations, and (6) physic of the research objects.
al
As for the physical artifacts, the visit covered the activiti
artifacts.
es
In documentation used in this research consisted and products developed or used on the farm, providing direc
of
t
certicates presented by one of the owners, Mr. Joao Paul contact with practically all of them, thus facilitating
our
o
Muniz, as well as analyses of the quality of the biodiesel, the understanding of the pig breeding process, pork processing, a
patents for biodiesel production from pig and cow fat, and nd
the production of pig feed, biogas, biofertilizer, electric power
newspaper and journal articles about the enterprise.
The principal data for the study were collected from semi- ,
structured interviews with Mr. Muniz, which were held at the biodiesel, soap, toilet soap, detergent and composted fertilizer
.

2612

b i o m a s s a n d b i o e n e r g y 3 5 ( 2 0 1 1 ) 2 6 0 8 e2 6 1 8

The theoretical foundation for the case study was a resea

rch
of national and international bibliographic sources. The env
ironmental and social variables were analyzed qualitative
ly,
and several quantitative analyses were used to evaluate
the
economic variables.

5.

Case study: Pork-Terra

The case study was carried out on a rural property of 250

ha
located in the municipality of Caconde (SP), whose m
ain
activities are pig breeding, pork processing, coffee plantatio
ns
and corn grown for animal feed. The family business, call
ed
Pork-Terra, is owned by three partners, a father, son (Jo
ao
Paulo Muniz) and uncle.
The pig breeding activity on the property dates back
to
1980, but the processing of prime pork cuts and the fabricati
on
of pork crackling started about 20 years ago. Several hygie
ne,
environmental and economic aspects led the partners
to
review the farms productive process.
The expansion of pig production led to a signic
ant
increase in the volume of manure, causing problems w
ith
neighbors and with the environment, with unpleasant odor
s,
ies and the launching of wastes into a stream. Feeding t
he

animals required planting corn, which began in 19

80,
requiring fertilizers, as did the coffee plantations, an old
er
activity dating back to 1920. The areas occupied today
by
plantations consist of 90 ha of corn and 75 ha of coffee.
It
should be noted that 100% of the corn grown on the farm is
destined for the production of feed for the farms pigs.
The various forms of energy (electric, diesel and g
as)
needed for meat processing, as well as for the farms oth
er
activities, the employees homes and the farms vehicles, w
as
also substantial. In addition to energy, large quantities of soa
p
are also used to maintain proper hygiene conditions in th
e
facilities.
With the help of qualied professionals, evaluations were
made of the possibilities for eliminating problems an
d,
particularly, the use of wastes to generate energy, fertilizer
s,
animal feed, and other products required for the farm
s
processes.
Approximately two years ago, the biodigesters we
re
installed and studies on biodiesel production from pig fat wer
e
initiated. Today, Muniz holds a patent for the production o
f
biodiesel from pig fat and is awaiting news about a patent h
e
led for biodiesel production from cow fat, which he expects
will take another ve months.
The initial investment in the modications on the far
m

was about R$ 100,000.00, including the biodigesters and processed pork cuts come from the farm itself, with por
k
the
crackling representing the most traditional product of th
mini biodiesel processing plant. However, the businessm
e
an
mix.
claims that the savings resulting from the enterprise m
To maintain the hygiene in all the pig breeding facilities,
ore
constant washing is done, which renders the manure suf
than compensates for the investment, besides the envir
onciently moist to be sent to the farms biodigesters.
mental and social benets it has yielded.
After the piglets are weaned at the age of 21 days, they ar
e
5.1.
Pig breeding and pork processing
taken to a compartment where biogas is used for heating to
about 35 C (Fig. 1 e left). Two biodigesters receive the waste
The pig breeding enterprise comprises 200 breeder sows (Fig s
.1
from these activities. The pig fattening and slaughterin
e right), from which originate the 80 pigs slaughtered g
facilities supply the wastes for a third biodigester, includin
per
week for the pork processing enterprise. 100% of g
the
the blood left after slaughtering.
Pork processing is carried out using 100% of gas produced
in the biodigesters, which drives the boiler that heats t
he
water used for skinning the animals. The product mix consist
s
of prime cuts, sausages, smoked pork and pork crackling. The
products are vacuum-packed, many of them requiring only
cooling and not freezing.
The fat is rendered and sent to the biodiesel production
plant.

5.2.
r

Processing of swine wastes: biogas and biofertilize

Three biodigesters called minibiodigesters, whose

construction is simple and fast, were installed to process the
wastes from pig production and pork processing. Th
e
construction of a biodigester consists of digging a trench with
an earth digging machine, lining the bottom and sides of the
trench with a plastic canvas to prevent percolation of th
e
liquid into the ground, and covering this tank with another
canvas, which inates as biogas is produced (Fig. 2 e lef
t).
Muniz states that in the coldest season, biogas productio
n
decreases, recovering promptly in the warmer months.
It
should be pointed out that there is no unpleasant odor in the
surroundings of the biodigester-biofertilizer tank set.
After 30e40 days of degradation, the residue from th
e
biodigester is transferred to an open trench, also lined wit
h
canvas, next to the biodigesters, where the biofertilizer
is
collected (Fig. 2 e right). The analysis of the biofertiliz
er
produced on the farm indicated concentrations of 0.5e4.0% of
nitrogen, 0.5e5.0% of phosphorus, and 0.5e3.0% of potassium
,
and about 90e95% of water.
The biofertilizer is used in the coffee and corn plantations,
although it contributes with only 40% of the total fertilize
r

required, and is complemented with industrial fertilizer, sinc pork

processing
and
fat
rendering,
preparation
e
of
the exclusive use of biofertilizer has proved insufcient employees meals, production of biodiesel and purication
to
of glycerin, as well as for heating the piglet nursery, and for
supply the nutrients needed to maintain production at t coffee drying.
he
To reduce the corrosion power of the biogas, Muni
level obtained using only industrial fertilizer.
z
All the biogas produced in the biodigesters is used on the explains that a purier in the form of a coil was built a fe
property itself to generate 50% of its electric power nee w
ds,
meters underground, through which the biogas passe
including the 17 homes of employees and 50% of the of th s,
e
starting at about 35 C, the temperature at which it exits th
cold storage warehouse, as well as the various stoves e
for

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