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 fileDul ftfbbons& @r[wg ot
ftnprfu[ @tnnunp & ?Iustrfu
 For rny son
Stuart

First Edition 1974

@ o.c. Nevi11e, 1974

A11 Rights Reserved

Printed and Published in Great Britain
by Balfour Publications (Photo Precision Ltd)
St. Ives, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire.

rsBN 0 85944 009 s.

 Contents

Preface 7

Introduction 8

Historical and Geographical background 9

Origins of Orders, Decorations and Medals 13

Classification 15

Austria t7

Germany 27

Index 94
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to acknowledge the help and assistance of the late llil

Colonel C.M. Dodkins, C.B.E., D.S.O., and S. Boxall, Esq., who so kindly
allowed the photography of parts of their unique and splendid collections. I 't
lllil
would like to extend my thanks also to Christopher Wingate, Esq., and to all
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others who have assisted me in the production of this book.
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De Tillens, D.G. Netille iiil
Limpsfield,
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August 1974
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 Preface
The interest displayed in Orders, Decorations and Medals by collectors throughout the World
shorvs no sign of diminishing if anything the contrary is the case. Awards thai only a few years
-
ago could be found and purchased at a reasonable price are no longer available and the person
starting a collection has no easytask on his hands. Nevertheless the interest is there and there are
ntany still prepared to devote their time, energy and money to the subject. One, however, of the
depressing aspects of the shortage of good pieces is that it becomes daily more difficult to see or
irandle the rarer items. In the absence of the real thing, and nothing can compare with the
advantage of seeing and handling the original, the need for well illustrated text books on the
subject is vital, both to the experienced collector and to the novice venturing into the field for the
first time. In no area is this more important than in the case of the Imperial German and
-\ustrian Empires. Apart from Russia, there are no countries whose insignia are rarer and more
highly sought after. Moreover, there are no modern books in the English language covering the
subject, although publications covering all aspects of the Third Reich appear almost daily. I
:ave, therefore, in this volume attempted for the first time in this country to bring together a
;u.llection of ribbons of the Orders, Decorations and Medals of the Imperial German and
-\ustrian Empires including amongst them as many as possible of the ribbons of the Grand Cross
srades. All the ribbons illustrated are p_hotographed from actual pieces of ribbon in my
,iossession which I have collected over a p"iiod oTy"urr. Many of ther" huu" been given to me by
"'rher collectors and dealers but the majority have been acquired by the purchase of collections of
ribbons made by other persons interested in the subject and by the purchase of the stock of
dbbons held by Military Tailors on their giving up business. The purchase of existing collections
'rlribbons is very helpful but very few such items, especially those of a reliable naturi and which
;re u'otth acquiring, are now available on the market. In any case there is a great element of
Juplication involved in such acquisitions in proportion to the cost. In my experience the most
:uitful source is from defunct Military Tailors. I can remember on one occasion when I
:urchased alarge collection, the billiard table at my home was stacked high with a tumbled mass
:i tx'isted ribbons of all widths and lengths ranging from rolls of 60 yards to a few inches of
:ibbon. The hrst task was to sort them and this - was done by two littte girls, very efficiently and at
small cost to myself. The interesting part could then start. To this day some of that pirticular
;t-llection of ribbons are used as streamers to decorate the house at Christmas, so big ari some of
:he rolls of the commoner ribbons. It is also a fact that these specialist tailors seim always to
:rar-s $ssn most meticulous in their habits, as such stocks are usually labelled and placed in
:eparate envelopes. Not only does this mean that much of the research is done for vou but the
:rbbons themselves have not faded.
It must not be thought that there are not considerable variations in the colour of the ribbons
rom rvhich the insignia of the varicius awards are suspended. Whether this is due to changes in
,:e method ofdyeing and production ofthe ribbon or to a conscious desire over a period ofy"u.t
:.- change the hue, it is quite clear that any variation is not due to fading. To take but a simple
;ese. the colour of the ribbon now attached to the French kgion d'Honneur as issued by itre
French Government bears no relation whatsoever to the colour attached to a similar decoration
ihortll'after its inception. I consider any piece of ribbon attached to any insignia which is over 50
-,:ars old is worth keeping. The rarest ribbons are without a doubt the broad sashes of the Grand
i:trsses. My younger son and I have a very large collection of Orders and we concentrate on
:rand Cross or First Class insignia of Orders throughout the World. We often purchase a
:uplicate Grand Cross just for the purpose of acquiring a Sash and then re-sell the duplicate
r:si_qnia itself.
-\part from the ribbons illustrated, there are pages of some of the more interesting Imperial
Llrman and Austrian Awards. Rare as are some of the ribbons attached, the awards themielves
::. e\-en rarer and the numbers in this country, whether in private possession or in museums, are
::nparatively small.
 Introduction

Ribbons and the Or;':

This book is intended for those interested or concerned with the
however, consideraiior: :--
Decorations and Medals of Imperial Germany and Austria.-pefo1e, and hist'-:r:-
in outline the geographical
be given to the subject itself it is necessary to sketch or Great Bl : -
In dealing with,;aV, France
background to that purfoftn" Continent oi Europ".
such States h.ave ait' '
no such requirement would arise. The lands forming and constitlting
have been substantial char"
comparatively little over the last 300 years and "u"tt"*h"n there
clear and distinct' with Austria '- -
e.g. Alsace Lorraine, r""n u"*"a"ry aiterations have been
pirticularly with Germany this is not the case'
The territory o".rrpi"Jina controlled by Germany and Austria
varied continually and it ' -
then many of the sr:"'
not until 1871 that C"rrnurry as such became a separate State. Even the Federa''- -
under
constituent States which *."i t" make up the German Empire.continued
Princely Ruling Houses " -
There is the further p-tft- of the intricate pattern of the
-various and principalities 5'
existed in the Cerman lands. The numbei of independent
states
for the number of.sta'' '
considerably until the start of the 1fth century, in contrast to a.tendency
to the fact that the 1a\1 '
to decrease in other p;;;;i E tope e.g. Italy' 1.his was probablydue
the Frani:' -
primogeniture did not apply in ,outry_ iur", lo German iands. Ii had always been
his lands should be diri;'-
tradition that upon t6"-d.uittof a ruler, or indeed any landholder-,
passing to the eldest son' The ine'itr '
between all the ,on, unJ ,rot, as in the feudal states,
large areas of land under a strong ruler which then tendec .

result was the coming together of

u"*G.;t -i in the case of Charlemagne' This is also the reason : :
,"lurut" upo.r ,u.h death as
by related Dukes ;
the fact that there ;""y such small independent Duchies governed
";t.d
Princes, all descendants of the same ancestor and bearing the namJof the founder of the orisr: '
Duchies of Anhalt-Kijthen, Anhilt-Dessau and Anhalt-Bernburg' Ol''
ruling House e.g. The of r:'
could be awarded by any
such petty states jointly;h;;;a the same House 6rder which
that of Albert the Bear' The names themselr'es ':
rulers concerned ugii" i"1ft. case of Anhalt, r'
-
many of the Ruling Uour", are confusing but it is hoped that their
relationship to each other -
become much clearer as this book progtesses'
 Historical and Geographical Background
The geographical area of territory covered by the generic name of 'Germany' has, as stated above,
varied considerably through the years, reaching its zenith after the conclusion of the successful
u'ar against France in 1870. In the historical sense, three distinct meanings for the term
'Germany'exist:
t1) the lands called by that name in later Roman times were basically those territories, occupied
by the Barbarians, that lay to the east and south of the river Danube.
(2) medieval Germany, far to the east of Europe on the borders of what is now Russia,
comprising the frontiers of Mark'Brandenburg, and
t3) the Germany of the last 250 years, which is the period with which we are primarily concerned
in this book because few Orders, Decorations and Medals existed prior to this date, apart from
Orders such as the Teutonic or Marian Knights.
Austria, on the other hand, comprised lands which lay to the south east of the German lands
and had originally gone by the name of Bayerische'Ostmark. Such lands had been colonised in
early medieval times by people of Germanic extraction and by the irear 1300 control of such lands
had been acquired by the Hapsburg Dynasty, originally a noble house of Zuich. The territories
acquired by the Hapsburg Dpasty expanded rapidly by marriage and conquest and by the year
1530 Austria comprised not only the area of land colonised by people of Germanic origin but the
rerritories of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia, Lombardy and Venetia in Italy and the independent
Kingdom of Hungary. These lands were not strictly one Empire but were a heterogeneous
eollection of lands in the personal ownership of the Hapsburg Emperor and held by him in
consequence of such right. Since the year 1438, when Albert of Hapsburg was elected Holy
Roman Emperor, all subsequent Emperors, with one exception, had been elected from the same
House, until the abolition of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 upon the abdication of Francis. It is
also important to remember that Austria and the Hapsburgs were Catholic by religion and that
rheir influence over the other States of Germany suffered a drastic set-back after the
Reformation, even before the emergence of Prussia as the dominbnt State in Nofth Germany.
Until 1806, however, Austria, through the person of its Emperor, remained the Titular leader
..f the German territories, despite his possession of vast lands which were not Germanic and
'i,hose interests in many cases were diametrically opposed to those of Germany proper.
\loreover, Austria had never been a trading nation as such, whereas much of the German
population were actively engaged in commerce. As we shall see, therefore, the year 1806 marked a
:urning point in the history of the German people when, as a result of the dissolution of the old
Holy Roman Empire, the Austrian Empire started to disengage itself from the affairs of the
German lands which she had proved inadequate to protect against other European powers,
:e-rtably France, and sought to expand to the south-east, where the Turkish influence was
:eclining. This withdrawal from the sphere of German influence was not, however, voluntary or
i::deed easy. Austria was by its nature essentially Catholic, aristocratic and cultured and its
-eaders regarded Prussia, bytheir standards, as abarbaric and upstart Power to be distrusted. The
-ou'ing Germanic way of life, as typified by the Prussian military regime, was found to be
:ncreasingly unacceptable to the large proportion of the Empire's population, which was of
\lagyar or Czech origin. They were not alone in holding such views. For instance Talleyrand, the
areat French Ministei, wrote in 1814 about Prussia 'No scruples stop her, convenience constitutes
-er only right'.
Prussia on the other hand, which as we shall see was to become the leader of Germany, was a
S:ate of quite a different nature. The original weakness of the State had lain in the fact that its
,.rds were divided into three distinct blocks (1) within the west, The Rhineland, comprising
iJieves, Mark and Ravensburg (2) in the centre, Brandenburg and (3) in the east, Ducal Prussia.
lihe Elector of Brandenburg, for as such he was known until Frederick assumed the title of King
,:- 1701, exercised a personal authority over these lands rather in the manner that the Austrian
Er:rperor in his turn governed a heterogeneous collection of fiefs. As a race the Prussians appear
 from early medieval times to have been
a quite distinct European type although ther- r.,:::
sometimes far from popular uTgnc-,t1"rl
1814 Talleyrand could express his
f.rffi?;-JiJ.
"ritr"i; o, we have seen, as rare ,i
iigit""oiln. prussian si"t"--u"t i", earlier Goethe, who 1i,,;:
in weimar in centrar Germany .o"ia-tn.refore be ..d;a;;, a typical German,
them as 'Barbarians'' The,essentiat "na rtr"ngth of spoke :
the prussifi st;.ly in the belief of its zubjer::
that their first dutv lav to the state and aiiottrer
matt"r; ;;;;;dinate to that requireme::
As a corollar.v of this, military service to ttre
itate became th;;;;'und any male inhabitani ::
the Prussian lands could expect ut to-. i-i*. to
serve in the armies of its King. As a result
steady expansion between the years 1440 and 1795 Prussia rr"o u"""-. one
in Europe' whose scattered poisessiont rt."i.t"o of the largest porr...i
from East prussia, acquired from poland in ::.
east, to East Friesland in the north_west.
By the end of the 18th .*tu,t ih;-J
.u or Europe, apart from prussia, that was to enre:::
ultimately as the German Empire, ."-priria
u
Principalities, especially in the west, ru.g;ly'iu. -uititiro" oi ina"p.naent small States a:_
t" ilr" e.""tirrr^i.loition of
*""t"',*::llt,:llp *:,'-",1und,'.
*r'i.ri r""i u."n t.uaitrlr"iiy'mirr. handsdivision on dea::
of the Hansh,.-.
Itt:;,";'f"::::*,:llr".",t*:*'i#;ffi;:?,i"iffi"ff:?"'irli:,1;""1',:i:hIX%'l:.:
thJe"crili;;?H::t#1;#;:Xil'*;ifiiiJf]lli,l,
to be nnailv decided untl 187d *itr'
the Treaty of prague. These indep.ra*i'st"t",
*rr. ln-*uriy'"ur., governed by autocra.: ,
tJ.'l;?d# l,;!3,H,;:Ttfl:";:lf."",tt";;;;'j';'ll*iilJ'lnii constituted seir governi.
It was the emergence of NapoleonI as the Ruler of France that led to an immediate
and
change in the situation' In the ar l792the emperor of Austria and the King of prussia dras.:
ye
armies into France, ostensibly in defence ortt.it led the :
Kingdo;;, ;;iln'rearitu to check rhe orn.,,i-
p.""::l""Jji:.:Tg,r:*it ;}ilF;' ::'i:il1*?f$';?lj 'l";.X'if.:";l::iji.."'..;":-_
ravourabre and after the Iiattre
countries' the expedition against "i
v"i-v-i'ii;; il.',;i l,fi:J'#'.,iT;iT,lin3,?i.1?1.,i".
France hlving urot.n up
by the Treaty of Basle wh;reby Prussia *it1qi"1 i";i;;;"..
This was followed in 1-n-:
promise by the French^ (later io p.ou" *o"thless)
r."--Jpp"ril"" to France in exchange for ,
that thiy would respect the neutralitv of a..
German lands north of a line from Mainz io
Sitesia. rrr" !n".f
guarding the immediate interests of the Prussiun "riliffi;;;#,'i,il1. ,.r=-
to wage war against both Austria ana nuriia
r.ingao-, ;;;;;i;""" the French Emperor ti:.
withoui .l;k from prussia. This h.
did and at the Battle of Austerlitz "ii;erence
it i80l' Napoleon utterly
Moreover' despite his promise to prnsrialo defeated the armies of Aus*i;
atstain r.o- inl""r.rence in the affairs of.th.
German States' Nanoleon continued t"
""i"na
westphalia the German States in ilt"."gil;lrthe
the influence e."".". As a result of the peace c:
Rhine that"rrr"a*n"t already been absorbed inr_
his Empire were' at his instigatio", io-.-.d
into a coni.a..ution of the Rhine
constituents being the states-"of Raiaiia, suorrr,
centuries been indeoendent, but their inhuence
wiirttemberg and cassel. All these - itshadmai:
rcr
and extent *&" no* greatly increased by
inclusion within their boundari;; ;il;";;^t"ii, th.
cities' It was now for the first time ilt"l*" n"a
r."- rh";;;iathoric Church and the Fre.
the Rulers of t".f si"t* adopting titles of honou:
that until then would have been unthinkabie-in
"ittr" er"rtish tradition.
view To take bur t*:
examples' both the rulers of Bavaria una
states became Kinsdoms. ln the region
wii.tt"-u"rg'"rr"-"i"the title of ,King' and thei:
ornorttrern
the Duchy of Berg "and.the stur"
-o-r-w"ripi
!"r"?" il;;;rfon *u, no ress acrive. Formin.
the ratter r"JJ;hi; personar rure bur under
nominal headship of his brother. The iti"ii"ur" "ii". ."ruif *ur^ii" ,"-""t.y prussia rh:
against France but in 1806 her u.-i.r-*"r. of into the *,a:
decisively J"rr"t"a-"t the Battles of Jena
Auerstadt' until 1812 Napoleon anc
.ontrolled *est of the
not be thought that the influence"ftectively
or p.urJiu rtua;i;;J "ll'G;;;;ry Elbe but it shoutc
Prussia once more re-entered the war u;;;;J -rio._
J"r"ut of Naporeon in Russia
against France * irr.
significant part in the final
Austria' constituted the focus"u.puigtti.
i"iii, ,"rp""t it is quite c1eu. thutofthethe Alries, playing .
prussjan state, no:
.jr .Etltt"r." t tn. and the part
conflict was insignificant by .Fre1c_h taken by Austria in the
As a result of the Congresi of vienna, held to re_dra,,,,
"ompu.iron.

