PROTECTION SYSTEM

FACTORS AFFECTING PROTECTING

SYSTEM DESIGN
1.

ECONOMIC IN TERMS OF INITIAL INVESTMENT AND LIFE CYCLE

COST, INCLUDING THE OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COST

2.

COMPLIANCE WITH OPERATING PRACTICES OFTHE UTILITY

INDUSTRI IN TERM OF STANDARD AND ACCEPTED PRACTICES
TO PERMIT EFFESIENT SYSTEM OPERATION AND FLEXIBILITY
FOR THE FUTURE

3.

TAKING INTO ACCOUNT PAST EXPERIENCES IN TERM OF

PREVIOUS AND ANTICIPATED PROBLEMS WITH IN THE SYSTEM

4.

AVAILABLE MEASURES OF FAULT OR TROUBLES IN TERMS OF

FAULT MAGNITUDES AND LOCATION OF CURRENT
TRANSFORMER AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

TYPICAL ZONES OF PROTECTION IN POWER

SYSTEM
Generator and Transformer
Protection Zone

B1

T1

Low Voltage Bus

Protection Zone

B2

Transformer
Protection Zone

T2

B4

High Voltage Bus

Protection Zone

B6

Feeder
Protection Zone

B9

G1

B12

B8

B3

B5

T2

B7

B10

G2

F2

B11

F1*

Generator Protection Zone

Motor

B15

B14

T4

B13

Motor Protection Zone

Low Voltage Bus

Protection Zone

Transformer
Protection Zone

High Voltage Bus

Protection Zone

FACTORS AFFECTING SELECTION OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

MAIN
CONSIDERATION

Nature
Of Faults

Electrical

Economic

Power System
Characteristics

Functional
Importance of Equipment

Rating and General

Characteristic of
Equipment

Sensibility
To Instability

Physical

Maintenance
facilities

Distance between
Relaying Points

Accommodation
Operating
Condition

Current
Transformer

Max. and Min.

Fault kVA

Voltage
Transformer

Capital Cost
Of Equipment

Effect of
Fault 0n other
Equipment

Fault Set.
And Time of
Operation

Treatment
Of System
Neutral

Stability
of
Protection

Relative Cost
Of Protection
System

Relay and
Ancillary
Equipment

Effect of
Fault 0n other
Equipment

Effect of
Fault 0n other
Equipment

DESIGN CRITERIA FOR PROTECTIVE SYSTEM

Reliability
Selectivity or Discrimination
Speed
Simplicity
Economic

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIABILITY OF SUPLAY ITS

COST AND VALUE TO THE CONSUMER

VALUE

COST
OF
VALUE

PENCE
/UNIT

RELIABILITY

TYPICAL RELAY CONNECTION SHOWING

ONE PHASE ONLY
Station Bus
R

CB

TC

Tripping direction

Station
Battery

NC

VTs

CT

Relay
Protected
Circuit

TYPICAL VALUES OF POWER THAT CAN BE TRANSMITTED

AS FUNCTION OF FAULT CLEARRANCE TIME

PG FOULT

PP. FOULT

PPG FOULT
PPP.
FOULT

Time

COMPLETION OF PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

Bus-Bar
Bus-Bar

CT
CT

CB
CB

PT
PT

Feeder
Feeder

TC
TC

Serine
Serine
TC
TC

Indication
Indication

Power S.
Power S.
AC
AC

Relay
Relay

DC
DC

etc
etc
-

TYPES OF RELAY ACCORDING TO

CONSTRUCTION

Electromagnet Relay

Plunger type
Hung Armature Type

Induction Relay

Disc type
Cup Type

TYPES OF RELAY ACCORDING TO CARACTERISTIC

Over Current Relay

Distance Relay
Directional Relay
Differential Relay
Pilot Relay
ETC

DEFINITION OF OVER CURRENT RELAY

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION IS DIFFERENT THAN OVER

LOAD PROTECTION, WHICH NORMALLY UTILIZES RELAY
THAT OPERATE IN A TIME RELATED IN SOME DEGREE TO
THE THERMAL CAPABILITY OF THE PLANT TO BE
PROTECTED.
WHEREAS OVER CURRENT PROTECTION IS DIRECTED
TOTALLY TO THE CLEARANCE OF FAULT, EVEN THOUGH
WITH THE SETTINGS USUALLY ADOPTED SAME DEGREE OF
OVER LOAD PROTECTION IS ACHIEVED.
THEREFORE, THE MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENTS MUST BE
KNOWN TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE RATIO OF THE
MINIMUM FAULT CURRENT TO MAXIMUM LOAD CURRENT
IS HIGH ENOUGH TO ENABLE SIMPLE OVER CURRENT
OPERATED RELAY TO BE USED SUCESSFULLY.

OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC OF TIME

OVERCURRENT RELAYS
Im(I)
T3
T2

Operates T
1
IP

If
O
Restrains

Re(I)

OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC OF DIRECTIONAL

TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY
Directional unit
characteristic

Max. torque Angle of

Directional unit
T3
T2
T1
IP
O

TIME-CURRENT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS OF

OVERCURRENT RELAYS

Very Inverse

Extremely Inverse
Time

Inverse

Instantaneous

Multiples of pickup current

APPLICATION OF TIME OVERCURRENT RELAY TO

SERIES OF RADIAL LINES
Time
Time of relay R3

Time of relay R1

Time of relay R2

CDT

CDT

Distance
3

2
B3

1
B2

B1

G
F

For the fault shown, the relay tripping breaker B1 operate quickly at time T1,
Followed by the relay controlling B2 and B3 so that B1 operates before B2
and B2 before B3. Therefore, the operating time T2 of the relay at bus 2 can be
expressed as:
T2 = T1 + CDT
(1)
CDT = ( Operating time of breaker B1) + (error margin) (2)
Similarly, the operating time T3 of the relay at bus 3 can be expressed as
T3 = T2 + CDT
(3)

EXAMPLE :
Show the one line diagram of a 13,2 kV radial system 3 phase. The maximum (threephase) fault currents at buses 1, 2, 3, are 2400, 2700, and 3000 A respectively.
The operating time of each relay is six cycles.
Use three CO-7 relays per breaker and determine the CTS and TDS of each delay.
I3

CT

R3

I2

600/5

CT

I1

R2
400/5

S3 = 7,5 MW

CT

R1

300/5

S2 = 2,5 MW

Solution
The load currents at each of the three bus are:

I l1

4.5 x10 6
196.82 A
3,
3 13.2 x10

Il 2

2,5 x10 6
306.17 A
3
3 13,2 x10

Il3

7.5 x10 6
634.21A
3
3 13,2 x10

S1 = 4,5 MW

Using the given CT ratio, the corresponding relay currents due to load currents can
be found as:

196.82
I l . R1
3,28 A
300 / 5
306,17
I l .R 2
3,83 A
400 / 5
634,21
I l .R 3
5,29 A
600 / 5
The available CTS setting for the CO-7 relay are given in Figure are: 4,5,6,7, 8, 10 and 12 A.
Therefore, the CTS setting for the relay R1, R2, and R3 are select as:

CTS1 = 4 A
CTS2 = 4 A
CTS3 = 6 A

TIME CURRENT CURVES OF TYPE co-7 OVER CURRENT RELAY (50-60)

CYCLE WITH MODERALLY INVERS KARAKTERISTICS (CURRENT TOP
SETTING : 4, 5 ,6, 7, 8, 10, AND 12 A )

Operating time

5
Time dial setting
11
4

10

3
5

8
6

2
3
2

1
1
1/2
0 1

Current as multiple of tap setting

8 10

12 14 16 18 20

TDS setting for each relay using the maximum fault current . Relay R1 is at the end
of the radial system.
The fault current as seen by the relay R1 can be determined as:

I f , R1

2400

40 A
300 / 5

Or, as a multiple of the select CTS (or the pickup value),

I f , R1

40

10
CTS1 4
Since the fastest possible operation is desirable, the smallest TDS is selected.
Therefore, the TDS for relay R1 is

TDS1 =
The operating time for relay R1 can be read from the associated curve in figure as

T1 = 0, 15 s

In order to set relay R2 as a backup relay, to respond to the balanced three phase
fault at bus 1, it is assumed that the error margin is 0,3. Therefore, its operating
time T2 can be found from equation (1) and (2)
T2 = T1 + 0,1 + 0,3 = 0.55 s
The fault current for a fault bus 1 as a multiple of the CTS at bus 2 can be found from

f R1

CTS

40

10

Therefore, from the characteristics given in figure , for the relay R2 for 0,55 s operating time
And 10 ratio, the TDS can be determined us

TDS2 = 2,3
The next step is to determine the setting for relay R3. A three phase fault at bus 2 produces a fault
Current of 2700 A. Therefore,

2700
33,75 A
I f , R2
400// 5

and

f R2

CTS

33,75

8,44
4

A new curve for the time dial setting of 2,3 can be drawn in figure between the two curves shown for
The time dial setting of 2 and 3, then the operating time of relay R2 can be found from this new curve
for the associated multiple of the CTS as 0,60 s.
Therefore, permitting the same CDT for relay R3 to respond to a fault at bus 2 as for relay R2
responding to a fault at bus 1,

T3 = 0,60 + 0,1 + 0,3 = 1.0 s

The corresponding current current in the relay can be given as a multiple of the relay pickup
Current . Thus

f R2

CTS

3000

4,17

(600/5) 6

Therefore, for relay R3 for 1,0 s operating time and a 4,17 ratio, the TDS can be determine as

TDS3 = 2,8

Conclusion
1. The evaluate short circuit of the protection system therefore we
have to utilize characteristic over current relay , adjustable
settings on all inverse-time relays.
a. The current Tap Settings (CTSs)
b. The Time Dial Settings (TDSs)
2 A three-phase fault under maximum generation causes the
maximum fault current and a line to line fault, where as
under minimum generation it causes minimum fault
current. Thus, the relay must respond to the fault current
between these two extreme values.
3 The time interval that necessary between to adjacent relay
is called the Coordination Delay Time (CDT). It is the
minimum interval that permits a relay and its circuit
breakers to clear a fault its operating zone
4. The over load protection therefore, setting relay bus on
nominal current less than current transformer setting, see
example