r0
the lines of Europe, Prussia gained considerably. It was clear to all present that, so far as the
German lands were concerned, little would be achieved by fragmenting them into their pre-1800
position. Out of a total of 360 separate autonomous States and Principalities that had existed
prior to 1795 only 39 were to continue to survive. Prussia gained the most, taking lands of the
puppet State of Westphalia including Minden-Paderborn, the Ruhr lands, Lippe and the Free
City of Essen.
The result, therefore, of the Napoleonic wars was to rationalise the States of Germany into 39
autonomous units, but even this reduction in their numbers was quite ineffective to cope with the
practical difficulties that were arising in an area of great industrial and economic growth. Each
State had its own separate system of customs and excise levies some even had their own
!-urrency and with the onset of the railway age with its tentacles -spreading across Europe, this
- untenable. The obvious solution was the unification of Germany, but considerable
position was
Cifficulties existed. The north of Germany was predominantly Protestant and under Prussian
lomination while the south was largely Catholic and under the influence, if not domination, of
-\ustria. Futhermore, as we have seen, there were large territories within the Austro-Hungarian
Empire which were populated by people of non-Germanic origin and customs. Again, the Free
Cities of the Hanseatic League were very independent and fiercely resented the interference of
Prussia. The first expression of the desire for unification was the summoning of an embyro
German Assembly in 1848 at Frankfurl-on-Main, at which Austria took part, resulting from the
:rpression of democratic fervour in the overthrow of the French Emperor Louis Philippe in Paris
rn the same year. The conference, however, eventually broke up with little achieved, due to the
..pen opposition of Austria and with Prussia remaining neutral.
In the meantime the influence of the Prussian State was still growing and the appointment of
Bismark in 1862 as the leading Minister of Prussia brought mattqrs to a head. Bismark was
,-onvinced that the future of Germany lay in its unification under the influence of Prussia but
.;'ith the exclusion of Austria. The role he saw for Austria was that of an independent State
,.utside Germany constituting a buffer between the German territories proper and those of
Russia in the Balkans. Meanwhile, in 1837, upon the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne of
Great Britain, the operation of the Salic Law, whereby descent is traced only through the male
.ine, caused the throne of Hanover to pass to Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. One of the
:.:rain obstacles to unification had therefore been removed in that the interests of the British
Ruling House were no longer directly tied to Germany. Events followed quickly after this. War
rroke out between Prussia and Austria over the possession of the Duchies of Schleswig and
Holstein. Hardly had this minor conflict been resolved when Austria declared war on Prussia in
1186 and enlisted the aid ofthe States ofHanover, Saxony and Bavaria. The result was defeat for
,\ustria and her allies at the Battle of Kiiniggratz and for the Hanoverians at Langensalza. Once
:rore Prussia secured immense advantages, incorporating within her territories the Kingdom of
Hanover, the Duchy of Nassau, Hesse-Cassel, Frankfurt and part of Hesse-Darmstadt. The
Srates of Saxony and Bavarib were allowed to remain independent but the states of North and
Scruth Germany were formed into two separate Confederations:-
l. The North German Confederation, under the Presidency of Prussia, out of which Prussia's
llrpulation represented some 25 million people from a total of 30 million. The area of such States
::nged on the one hand from Prussia with- a territory of 135,000 square miles to that of
Sihaumburg-Lippe with 171 square miles. The States comprising the Confederation were:
Prussia Saxe-Weimar Saxe-Altenburg
Saxony Meckienburg-Strelitz Lippe
\ lecklenburg- Schwerin Anhalt Waldeck
Oldenburg Saxe-Meiningen Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
B:unswick Coburg and Gotha Schwarzburg- Sondershausen
Reuss Schaumburg-Lippe Reuss-Greiz
I-{amburg Lubeck Bremen
{s u'e shall see, most of these States awarded Orders, Decorations and Medals of their own.

l1
2. The South Getman Confederation of the States south of the river Main, largely Catholic
tradition. The States comprising the Confederation were:
Bavaria Baden Liechtenstein
Wiirttemberg Hesse
The total population of these States was about 10 million persons, with a total area of at'".*.
48,000 square miles. Again, all of these States awarded their own Orders, Decorations a:-:
Medals.
By the terms of the Treaty of Prague, Austria was excluded specifically from Germany, and r:.
States comprising the two Confederations continued in the above form until the proclamation ::
the German Empire on 18th January, 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, following r, .
defeat of France by the North German Confederation. The South German Confederatic:,
although taking no part in the war, had not come to the aid of France, nor had Austria. Bisma:.-
persuaded the members of the South German Confederation to agree to the final unification r
Germany, but with great reluctance on the part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and the constiturir -
was finally adopted on lTth April of that year. The German Empire was to comprise r:-=
territories and States covered by both Confederations, plus the conquered land ofAlsace-Lorrai::.
taken from defeated France. The constituent States were now to comprise four Kingdoms. i.;
those of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria and Wiirttemberg, three Free Cities, i.e. Hamburg, Breme:
and Lubeck, eighteen other States and the Imperial teritory of Alsace-Lorraine. The King c:
Prussia became the German Emperor.
It is useful at this juncture to consider the contrasting characters of two men, the first, who rr'es
at this moment in time the Ruler of the Austrian Empire, and the second, who was within lr-
years to become German Emperor. The former was to control the destiny of the Austrian Empirc
until 1916 and the latter that of the German Empire until 1918.
Francis Joseph had ascended the Austrian throne as long ago as 1848. By nature probatl'.
shallow and conventional, he had done his best over these years to gov€rn the Dual Kingdom. :
task which became increasingly difficult owing to the conflict between the interest of the Magl'a:
people on the one hand and the Slovaks, Serbs and Roumans on the other. Moreover, surroundec
as he was by a rigid bureaucratic administration, he became increasingly out of touch u'itl:
current opinion. His reign, spanning the years 1848-1916, comprises within its compass so mani'
events and changes of fortune in the affairs of Austria that it is difficult to conceive that they an,
happened in the life-time of one man.'Austria had during.this time lost her lands in Italy, her
Duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and been excluded from Germany and suffered many calamitous
defeats at the hands ofthe Prussians. Furthermore his personal life had been far from happy
his wife was assassinated, his son committed suicide and his heir had contracted a morganatic -
marriage with his social inferior. Francis Joseph cannot, however, in any way be said to have been
the architect of World War I. Events and the bureaucratic Austrian administration were to prole
too great an influence on the ailing Emperor and he was persuaded on 3fth July, 1914 to sign the
fateful declaration of war against the Serbians a war for which much of the Austrian Armr'
had been waiting and for which it had been prepared - for some time.
The German Emperor, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was a man of quite a different stamp. In 1888, some
forty years after the accession of the Austrian Emperor, he had succeeded to the Imperial Throne
when a young man of 31. One of his first remarks in his dispute with Bismark was 'There is on11'
one master in this country, and I am he'. The new Sovereign immediately took into his personal
care the future of his country. He was impulsive, vain and egocentric but coupled these qualities
with others of a more attractive nature such as his capacity for hard work and his powers of
understanding. The atmosphere generated, however, was one of pure militarism
Kaiser saw himself as the German War Lord who required and demanded support from - and the
a iarge
and increasing army and navy which he was to create and to which the general population of
Germany should give their martial support. Germany became imbued with the Prussian
militaristic tradition. Germany, representing the Prussian tradition, was now the leader and the
Austrian Empire by the outbreak of World War I was the satellite. His encouragement of Austria

t2
in her disputes in the Balkans and his offers and protestations of support, often made with no
foundation and with no intention of their being carried through, did much to cause the conflict.
The fact is that by 1914 the Austrians were completely under the domination of the Kaiser and
many of their actions, including their fateful declaration of war, were made in the mistaken belief
that the word of the German Emperor could be believed. They were soon to find to their cost that
this was not the case.
The German Empire was to last until the conclusion of World War I on 11th November 1918.
The Kaiser then abdicated as German Emperor and with the consent of the Allies went to live in
exile in Holland. The four Kings of the constituent Kingdoms also abdicated. The Austro-
Hungarian Empire which had fought on the side of Germany also ceased to exist and her lands
u'ere divided. The Treaty of Versailles contained the negotiated terms. Alsace-Lorraine was
returned to France and the old Kingdom of Poland was once more re-created from lands that had
formerly been its territories and which until the conclusion of the war had belonged to Russia,
Austria and Germany. Germany in fact lost all her eastern lands and possessions, some of which
she had held since the time of the conquests of Frederick the Great. Germany became a Republic
and the majority of the numerous Orders, Decorations and Medals, the ribbons of which are
illustrated in this book, became obsolete overnight.
The new Republic became known as the Weimar Republic its constitution being settled at
an Assembly held in the town of Weimar in Thuringia. -It was a constitution based on
proportional representation. The old Imperial flag of the Empire,'with its colours of black, white
and red, was abolished and replaced by national colours ofblack, red and gold. These had been
the colours of the abortive assembly at Frankfurt on Main in 1848 and had been the heraldic
colours of medieval Germany. This Republic in its turn fell in 1933 upon the rise to power of
-{dolf Hitler. The Republic was abolished and a dictatorship established in which the offices of
President and Chancellor were both vested in Hitler. Once more the national flag and colours
*'ere changed, this time to the Nazi flag of red with a superimposed black swastika on a white
circle. It was also permitted once more to fly the old black, red and white flag of the Empire. The
Reich in its turn fell with the defeat and surrender of Germany to the Allies in 1945 when its
Orders, Decorations and Medals became obsolete.

Origins of Orderst Decorations and Medals

Orders, Decorations and Medals as a sign of recognition and reward are, of course, of ancient
origin and not unknown to quite early peoples, including the Romans. These distinctions were
sometimes quite simple in form, such as the crown of bay leaves awarded to a successful Roman
Geneial celebrating his Triumph. It is quite natural that they should in the course of time have
evoived into s}'rnbols of a more tangible nature, having a value in themselves of gold or silver
s'hich represented an indication of a State's or Ruler's appreciation to an individual for ser-vices
rendered, while at the same time marking that individual out to his fellows as being worthy of
such esteem. It is quite clear that in England Queen Elizabeth I conferred medallions on
successful Admirals shortly after the defeat of the Spanish Armada. Be that as it may, the
numbers of such insignia were small until the 18th century. Up to that time there had existed
Religious and Military Orders such as those of the Order of St. John, the Knights of Malta and
rhe Templars. There had also existed certain exclusive secular Orders founded usually by
po*'erful Sovereigns to inculcate in a feurlal society the support of powerful vassals, who might
be induced by the spirit of comradeship arrd common interest engendered by such Orders to act
in the best interests of the founder or leader of the Order. The leader was essentially pimus inter
lares.

t3
 From about the year 1600, however, the Rulers of European Powers were sufficiently stror::
consider the creation of Orders of Chivalry whereby they could reward high officers of srate .:
their nobility by bestowing on them a mark of their esteem and this led to a vast increase in .,
foundation of such Orders. The Monarch inevitably became the Chief Knight or Grand Masrer -
the Order and the other knights, while thus elevated from the common herd by the confermer:: .
the distinction, could in no sense aspire to equality with the Head of the Order. Medals ::
Decorations for valour and service do not appear until about the conclusion of the Napolecr
Wars, except for a few cases in Russia and Austria. At the same time the number of Orc=,.
Decorations and Medals inaugurated by the various European States then in existence multip.i.
rapidly until, by about 1850, every petty State and Principality had a series of such hono';:-'
especially in time of war. This was peculiarly so in the'stratified class society of the Gem.
Courts, where the rigidity of Codrt etiquette was extreme. Each Princely House aspired to its c';
House Order and the proliferation of Orders and Awards of distinction is readily apparenr :
looking at portraits and drawings of notable men and indeed women of the peiiod^. Gener:-
thought nothing of going into battle on chargers with three or four Stars in precious metals .:
their breasts, two or more decorations round their necks and a row of crosses on their ches::
Indeed, reference to books on the subject in the middle of the last century shows that nearll
"
third of the pages in them are devoted to awards conferred by the Austrian and German Rulers
A mere four or five pages suffice for a country such as Great Britain. In the pages that follo''
most of the ribbons, major Orders, Decorations and Medals bestowed by these States ar:
recorded.
In this connection it is necessary to remind the reader that an Order or Award may be in man,
cases of differing degrees within that Order or Award. As we have seen, the earliest Orders u'er.
to groups or societies of persons of distinction and of equal rank and there was no need to singl:
out anyone or more of them as of special eminence. Such Orders, therefore, as those of the Gane:
in England and the Elephant in Denmark are of one degree. Later foundations tend to have thre:
degrees that of Knight Grand Cross or Grand Cordon (the highest), that of Grand Officer o:
-
Grand Commander (the second) and Commander (the lowest), as with the Order of the Bath in
England. Still later foundations have five or even more classes, such as the T.egion of Honour rr
France or the Order of the British Empire in Great Britain. Some Orders, such as that of the
Rising Sun, have even more classes and this is especially so with some of the Chinese anc
Japanese Orders. The reason for this sub-division is not difficult to find. In the 19th century, u'ith
the increasing growth of commerce and industry and the many wars that took place
throughout the World (but especially in Europe, so far as the German States are concerned). i:
became necessary to show appreciation to many officers, officials, soldiers and sailors who in
prior times would have received no visible mark of distinction. Not only, therefore, did many ner.
awards for both military and civil merit have to be founded but differing degrees were created in
many cases within such awards, to leave room and encouragement for the holder of one degree to
aspire to a higher grade or preferment. It was also quite impractical to award many of the oider.
one class Orders because to confer them indiscriminately would have sadly reduced their value ro
the existing holders and could in many cases have conferred a distinction out of all proportion to
the service rendered. Many of the new Orders and Awards so founded required in their Statutes
that, before a holder could be advanced to a higher grade, he should first be the holder of the
grade below for a number of years the Legion of Honour is a typical example so far as French
nationals are concerned, -
Until this period of the proliferation of Orders the insignia of an Order or other award u.as
usually a badge worn around the neck from a chain or collar. In such a way was worn the Badge
of the Order of the Golden Fleece and the earliest Medals or Medallions were worn in a similar
way from a chain. Clearly this became inconvenient with the increasing simplicity of dress and
the custom grew ofwearing the badge or other insignia around the neck from a ribbon. At first
the colour of the ribbon was at the choice of the wearer but this was soon altered and a specific
colour became associated with each particular mark of distinction. Hence we have the earliest
ribbons and, as one might expect, the early awards of this nature tended to have ribbons of a

l4
primary colour such as red, blue or green. Obviously, as the number of decorations increased, it
became more difficult to differentiate between them and it was necessary to resort to striped
ribbons of varying hues. The next development came when it was felt that there should be some
other insigni a, apart ftom the badge, to denote the membership of an Order and it soon became
the custom, in most cases, for a breast Star to be worn in conjunction with or sometimes without
the badge of the Order. Furthermore, owing to the increase in the number of degrees within many
of the Orders and Awards, it became necessary to lay down rules as to how holders of the various
grades of an Order or Award should wear their insignia so as to denote their rank. By 1800 the
normal rules relating to the wearing of such insignia were as follows:
A Knight Grand Cross wore the badge of the Order on a broad Sash, of about 4 inches, over his
left or right shoulder as the Statutes of the Order required, with the badge suspended at the
bottom below a bow or rosette. He also wore the Star of the Order on his right or left breast as the
Statutes laid down.
A Knight Commander wore the badge of the Order on a neck ribbon of narrower width and a
smaller Star on the breast.
A Commander wore the badge of the Order on a neck ribbon or cravat usually of the same
width as that of a Knight Commander.
An Officer wore the badge of the Order on his breast, suspended from an even narrower ribbon
of the Order but sometimes, in the case of Continental Orders, with a rosette on the ribbon.
A Knight or Chevalier wore the badge of the Order in similar manner but with no rosette.
It should be made clear that not all Orders complied with these rul'es. The Order of the Golden
Fleece still had no Star and the badge was worn from the neck. Some other Orders only had a
neck or breast decoration and did not possess a Star. Furthermore in some cases the ribbon itself
might vary according to the degree held within the Order or Award.
So far as Decorations for Valour and Medals for Long Service are concerned, these only start to
appear in any numbers with the issue by the German States of the Medals for the War with
France in 1813-15. Such medals and most awards for valour have since this time been worn from
a ribbon on the breast, except where the award has no ribbon, such as the Iron Cross 1st Class. In
Austria it was the habit to fold the ribbon into a triangle while in most of the German States,
especially during the latter part of their existence, the ribbon was draped into a 'Grosse
Ordensschnalle'. When such awards were made to foreigners, they tended to wear them in the
manner in which awards were worn in their own country.

Classification
Having thus completed our brief outline of the requisite geographical and historical
background to the subject it is now possible to start consideration of the Ribbons and of the
Orders, Decorations and Medals bestowed by the German and Austrian States.
One further decision requires to be made at this juncture and that is to decide upon a
convenient date from which the classification of such awards should begin. Owing to the
continual re-structuring and amalgamation of the States at the various periods covered in the
rext, the most practical solution might seem to be to take the constituent States in 1866, upon the
formation of the two Confederations, and to classify the awards on this basis. However, to follow
this course strictly would lead to considerable anomalies and would, for instance, mean that
Hanover would be omitted as a separate State, owing to its prior amalgamation with Prussia. All
that can be said therefore is that the 1866 position has been taken as the basis of classification
but with the inclusion, under the following headings, of other States and Ruling Houses that arc
of sufficient importance to justify a separate section, even where such States or Ruling Houses
had ceased to exist as separate entities by 1866. It is not the object or intent ofthis publication to
cover the period of the Weimar Republic or the Third Reich. Information on these periods can be
sought from many other books.

15
?Iustrru
---

€Iugtnt
The Order that immediately springs to mind, so far as the Hapsburg Empire is concerned, is that
of the Golden Fleece, founded by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy on the occasion of his
marriage to Isabella of Portugal in 1429. The eminence of this Order was never in doubt and
despite the claims of the Order of the Garter in England and the Order of the Elephant in
Denmark, it remained to many the supreme accolade. The Order could also be awarded by the
Hapsburg Monatchs of Spain. No Star ever formed part of the insignia of the Order and the
badge consisted of a simple golden sheep suspended from a blue enamelled flintstone hung
around the neck on a crimson watered ribbon. The Order was given to the Duke of Wellington
who clearly placed great value on its possession as he is seldom seen portrayed without it. The
Order came in one class only and has not been awarded since 1918 so far as Austria is concerned.
The other major Order of the Empire was that of Maria Theresa and was given for outstanding
bravery in war time. It was founded by the Empress of that name on 13th May, 1757. Again, the
Order was very select and membership, which came in four grades, was conferred for military
merit irrespective of birth, rank or court influence. The ribbon of the Order is crimson or poppy
coloured, with a centre stripe of white.
Apart from these two major Orders, the Austrian Empire bestowed a multitude of Orders,
Decorations and Medals on inhabitants of the various territories within its boundaries, of which
the Order of Leopold (for military merit) and the Order of the Iron Crown (for military and civil
merit) are the most notable examples. The ribbon of the former was crimson with white stripes at
each edge and the latter a dark yellow with dark blue edges.
The Empire was also the home of the Austrian and Bohemian Chapter of the Knights of St.
John of Malta which had a continued existence in Austria after its possessions in Germany proper
were confiscated in 1801. The decoration of a Knight consisted of a Maltese Cross suspended
from a black watered ribbon round the neck. The embellishment between the arms of the cross
varies from country to country but the Austrian Chapter had two headed crowned eagles in gold.
Various gallantry medals and crosses were also awarded and the one most often encountered is
the Medal for Bravery with the effigy of Franz Joseph on the obverse. The Medal came in two
sizes, the ribbon being horizontal red and white stripes. These Medals and indeed all Austrian
Medals and other breast decorations were hung in the Austrian manner from a triangle of ribbon
and not from the more usual straight suspender.

18
 ,,N
dh""{aal%dh Olh."o\%."olh-\h.eil%.o\trr..eillOAEtrr.rdtr Oth..,d%.dh."o$ad?roOrl6uVa.Ailh.ooVruuVr.UDh

9ugtrfu

The Teutonic Order

t 191

. :]::r.. :i,t,|:..]l -,,..:.::j.r..j;j

...:r I :.: ::,i
ir:tltl;::;it,.,i=,
:.. i . jr.: _,: : ::ir-i.:.:-r,::::di1.
: .I :.
.:: r.r
:.r.r: i I
:
:irlii:ii-;t:t:;j,,i
rl :,r . .. ::j,::.:.,.1itlii!!::it.J
--

Miiitary O. of Maria Theresa,1757

(Grand Cross)

O. of Maria Theresa
(Commander)
ffi, ,t
O. of Maria Theresa
(Knight)

Apostolic O. ofSt. Stephen, 1764

(Grand Cross)

Order of St. Stephen O. of St. John, Knight of Malta

(Knight) (Austrian/Bohemian Chapter)

t,
i.
{l:
$,,:

Imperial O. of Leopold, 1808

(Grand Cross)

O. of Leopold O. of Leopold
(Commander) (Knight)

l9
 4N
eilh.orlh."OYa"$l'roo\trr.".il?rolho")h."OTrr. Oth."o\1ra"e$rrr.sd%'e#.

9ugtris

O. of the Iron Crown

(Knight)

Imperial O. of Franz Joseph, 1849

(Grand Cross)

O. of Franz Joseph O. of Franz Joseph

(Commander) (Knight)

Marianer Cross
*ffiffi
Mayor of Vienna's
1871 Fire Brigade Dec'tn.:
25 yrs. Service

20
 4K(
-# e$a.dilh."o\%."eilfa"eilh"eilhoeMedillra"o{rr.gilIAo\h o\7a*dh..olh.dffa*dlrr.-ltrr-rrtrr.d ut?a.$lra-l7a-lrrr*lh

9ugtrfu

t O. of Elizabeth. 1898
(Ladies only)
I
O. of Slaves of Virtue. Military O. of Elizabeth O. ofthe Star Cross,
1662 (Ladies only) Theresa. 1750 1668 (Ladies only)

Medal of Honour for

mffiil
Military Chaplains Civil Medal of Honoui,
Bravery, 1789 Service Cross. 1801 1804

Decoration for Tyrolean

Nobility, 1805
il-'ril=
Cannon Cross, Civil Cross of Honour,
1814 1815

Military Medal fbt Civil Medal of Honour, Tyrol Commem. Medals,

Bravery,1815 1835 1838 & 1848

l'..t"1
Military Decoration for Cross of Military Merit, Cross of Service for
Long Service, tr849 1849 Civilians, 1849

il
Denmark Campaign Medal,
1864
Prague Volunteers Medal,
1866 1873

Decoration for Arts &

Science, 1887

21
 _*_*

9ugtris

il.i 'li
Elizabeth Medal,
1898
Jubilee Medal,
1898
Jubilee Medal for the
Armed Forces, 1898

I'tt;'*j
Jubilee Medal for the Civil Medal for 40 yns.
ffi
Military Medal for

re
Civil Service, 1898 Service, 1898 40 yrs. Service, 1898

ri
Medal for Military
Service, 1890
Medal for Fire Brigades
& Ufe Saving, 1905
Decoration for
Burgomasters, 1907

Diamond Jubilee Cross, Diamond Jubilee Cross Diamond Jubilee Cross

(Military), 1908 (Civil Service), 1908

22
 %(
&""ih.""M"olh.*)h.""M-dlr.*ila."o{rr.""ila""i[a"df r.""S16"Srrr.

9ustris

i
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Medal. 1909
tt;
Commemoration Medal
1912
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Mobilisation Medal,

ffire.
t912-13

Emperor Carl Cross

f il,#'l
War Commem. Medal. Landsturm Medal
1916 1914-18

For 1 Wat-wound For 2 War-wounds For 3 War-wounds

For 5 War-wounds

23
A' Order of Maria-Theresa Aastria. Knight. This Order was founded in 1757 by the Empress Maria
Theresa .t'br military merit and- to enable her to reward the loyalty shown by the Officers o.f the Austrian
Anny during her reign. Thefirst Grand Master oJ the Order was her consort the Emperor Francis L The
O rder was given J'or military merit inespective of birth or influence, ond was alu,ays held in the greatest
esteem on account oJ the fact that it was bestowed but seldom and then only for acts oJ the highest bravery in
x'hatsoever grade. It came in four grades and the badge consisted of a white octagonal cross containing in
gold in the centre the arms of Austia sunounded by a white band on which is inscribed the word
" Fortitudini'
. The reverse bears the initials qf the Royal Founder and her Consoft on a laurel wreath. The
'

number of recipients in any grade was limited and all received hereditary nobility with a pension varying
u'ith the grade bestowed.
B. The Order of the Iron Crom Austria. Second Class. This Order originated in 1805 when the States
-
Council o.f the ltalian Republics changed theirJbrm of government into a Monarchy and elected Napoleon
ds their.first King. The insignia of the Order is based up.on the Crown usedfor the coronation on thi 20th
][a\) o.f that yeqr. The Order was named by Napoleon after this relic and after the ing of iron
u hich .formed pan of the crown and which was reputed to have been made./rom a nail of Christ's
Cross. Most insignia do contain within their base a ring of base metal. After the fall of Napoleon the Order
t" as re-instituted by Emperor Francis I in 1816 when the insignia took its present.form and
the motto
ihanged to "Avita et Aucta" (Ancient and Extended). The Order came in three grades and could be
tttarded.t'br both civil and military meit.

C. Cross of Military Merit Austria.

-
D ' Order of Leopold - Ausfria . Knight. This Order was founded in 1808 as an award for civil and
tnilttary merit by Emperor Francis I the day after his marriage with his third wift, Louise of Modena. The
Order came in three classes and there was a unijbrm oJ red and white associated v,ith it. All classes wore a
'.'.
hite velvet mantle distinguished according to class by its length and width as well as by the richness of its
sold embroidery. The insignia is as illustrated and when awarded.for military merit crossed sv,ords were
tlLtced between the arms of the red cross. The motto of the Order was "Integitati et Merito" (Integrity and
.\f eit). The ribbon is crimson and white.

E. rOrder of Albert the Bear Commander's Neck Badge.

-Anhalt,
F, Orderof FranzJoseph-Austriz.ThisOrder,Jttundedin tB4g.wasforgeneralmeritandwas
-tert au,arded to high officials in the service qf the State. It was particularly confened upon
the
1nt bossadors -/rom the Imperial Court. The Badge was similar.for all three classes, but oJ varying size, and
:,tntpised a gold rimmed red enamel cross displayed upon a golden Au.strian Eagle. The obverse central
:!eque carries the initials oJ Franz Joseph fthefounder) on white enamel while the reverse sho\us the date of
, ; t9. The badge is suspended.fiom a gold crown. The Star of the Grund Cross is the badge superimposed
:'ron an eight pointed silver star. The centre oJthe badge should opento.form a locket. This insignia is one
- rhe ntost attractive oJ the Austrian Orders
Jbr delicacy and quality of workmanship. The ribbon is red or
- itttsott.

G. *Order of Albert the Bear Anhalt. Knight.

-
H. *Order of Albert the Bear Anhalt. Commander's Neck Badge with Crown. This Order was the only
-
,reoiAnhaltandwasbasedonanOrderfoundedasearlyas I3B2.Initsfinalfonnitwasre-constitutedon
:::; I8th November 1836 by the Dukes Henry, Leopold Frederick and Alexander Charles "in honour qf their
. ..:;,sDzors ancestors, and Jbr the purpose of being presented os a token of honour and distinction to their

*;tiroious subjects". The Order came in.four classes and the badge consisted of an oval medallion in gold
::h the central device oJ a bear climbing a wall. At the top oJ the decoration is a plaque bearing the arms of
:,"rltalt. There were variations in the insignia oJ the Order which could be embellished with a Crown as in (H)
' t. hen au,arded -f'or military merit, the Star caried crossed swords. The Star was similar except that the
..,:rral device displayed on the eight pointed Starwas on a circular band, not ovul as in the case o.fthe
- :ige. The ribbon wus green and red.

J. *Order of theZahfingen Lion-Baden. Knight.

*
Ordrrc of Imperial Germany.
?s
 @ttrnilry

q
€
€
€
€
€
€
 9nbult
This State was an independent Principality of Prussian Germany surrounded by Salonl- ar:
containing 869 square miles and a population of about 200,000. It only had one Order which r.'ao
the House Order of the Ruling Prince and went by the name of Albert the Bear, founded h 134:
and reconstituted in 1836. The Order acquired its name from one of the country's most fam.rus
Princes who lived in the 12th Century. The ribbon is watered green edged with red. Tl:
Principality had other Decorations and Medals of Honour, including a Cross for the 1814-15 \\-a:
and the colour green usually appears in the ribbons from which they are suspended.

lEsDen
A State of Southern Germany which consists of the districts of Constance, Freiburg.
Offenburg, Carlsruhe and Mannheim, comprising an area of 3,900 square miles. The State s'as
ruled by a Grand Duke who traced his ancestry back to Berthold, Duke of Zahringen, who i:-
turn was succeeded by his son Hermann who became first Margrave of Baden in the 11th centur,-.
Although a comparatively small State it maintained a considerable standipg army of over 15.00t
men in 1870.
Particular mention should be made of the insignia of the Order of the Zahringen Lion.
founded in 1812 in memory of Berthold. The badge of the Order is exceptional in that the usua"
enamel work in the arms of the badge is replaced by green glass which gives a most attractire
appearance to the insignia. The ribbon of the Order is green with a gold stripe towards each edge.

IGsbsris
This State only became a Kingdom in 1806 but had existed as an independent Duchy since
the 9th century. It in fact constituted the principal State of Southern Germany with a population
of over 5,000,000, the majority being Catholic. Considerable rivalry existed between Bavaria and
Prussia, each respectively representing the most powerful Catholic and Protestant State in the
Confederation. The capital was Munich and it had always possessed a large variety of Orders.
Decorations and Medals which were freely disposed. Most of the ribbons incorporate the national
colours of blue and white.
The premier Order was that of Saint Hubert, founded as early as 1444 by Duke Gerhard V of
Jiilich-Berg, to commemorate his defeat of Arnold of Egmont on the 3rd November of that year.
The Order, which had been placed under the patronage of the Saint of that name, originally went
by the name of the Order ofihe Horn insignia consisting of a gold collar chain"made up of
- the
horns. The Order having fallen into desuetude, it was revived in 1708 by John William of the
House of Neuburg and the Grand Mastership of the Order in due course passed to Maximilian
Joseph IV, first King of Bavaria, in 1806. This was an Order of one class only with a ribbon red
edged with green.
An even older Order was that of St. George, alleged to have been founded as early as the year
1200 by Welf I but this can be doubted. Nevertheless, the Order is certainly of great antiquity and
was reconstituted in 1494 by the Emperor Maximilian I and then in 1729 by Elector Charles
Albert. The Order ranked second in the Kingdom and could only be awarded to Catholics of
noble birth who rendered exceptional services to the Crown. It came in three grades with a ribbon
in light blue with stripes at the edges in a darker blue.
Among the State's other Orders were those of the Military Order of Maximilian Joseph, which
was the highest award for military merit; the Order of King Ludwig, which was an awird for at
least 50 years continuous service, and the Order of St. Michael, given 'to honour devotion'
In fact the Order most commonly encountered is that of Military Merit established by King
Louis II in 1856 for acts of a military nature which did not justify the award of the Maximilian

28
Joseph Order. The insignia is one of the most attractive of the German Orders and came in five
classes with or without swords added when the award was given in battle. The ribbon is white
with one blue and black stripe towards each edge in war time but without the black stripe when
awarded in peace time. There is also a Cross of Military Merit, similar in design to the lower
degrees of the Order, but made in bronze that was often bestowed on pilots and N.C.O.'s in
World War I for bravery in action.

TBrunstuirb
A Protestant State of Northern Germany with an area of 1,500 square miles and a population
of 300,000. The reigning prince in l87l was William I, Duke of Brunswick, who'had succeeded
his brother Duke Charles who had been removed as unfit to govern by resolution of the Diet in
1830. The prince was one of the richest of the German princes.
Brunswick only had one Order and this was the Order of Henry the Lion, founded by Duke
William in 1834. According to the Statutes of the Order, its object was 'to reward those who
have distinguished themselves in our service, military or civil, in war or the arts and sciences'. It
came in four classes, to which a fifth was later added and the ribbon was a dark red edged with
yellow stripes.
Apart from this, the State awarded many medals, including one for the Battle of Waterloo in
bronze with a yellow and blue ribbon, and a Medal for the troops who had taken part in the
Peninsular War Campaigns, in bronze with a crimson ribbon.

T$aw*wtfr ?lrngur
All four Hanse towns, Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Lubeck took part in the war against
Napoleon in 1813 and after the successful conclusion of the war they awarded Medals to the
troops who had fought in their contingents. Bremen, Hamburg and Lubeck all awarded War
Crosses of Merit in World War I.

/$unobtr
This State became a separate Kingdom belonging to the British Royal House in 1715 on the
accession of George I who was already the Elector of Hanover. The two Crowns continued in
common ownership until the accession of Queen Victoria, when the Hanoverian throne passed to
the next male heir, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, who in his turn was succeeded by his
son George V of Hanover in 1851. As a result of the State taking the side of Austria in 1866 she
suffered defeat and ceased to exist as an independent Kingdom from that date, being
incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia.
The first Order of the Kingdom of Hanover was that of St. George, founded in 1839 as a House
Order but an additional number of Knights, not exceeding 16, could be admitted other than
members of the Ruling House. There was only one class, the badge being a gold rimmed dark
blue enamelled cross with ball tips. The Cross was surmounted by a gold crown with a lion of
similar metal between each ray. The Order was very exclusive and it was necessary to have been
already admitted a Grand Cross of the Guelphic Order to be considered for membership. The
ribbon is of a dark red watered colour.
The better known Order of the Guelph, or the Guelphic Order, was founded by George IV on
12th August 1815, when Prince Regent, to mark the 10fth anniversary of the accession to the
English throne of the House of Hanover. The Order was frequently bestowed in England and is to
be tbund in groups of decorations awarded to military and naval personnel of high rank of that
period. The Order could be awarded by the Head of the House of Hanover in his capacity as King

29
of England or King of Hanover and was in this respect a dual Order. It came in four classes ::
which the first three conferred personal knighthood. The ribbon is of a watered light blue and r::=
insignia could be awarded with a laurel leaf or oak leaves depending upon whether it x'.s
conferred for civil or military services.
The State also conferred many Decorations and Medals of honour including a Waterloo \,feo;.
for soldiers in the Hanoverian forces present at the battle. The Medal is silver with the effig: ::
the Prince Regent on the obverse, suspended from a dark red ribbon with blue edges. Unlike rh=
medals of most of the German States, Hanoverian medals bear the name of the recipier:
engraved on the edge.

Thtsse
A Duchy of the central western part of Germany, forming part of the South Germar
Confederation. It had formerly been divided into Hesse-Kassel and Hesse-Darmstadt, but rhe
former was annexed by Prussia in 1866 and what remained of the latter became a Grand Duch',-"
For a State of its size and population (about 800,000), it possessed a considerable number of
awards of distinction. The principal Order was the House or Family Order of the Lion of Go1d.
founded in 1790 by the Landgrave Frederick II for merit, under the patronage of St. Elizabeth of
Hungary. Originally one class, the Order was enlarged to four in 1818 but even then was seldorn
awarded outside the confines of the Ruling Family. The ribbon is dark crimsom.
Other Orders included the Order of William, again for merit, with a crimson ribbon edged
with white, and the Order of Military Merit, suspended from a light blue ribbon with a silver
stripe towards each edge. The latter Order bears a striking resemblance to the Prussian Order of
'Pour le Merite' and was founded in 1769. The pink enamelled rays of the badge bear the
inscription 'Virtuti'. It is one of the most attractive of the Germanic Orders.
By far the best known award of the State is, however, that of the Iron Helm, founded in 1814 and
awarded forbraveryof an exceptional nature during the Napoleonic Wars. It was instituted b1'
Elector Wilhelm I and although intended to be of three classes (including a Grand Cross Class) it
appears that only one class was awarded and that to officers and other ranks alike. There are t*'o
quite distinct types first being a Trefoil Cross with further trefoils at the end of each arm
- the Helmet.
surmounted by a Knight's The Cross bears a shield with the initials 'W.K.' and the date
1814. Only 73 of these crosses were apparently awarded. The second type is in the form of a Pan'
Cross with a Knight's Helm, but otherwise of similar construction. Only 63 of these crosses were
awarded. The Cross in both cases is of black iron with silver edges, and the ribbon is red or pink
with a white stripe towards each edge. The first type was intended to be suspended from the neck
and the second from the breast. The decoration was considered at the time to be a suitable
counterpart to the Prussian Iron Cross. Genuine examples are very rare and it does not appear to
have been awarded after 1815.

hsbmLobe
Not a Statd in 1866 but a district in Franconia at one time governed by Counts of that name, of
whom Henry I, who died in 1183, was the first to take the title. Prince Ernest I of Hohenlohe
instituted the Order of the PhoenixinLTST, having attained the ripe old age of 95 years. It was
intended as a House Order for his children and more remote descendants.In 1763 a second class
was added and persons other than those belonging to the Princely House became eligible
provided that they were of impeccable birth. The badge bears the effigy of the Phoenix rising
from the flames and the ribbon is a royal scadet with gold edges.

30
 Thobmtollwn
The Royal Order of the House of Hohenzollern, formerly an Order of the Principality, was
incorporated in 1851 into the Ptussian Orders and is dealt with under that heading.

TLtppt
A small State in Northern Germany, with a population of about 100,000. It had been an
independent sovereign State since 1807, completely surrounded by Prussian territory after 1866.
It shared the House Order of the Cross of the House of Lippe with Schaumberg-Lippe.

fr[tthlmburg
There were in fact two Grand Duchies of this name among the North German States
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The latter was divided into the Duchy -of
Strelitz and the Principality of Ratzeburg. Both Duchies shared the House Order of the Wendian
Crown which they jointly founded in 1864. This Order came in four classes and could be
awarded, encrusted with diamonds, to ladies. The ribbon was blue moire with narrow stripes of
red and yellow at each edge of the ribbon.
The other main Order was that of The Griffin, founded in 1884 by Grand Duke Frederick
Franz IIL IT came in four classes and the ribbon was in watered gold with red edges.
An interesting award is that of the Military Cross of Merit, which appears in many First World
War groups. It is similar in shape to the Iron Cross but is made of gilded bronze and is suspended
from a light blue ribbon with narrow red and yellow stripes at each edge.

^f.uggsu
A grand Duchy after 1816 and annexed by Prussia in 1866, having taken the side of Austria in
the war between Prussia and Austria. The Duchy conferred a Military Decoration of Honour
gold or silver Medal for special deeds of bravery. The ribbon was brown and yellow. Other - a
honours included a Service Cross for officers in gold on a blue ribbon and a Waterloo Medal for
both officers and other ranks who had taken part in the battle. The Waterloo ribbon was dark
blue with orange borders.

@[!mburg
A Duchy which was one of the North German members of the Confederation, with a
population of about 350,000. It was divided into three distinct districts: Oldenburg proper,
Lubeck (a principality in itself which was quite distinct from, and should not be confused with,
the Hanse town of the same name), and Birkinfeld. The title of Grand Duke had been conferred
on Duke William by the Congress of Vienna, but was never assume.d by him. It was finally
assumed by his successor Grand Duke Augustus in 1829.
The first Order of the State was the House and Merit Order of Peter Frederick Louis, founded
in 1838 by Duke Paul Frederick in memory of his father, who had apparently had the like
intention but never carried it into effect during his lifetime. There were two quite distinct
divisions of the Order Capitulars, who were basically citizens of the State, and Honorary
Members, who could be- members of the Ruling House, citizens of the State or foreigners. Each
division was divided into four classes and the ribbon was dark blue with a red stripe towards each
edge.

31
 Amongst other awards were the Napoleonic War Medal and the Crosses of Honour in gold or
silver, the gold for officers and the latter for other ranks. This was awarded for 25 years faithful
service and was suspended from a red ribbon with dark blue stripes.

$Brussiim
As we have already seen, Prussia was the principal State of Northern Germany and dominated
both the north and south German Federations after 1866. In both population (24 millions) and
extent (135,000 square miles) it was by far the largest and most powerful of the German States.
with an industrial complex centred on Essen and the Ruhr. Prior to 1866 it was divided into 10
separate provinces, many of them formed by the incorporation and amalgamation of former
Principalities and towns, namely:
Prussia proper Brandenburg/Saxony District of Jade
Posen Westphalia
Pomerania Rhenish Prussia
Silesia District or Principality of
Hohenzollern
After the successful conclusion of the war in 1866 she had incorporated within her territories
the Kingdom of Hanover, the Electorate of Hesse-Kassel,the Duchy of Nassau, the Principality
of Hess-Homborg, the Republic of Frankfurt (formedy one of the Hanse Towns), the Duchy of
Schleswig-Holstein and part of Bavaria. The Ruling House was that of Hohenzollern, who had
ruled the State for some 400 years prior to 1866 as Electors of Brandenburg and whose rule did
not cease until the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1918. The King of Prussia had become
German Emperor on 1st January 1871.
As bef,rts a powerful and warlike State of this kind, with a strong military and caste system, the
State awarded many Orders, Decorations and Medals. The first and highest in importance was
the Order of the Black Eagle, founded on 17th January fiAl by Frederick I of Prussia on
assuming the title and honour of King of Prussia. Any recipient of the Order, which came in one
class, received hereditary nobility. Originally no member of the Order, with the exception of
Princes of Royal Houses and Knights of St. John of Malta, was allowed to accept or wear any
other Order. Furthermore, considerable movement restrictions were placed on the Knights who,
in general, had to give prior notice to the King of their movements outside a prescribed area.
Both these restrictions in time became obsolete as the Order lost its personal relationship to the
Crown. A member of the Order received automatic membership of the Order of the Red Eagle.
The ribbon was watered orange.
The Order of the Red Eagle, originallyfounded in 1705, was re-organised under the name of
the Brandenburg Red Eagle and its importance in the hierachy of the Prussian Orders was raised
to second in l79l by Frederick William II. Originally an Order restricted to persons of noble
birth, in due course it became an Order which could be awarded to high officials and diplomats
who had rendered special service to the State. It came in four classes. The insignia, as one might
expect, bore the Prussian Eagle in red and the ribbon was white with red, or rather orange, stripes
towards each edge. Members of the Order who were also members of the Order of the Black
Eagle wore the badge of the Order round their necks.
The Royal Order of the House Hohenzollern was founded on 5th December 1841 by the then
Joint Rulers of the Principalities. Originally it had gone by the name of the Princely Order but it
attained its new title in 1851. The insignia of the Order came in three distinct types, the first two
types consisting of a gold black-edged white enamel cross surmounted by the Prussian Crown.
These two types were reserved for military distinction and when awarded for civil merit the badge
consisted of the Prussian Eagle, in gold with black enamel, bearing the Hohenzollern coat of
arms on its breast. The Order was in three classes and had a watered white ribbon with three
black stripes on it. Any Prince of the House of Prussia or the Hohenzollern family automatically
became, by virtue of his birth, a Grand Commander of the Order.

32
 The Order of Pour le Merite is well known to all collectors and persons interested in the subject
and many fakes and copies of all periods exist. It was first established as the Order of Generosity.
ln 1740 it became the Order of Merit for civil or military distinction. The Order, from 1810, was
awarded strictly for military merit and until 1918 was the highest award for gallantry in the
German Empire. Among the First World War recipients was Hermann Goring. The Order came
in two classes but a Grand Cross was instituted in 1866 and awarded only three times. As stated
above, true examples of this Order are rare although copies abound, some of them having been
manufactured during the period that the Order was awarded. The Order was worn round the
neck on'a black ribbon at all times in uniform, which partially accounts for the numerous copies
of the period. The decoration is a gold rimmed blue enamel cross with eight points. A gold eagle
is placed between each arm. The colour of the'blue enamel is pale in the original jnsignia while in
later copies it tends to be markedly darker more a royal blue hue. The initial "F" appears in the
-
top arm of the cross and the words "Pour le Merite" on the other three arms. There is also a Civil
Order of the same name, awarded after 1840, which was given to persons eminent in the Arts and
Sciences but the badge is easily distinguished and consists of a circle of blue enamel with four
gold crowns at each quarter. The ribbon is, however, the same.
The Order of the Crown, founded in 1861, appears quite frequently in German groups. It was
awarded for civil or military merit in four classes and has a ribbon of watered blue with a gold
stripe to each edge.
Other Orders were those of William, which had no ribbon, the badge being on a chain, and the
Order of Louisa, for women. The latter Order was given for charitable and Red Cross services
with a ribbon of white and two black stripes.
The best known Prussian award is of course that of the Iron Cross, founded in 1831 by
Frederick William III for singular military or civil distinction in the war with France. It was
always a Prussian, not a German Order, until the outbreak of War in 1939 when it was
re-organised as such. It was also an Order of a transitory nature, being created on no less than
three separate occasions to cover the outbreak of hostilities in which Prussia was involved. The
first was as above, the second in 1870 for the Franco-Prussian War and the third in 1914 for the
First World War. Although in some ways the counterpart of some British gallantry awards, it was
far more frequently awarded to all ranks. Between the years 1813 and 1918 over 200,000 first
class crosses were awarded and 6,500,000 second class crosses. The highest grade of the Order
was that of Grand Cross, consisting of a Badge and a Star, which was only awarded 21 times in
the history of the Order twice since the end of World War I. The final re-structuring of the
Order came in 1940 when- it was divided into eight classes. The insignia itself is a silver rimmed
black iron cross which before 1870 had three oak leaves in the centre and the crowned initials
"F.W.". After 1870 this was replaced by the initial "W" in the centre and the date 1870 at the
bottom. Survivors who lived 25 years after the Franco-German War received a superimposed
suspender of oak leaves with "25" on them. After the outbreak of War in 1939 and the
establishment of the Order as one of the Third Reich, the initial "W" was replaced in the centre
with a swastika and the date of 1939 appears in lieu of 1914.
The Cross for the First Wodd War is similar except that the cross then bore a Crown in the top
arm, the initial "W" in the centre and the date 1914 in the bottom arm. The ribbon, when
awarded for bravery of a military nature in the face of the enemy, was black with two white stripes
and for bravery of a non-military nature, e.g. doctors and other medical services, a white ribbon
with similar black stripes. In 1939 the ribbon was changed to included the national colour red.
It should also be mentioned that the State recognised a Branch of the Knights of St. John of
Malta, similar to the Catholic Branches of the Order but Protestant in its constitution. The
ribbon was black moire and the insignia between the arms of the Maltese Cross were imperial
eagles in black or gold depending on grade.
Prussia issued four War Commemorative Medals for her combatant troops for the period
1813-1815 which were given to all ranks. They are in bronze and bear a four armed cross on the
obverse with a wreathed centre. The reverse bears the inscription "Gott War Mit Uns, IHM,

33
SIE Die Eyre" (God was with us, to Him the Honour). They were made from cannon
- French and their allies and the inscription on the rim bears testimony to that
captured from the
fact.

lRtugd
This was the name of a German Dynasty or Ruling House whose Princes ruled the two small
States of Reuss and Reuss-Greiz which were separated from each other by the lands of
Saxe-Weimar. All ruling Princes of both branches of the family wefe from the 13th Century
onwards called by the name of Henry, which causes some difficulty in differentiating the
individuals concerned.

{hsuit of Suxt
This heading comprises the Duchies of Saxe-Coburg Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Meiningen,
all members of the North German Confederation. While each of these States awarded its own
decorations there was common House Order, that of Saxe-Ernestine. The Order was based on an
a
earlier Order, the order of German Integrity and was re-constituted in 1833 by the Dukes
Frederick of Altenburg, Ernest of Coburg Gotha and Bernhard Erick Freund of Saxe-Meiningenin
honour of their common ancestor Duke Ernest the Pious. The possession of the honour, which
came in five grades, conferred hereditary nobility. All three reigning Dukes were joint
Superintendents of the Order. The motto of the Order was "Fideliter et Constanter".

Ssxe-9ltmburg
The State had a medal for the 1814-15 campaign in silver in the shape of a Maltese Cross
surrounded by an oak wreath. It also bestowed a Medal for Bravery in Wodd War I.

Suxt-@oburg @otbs
The most interesting Medal is that of the Cross for Eckenforde 1851, given to those soldiers who
took part in the Schleswig-Holstein War. In silver for officers and in bronze for other ranks, it is
suspended from a ribbon of orange, green and black stripes.

$raxt-frItirungtn
This was the largest State of the three with afl area of nearly 1000 square miles and a population
of 175,000. A War Cross of Merit was issued in 1915 for participants in World War I
ribbon differing for combatants and non-combatants. - the

buxt.Wrimsr @iswutll
A State of the North German Confederation with a territory of 1,400 square miles and a
population in the region of 280,000.
The Order of the State was that of the White Falcon, originally known as the Order of
Vigilance. It was of some antiquity, having been founded on the 2nd August 1732 by Ernest
Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach, who at the time was General commanding the
Imperial Cavalry. The primary duty of its members was "To be true to God; to practice virtue

34
and avoid vice; to promote, as much as lay in their power, his Majesty's glory and intbrest, and to
be ready to sacrifice for the Emperor, life and property, if called upon by ciriumstances to do so".
Noble sentiments indeed! The Falcon was chosen as the insignia of the Order to signify the
adherence of the Duke and his House to the Imperial House as represented by the Imperial
Eagle, it apparently being the habit of falcons to follow in the track ana nignt of in eagle. Great
emphasis was placed in the Statutes of the Order on the importance of goodlnd Christiin virtues
in its members. In its final form the Order consisted of four classes and the badge is a green
enamel eight pointed cross on. which is superimposed a white falcon with outstreiched *1trgr.
Between each arm there is a red enamelled protusion in the shape of a diamond. This in turn has
above it a crown and the whole badge is suspended from a ribbon of red watered silk.

Suxonq
This State was one of the largest of the German States and had been a Kingdom since 1806, when
Napoleon conferred the title of King on Frederick Augustus. Prior to this it had been a Grand
Duchy and Electorate for many hundreds of years. Its ruling Princes had intermarried into many
of the European Royal Houses and King Augustus III of Poland had been Elector of Saxony
before his elevation to the Crown of Poland.
The House Order of the Ruling House was the Order of the Crown of Rue, founded by
Frederick Augustus in 1807 "to bequeath to his successors a remembrance of the time when
Providence showed itself so favourable to Saxony and his own House". The Order came in one
class and could be awarded in exceptional circumstances to persons of high rank other than
Princes. The motto was "Providentiae Memor" (Mindful of Providence) and the ribbon was of
green moire.
The next highest Order was that of the Military Order of St. Henry, founded in 1736 by the
King Augustus of Poland mentioned above, to commemorate the attainment by him of the age of
40. Originally an Order of one class for exceptional military prowess, it was altered in 1768, 1796
:nd 1829 and finally consisted of four classes. The Order was awarded to high officers of the
Roval Saxon Army on the grounds of merit only and without regard to religious persuasion,
:obility, or length of service. It was, furthermore, an Order where a recipient was bound to
receive the lowest degree of the Order before he was eligible for promotion to a higher degree
:ather similar to the Statutes of the Irgion of Honour of France. Associated with the Order were -
:n'o Medals, one gold and one silver, for non-commissioned soldiers and usually awarded by
General Officers commanding armies. The ribbon was blue with a thin yellow stripe towards each

the Order of Merit, the highest civil Order, was founded in 1815 by King Frederick Augustus
*pon his release from imprisonment after the final overthrow of Napoleon. He had been captured
.: rhe Battle of Leipzig when fighting on the side of the French. It was an order of general merit
:':ming in five classes and had a white ribbon with a green stripe towards each edge.
The State had two Orders for Ladies, the first being that of Sidonia, founded on March 14th
-!-1 to reward charitable deeds and nursing services in wartime. It takes its name from Queen
5:it-inia. sometime Queen of Saxony. The insignia is of one class and comprises a badge bearing
::e efhgy of the Queen suspended from a ribbon bow of purple with three stripes of white towardi
.rch edge.
The second was the Order of Maria Anna, founded in 1906 in honour of the Queen of that
,;ne. again for charitable and nursing work by Ladies. It came in one class and consisted of a
:;dge only of a gold rimmed blue enamel cross bearing the head of the Queen. The ribbon was of
: ,ieht blue watered silk with a white stripe towards each edge.
The Order which is encountered most frequently is that of the Albert the Valorous, founded on
::: last day of 1850 in memory of Duke Albert the Bold, or Valorous, who was the founder.of the
{-berr Line of the House of Saxony. This Order was in five classes and the ribbon is of watered

35
green with a white stripe towards each edge. It was awarded for merit in the field of arts and
sciences, both civil and military.

$rbsumburg-Tlippr
A small State of the North German Confederation with an area of 170 square miles and a
population of 31,000. The House Order was the Cross of the House of Lippe, founded on 25th
October 1869 by Prince Frederick Emil Leopold of Lippe and Adolphe George of Schaumburg-
Lippe as an award for military and civil merit. It came in five classes and the ribbon was red
edged with gold. This Order was shared with the Rulers of the State of Lippe.

srblrsnig.lgoL*ttin
This area constituted a Duchy of North Germany and was formed by the amalgamation of the
independent Duchies of Holstein and Schleswig in 1851. The latter Duchy had formerly formed
part of the lands of the King of Denmark. The State was the subject of conflict between Austria
and Prussia in 1866.

$tbfrsr lb urq.jBu loldtg! t En!

$rtllfruttburg-SonDrrlluumn
Two small States of the North German Confederation with arcas of 374 and 322 square miles and
populations of 73,000 and 66,000 respectively. On the death of Charles Gunther of Sonderhausen
in 1909 both States came under the rule of Gunther Victor of Rudolstadt.
The House Order was that of the Lion of Schwarzburg, founded in 1853 by the Prince of
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and extended to the other Principality in 1857. The Order was an
attractive one, comprising a white cross with a centre medallion of blue on which is superimposed
a rampant lion, surrounded by an ornate gold edge. The ribbon is yellow with two blue stripes
towards each edge and another in the centre. This Order is rare and is seldom encountered even
in the lower grades of the four classes into which it was divided.

Hu[lrrh
A small State of the North German Confederation with an area of 433 square miles and a
population of 59,000.
The main award of the State was a Medal of Merit, founded in 1857, which was enlarged and
converted into an Order of Civil Merit in 1871 by the then Ruling Prince, George Victor of
Waldeck. The Order, of three classes only, came as a badge and did not have a Star in the
insignia. The ribbon was yellow with a narrow red and black stripe to each edge.

Wfttttmbrrg
One of the four kingdoms of Germany under the Empire. It had existed as an independent State
for over 600 years (most of this time as a Grand Duchy) prior to 1805 when it was elevated to a
Kingdom. It was the second largest state of the South German Confederation and was, as one
would expect, largely Roman Catholic in population.

36
 The earliest Order ofthe Kingdom_was founded in 7702 by Duke Frederick Charles by the
name of the Golden Eagle or Chase Horn, owing to the fact tiiat the Dukes of this House were
hereditary Imperial Masters of the Hunt.
Another early Order was that of Civil Merit founded in 1806 by King Frederick upon his
assumption of the title of "King".
Both these Orders were in_ 1818 amalgamated and united with the newly founded Order of the
Crown of Wiirttemberg which then became the Royal House Order. The Oider could be bestowed
on both nationals and foreigners for meritorious service but the King's sons automatically
became
Knights Grand Cross on their 8th birthday and Princes of the RoyafBlood on their 15th ti.tnauy.
When awarded for meritorious service in battle the badge or star, as the case may be, carried
s*'ords, and in cases of especial distinction the decoration could be superimposed with a Crown,
as in the case of some Prussian Orders. The ribbon was crimson with a narro* black stripe to
each edge.
Another Order was that of Friedrich and until 1856 conferment gave personal knighthood to
:he recipient. After that date this ceased to apply and the Order was divided into four classes.
This Order was for both military and civil services and the watered ribbon was of a royal blue
colour.
-{mong other Orders of the Kingdom was the Order of Military Merit, divided into three classes
es f'rom 1818' Unlike most other orders, the badge of the Grand Cross was worn from a ribbon of
'.i aiered dark
blue silk from around the neck. in addition to the usual Star on the breast. There were
i:$'o medals in gold and silver attached to the Order, the former awarded to all ranks down to that
,-t corporal and the latter to private soldiers.
The other Order of which mention should be made was that of Olga, founded by King Charles
; ho had_ married, prior to his succession to the Crown, the Grand Duchess Olga of RuJsia. This
-nes an Order of one class for charitable
works by both men and women. It h;d a black ribbon
''.'ith trvo narrow red stripes. When awarded to
Ladies it was, of course, suspended from a bow.

37
 4S
")l6"ih".Se.dh"o{4".il6o1h.*ik*M".il6"ifrc")ta.*M"")h"oNrr.""itrr.""ih.olt

9nbult

O. ofAlbert the Bear, 1382

(Grand Cross)

O. of Albert the Bear

(Knight)

lnitial Decoration, Order of Arts and Officers'Long Service

1830-47 Sciences Cross, 1848
1875

Soldiers' Long Service

Medal, 1847
$.ffi,|
Soldiers'Long Service Soldiers'Long Service
Medal, 1847 Medal, 1847
(21 years) (15 years) (9 years)

Cross for Field

Service, 1814-15
ffi
Life Saving Medal,
1850
iln
Commemorative Medal,
1853

Medal of Merit for

il
Arts & Science, 1854
!Kt Fire Brigade Medal,
1888
rffit
Silver Jubilee Medal,
1896

A,.ffii.g
$'ffiffi$
Medal for 9fth Birthday
trF
Frederick Cross,
.19.1.5
ofthe Duchess, 1901

38
 4S
.*.e$b*ilfa"ejh"ejh"e)h.".th."e)h""i[A.ofirr.""jh.oNrr."ej[6e)hse)!rr..pil

l8ultn

Military O. of Charles Frederick, 1807

(Grand Cross)

...Eaa':- +ie-
O. of Ch?rles Frederick O. of Charles Frederick
(Commander) (Knight)

House O. of Fidelity, 1715

(Grand Cross)

Fd ,- g,
H'
O. of Fidelity Order of Berthold
(Commander)
1877

O. ofthe Zahringen Lion, 1812

(Grand Cross)

O. of the Zahringen Lion O. ofthe Zahringen Lion

(Lady's Grand Cross, c.1850) (ribbon ofc.1840)

O. of the Zahringen Lion O. of the Zahringen Lion

(Commander) (Knight)

39
 rt$
s\l/z- -r\lZ- -\t/.- -r\t/z- -r\l/u- s\l/z- -r\l/r- ^r\l/r- s\l/z- -\l/z- -r\l/r- s\lfu- s\t/u- -r\lZ- -r\\l/r- ^r\lZ_ -r\l/u- -r\t/r- -\lf.- -\l/.- -\l/.- -\lf.- -\lf.- -\la -tk- JlE

trEultn

Military Medal of Cross of Merit.of

Merit. 1807 o ofthe Zahringen Lion,
1889

?*, '"fi, '

Officers' Service Cross Medal for Bravery Life Saving Medal,
(25 yrs.), 1854 1866

Landwehr Long Service

Decoration, 1869
nxt
Landwehr Long Service Medal for 40 yrs. in
Decoration. 1912 Fire Service. 1877

War Cross of Merit

(Combatants), 1916
lrI
War Cross of Merit
(Non-combatants), 1916
Jubilee Medal

ilT
Medal for Volunteer
War Workers, 1916

40
 4N
Jk"dlh"dlh"dlhdlh.dilrra"dilk"dilrra.e)\lra"aih.eih.o{rr."d\lrr

@sburfu

O. of St. Hubert. 1844

(Grand Cross original ribbon)
-

O. of St. Hubert, 1844

(Grand Cross new ribbon)
-

O. ofSt. George, 1494

(Grand Cross)

O. of St. George
(Knight)

::E
Military O. of Maximilian Joseph, 1797
(Grand Cross)

iffi.l'ffi
O. of Maximilian Joseph
(Commander)
lffiil
O. of Maximilian Joseph
(Knight)

O. of Elizabeth, 1766 O. of Elizabeth. 1766

(Officer) (Dame of Honour)

4l
 4G

@nbsrfa

O. of Merit of St. Michael, 1693

(1st Class)

O. of Merit of St. Michael, 1693

(Grand Cross)

O. of St. Michael O. of St. Michael

(Commander) (Knight)

O. of Civil Merit of the Bavarian

Crown, 1808
(Grand Cross)

O. of Civil Merit of the Bavarian Crown

(Commander)

tffi ffit
Military O. of Merit O. of Maximilian O. of Ludwig,
(War), 1866 for Afts & Science, 1827
1 853

ffii#:t*E:
€FEffi+Wi
*€,"€
ri. g.: =FS
-S=r:=
1€:::
O. of St. Anne of O. of St. Anne of
=w+€+
O. ofTheresa,
Wtrzburg, 1714 Munich, 1784 1827

42
 4S
#.o{a"oSa"dla*M*fa""jh*nh""jk""M""ih".tl6"$%"")h""ih".)\!a"o\tr...oila".th"d\!'r

@uburis

ffiIffi
Mililary Medical
Decoration, 1812
*fr,
Military O. of Merit
(Peace), 1866

a=:it ::.#-.*: rm+

ffiIffi
Medal for Bravery, Medal for Civil Merit, Cross for 1813-15
1794 1808 Campaign

Field Decoration,
1849
tffiIMedal for State
Service, 1898

;ffiffip
F 3AS#-€i +
* $sffiE i ffi,ffi..ffi
Military Long Service Landwehr Long Service
Offircers'Long Service
Cross, 1865 Decoration, 1912 Decoration. 1912

iR# SFflr
ffi ffi ffif-:

Medal of Maximilian Order, Military Medal, War Cross of Merit,

1856 1866 1870-71

-.:r,;! r j ::+-jr:
:ji::l :i: : a i:# I
.="=_-,i
'-j ,i
Ludwig Medal for Art, Cross of Merit of Medal of Merit of
Science & Industry, O. of St. Michael. O. of St. Michael,
1872 1889 1889

ffi##€Fe€
€*ffi€*E€
Life Saving Medal, St. George Medal, Fire Service Cross
1889 188S of Merit, 1901

- ::l:i r;l:-l .1 €:;::::: -:=:S==::: - :::::ii:

a ;i-:j:-;i.,3:-. '::':' itr . ::. r{E*:i*i::
5=:-:1
-,:::.: ij
t-
i,'-*rl=
-- :+;-;:.1 H.-i* ; f'{i.?- lrr
"
Cross of Merit for Prince Regent Leopold t"tt"" ti'"*i"*il"'
Nursing Volunteers, Medal of Merit, 1905 Cross. 1906
1901

43
 4S
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@uburtu

King Ludwig Cross, Hospital Medal

1916 (Field), 1914-18

EK4
EK6
r'K9
5st
Crown Prince Ruperl
Medal
fitr
War Medal.
1914-18
Prince Regent Leopold
Jubilee Medal, 1905

*ffir'
Landwehr Officers'Long
Service Cross, 1876
fifrffi#f;
Medical Service Medal.
1914-18
I I'f
Fire Brigade Medal

44
 4S
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TMunsfrtth

O. of Henry the Lion, 1834

(Grand Cross)

O. of Henry the Liorr, 1834

(1st Class)

II
O. of Henry the Lion
(Knight)

O. of the House of Peninsular Campaign Cross for 25 years

Brunswick Medal, 1824 Service as Officers. 1825

Waterloo Medal, Officers' Long Setvice Cross of Merit,

1818 Cross, 1833 1834

Life Saving Medal, Campaign Medal for War Cross of Merit,

1836 1848-49

War Cross of Merit

(Combatants), 1914

45
 Thsngtstit TLtsgut . Thrtmtn

Napoleonic Wars Medal,

1813-15
t..'t
Long Service Cross,
1860
# ffi=
War Cross of Merit.
1914

Tbxngtstir lltu gu t
"frrsnbfurt

O. of the House of Long Service Cross,

Frauenstein, 1804 1840

Thsngtstit TLtsgut -'!$umbutg

Napoleonic Wars Medal,

1813- 15
t,,*
War Cross of Merit,
1914
il'It
Fire Bdgade Medal

Tbungputf t llru gu t . TLttbuh

Napoleonic Wars Medal, War Cross of Merit,

1813-15 1914

46
 4S
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Thunohn

O. ofSt. George, 1839

O. ofthe Guelphs, 1815

(Grand Cross)

O. of the Guelphs O. of the Guelphs The Guelphic Medal,

(Commander) (Knight) 18.15

O. ofErnest Augustus, 1865

(Grand Cross)

O. of Ernest Augustus

.'::!a:: . :, :i_-: _::

:-::=.. - ':-?:

Prince Regent's Medal for Life Saving, Militarv General

Waterloo Medal, 1845 Decoration ofHonour,
1817 1841

-=+ . -sE

Cross & Medal of

F.+ #
Medal for King's Cross of Merit of
William. 1837 German Legion, 1841 Ernest Augustus, 1865

47
 4S
o$hcdDlZ."dlfceif rad[h"aJM.,d!h.dNh..o{r.."o{rr."dh"dTr

Thtsse

Family O. of the Lion of Gold,1770

O. of the Lion of Gold O. of the Lion of Gold

(Commander) (Knight)

O. ofLudwig, 1807
(Grand Cross)

O. of Ludwig O. of Ludwig
(Commander) (Knight)

O. of Philip the Magnanimous, 1840

(Grand Cross)

O. of Philip the Magnanimous o. of Philip the Magnanimous

(Commander) (Knight)

Military O. of Merit, Order of the Iron Helm Order of William

1819 1814 1851

48
 rtG
d%dlre uVr..dh."oVrudtredl%d%."diltradlra"o\teOrhcorlh.eil%."ofrlrr.ooltrr.*Strr..dltrr orrra"AilfOdillrG

Tbgse

Medal of Merit of the

O. ofLudwig, 1853
Campaign Medal,
1814-15
Iff,H
Cross of Honour,
1814-15

Medal for Military

Merit, 1821
F'JI
Decoration for Service
1833
r-r
Decoration for Long
Service, 1833

Soldiers' Long Service Medal for Loyal Officers' Long Service

Cross, 1835-48 Service in War, Cross, 1848-66
1840

General Decoration of
Honour. 1848
$K$
Life Saving Medal,
1848
il'J J'],1
Medal for Arts &
Science, 1853

ilj
Soldiers' Long Service
Buckle (2nd Class), 1849
f i[,,r1
Medal of Recognitioh,
1851

Military Cross of Merit, Military Medical Cross, Landwehr Distinguished

1870 1870 Service Medal. 1871

il,[,,r:
Duke Ernst 2nd Wedding General Decoration of
Medal. 1905 Honour for Bravery,
1915

Medal for Merit during War Medal of Merit,

the Drought, 1883 191.5

49
"$a.d6dh."M.ol%."M"d[a."sa."M"dh."M"d%."]l.a"dh*t%."M."M."M""jh"dh"d[a"d[a"dh""j[a"dh"&

Tbsbwlsbt

O. ofthe Phoenix, 1757

ThnbwtolJrwn

Cross ofHonour, 1841

(2nd & 3rd Class)

ffiH
Jubilee Medal
1884

50
 TLippt

Gold Cross of Honour

1890
*
Leopold Order, 1906
I
Civil Medal of Merit, Cross of Merit, 1869 Military Medal of Merit,
1816 1832

Long Service Cross,

(1st Class), 1851
Long Service Cross,
(2nd Class), 1851
F-$
Campaign Medal,
t870-71

Lif'e Saving Medal, Commemoration Medal.

1 888 1 897

t-,
Decoration fbr Arts & Leopold IV Commemoration War Society's Cross,
Science.1898 Medal. 1905 1 906

War Cross of Merit

(Non-combatants), 1915
*
War Medal of Honour.
1 915
G

51
 4S

frltthlmburg

House O. of the Crown of the Wendes.

1864
(Grand Cross original ribbon)
-

House O. of the Crown of the Wendes,

1864
(Grand Cross new ribbon)
-

O. of the Crown of the Wendes.

(Commander)
ilffi|
O. of the Crown of the Wendes,
(Knight)

t .. ':1
I ir: ; , .,ll'

O. of the Griffin
il [t- O. of the Griffin
(Commander) (Knight)

Medal of Merit,
1798
Medals for Fielo Service,
1808-15 & 1848-49
*..
Medal for Military
Merit, 1813-15
1

Medal for Arts & Science Medal for Arts & Science
ffiffi1
Military Cross of Merit,
(1st Class), 1815 (2nd Class). 1815 1848

52
 ffi|l.;rhlmburg

Cross of Merit, 1864 Cross of Merit of the Medal for Bravery

Wendish Crown. 1864

War Cross of Merit, Landwehr Long Service Landwehr Long Service

1871 Decoration. 1874 Decoration, 1875

Life Saving Medal, Medals of Merit, Commemoration Medal,

1888 1885 & 190s 1897

il: -"--. G

t1€'ff
*--iat: IE
*,: : .G
E-'. .::3
Eil.. G
War Society's Medal, War Society's Medal, Grand Duke's Diamond
t897 1899 Jubilee Medal, 1903

Medal of Merit, War Society's Medal,

1906 1906

Frederick Franz Alexander Military Cross of

Cross Merit. 1914

53
 r^G

^#uggsu

Gold & Silver Medals Waterloo Medal, Officers'Long Senice

for Bravery, 1807 1815 Cross (50yrs.), 1834

.:::S*ffiS:':r
. ++=S=+:=:. r
s"t;i;;' Long i".ui.. Medal for Eckenforde, Civil & Military Cross
Cross (10yrs.), 1834 1849 of Merit, 1860

@[!enburg

O. of Duke Peter Frederick Louis. 1838

(Grand Cross)

O. of Peter Frederick Louis O. of Peter Frederick Louis

(Commander) (Knight)

Napoleonic Wars Medal, Civil Medal of Merit. Cross of !tronour.

l8l5 1813 1 838

Lif'e Saving W:rr Cross of Merit. War Medals,

1 848 187 I 1866 & 1870-71
Medal lbr Arts &
Science. 1878
Medal ibr 184u-49
Veterans,1898

Red Cross Medal War Cross of Merit,

1902

54
 4$
#"dFdill'a.o{rcoNra.dil%.dilhdltrr..dtrr.oo\trredfaou\h.-\trad\h"dljra*Strr.-rrlrr o\h""\tra*$tra.,dlrrodlrrad;odrfadXz.d\rra"

lFrugsiu

O. ofthe Black Eagle, 1701

(Knight)

O. 'Pour le Merite',1740 O. 'Pour le Merite' with Oak kaves

(Knight) (Knight)

O. of Merit of the Crown, 1901

(Knight)

't' j

O. ofthe Red Eagle, 1705

(Grand Cross)

ffi
O. of the Red Eagle, 1705
(1st Class)

O. of the Red Eagle

ffi,fi
O. of the Red Eagle
(2nd Class) (3rd & 4th Class)

O. ofConcord.
1660-1740

55
 ,ts
eil6e)h."g)rlh."eilrr.sa)\h."aik'eih.solh."Sh."etrrr."dvr.ce)rlt

lPrugsiu

O. ofthe Crown of Prussia, 1861

(1st Class)

O. of the Crown O. of the Crown

(2nd Class) (3rd & 4th Classes)

I l'
o . of Hohenzolle
(2nd Class)
I ilr
O. of Hohenzollern
(3rd Class)

I
o. ofthe Iron Cross,
{
1813 (M ilitary) O. of the Iron Cross, 1813 (Civil)
(Knight lst Class) (Knight 1st Class)
- -

FI;
O. ofthe Iron Cross

(Knight
(Military)
I I
O. ofthe Iron Cross

(Knight
(Civil)
2nd Class)

II
2nd Class)

III
- -

O. ofLouisa, 1814 O. ofLouisa, 1814

(1st Class) (2nd CIass)

50
 ,rs
.V.dlra"oilh.eErra"o\h.CDh.iilrrr."tilh.SEh"eE%.gilh.eErrr."eEkNr

lPrusgiu

Medal of Military General Medal of 1813-15 Campaign Medal

Merit. 1791 Merit. 1810 (Combatants)

1813-15 Campaign Medal Military Decoration of Officers'Long Service

(Non-combatants) Honour. 1814 Cross.1825

Soldiers'Long Service Soldiers'Long Service Soldiers' Long Service

Medal. 1825 Medal, 1825 Medal. 1825
(21 years) (15 years) (9 years)

E#Z
ffi,'l ffi of
General Decoration
Honour, 1830-64
IHt
Medal for Neufchatel,
t832
zwe
Life Saving Medal,
1833

II
Red Eagle Medal,
1 835
Coronation Medal,
1861
1863 Campaign Medal
(Combatants) r

ilffi
1863 Campaign Medal
(Non-combatants)
F'ire
Danish Campaign Medal,
1864
G=-'l
Cross of Merit, 1864
(Combatants)

Cross of Merit. 1864

(Non-combatants)
tffiI
Cross for Duppel, 1864
(Combatants)
Klt
Cross for Duppel, 1864
(Reserves)

Cross for Duppel, 1864 Alsen Cross, 1864

,\ffi!,
Alsen Cross, 1864
(Non-combatants) (Combatants) (Non-combatants)

57
 4$
^.\!ir.^^.Vr'-^.NrZ.^^.$Z^-.$Z-^^-\?/r,--Vr----r\t/r- ,-\?rr- -\tz -\fz -\ra -rVr- -r\lZ -r\l/z- s\l/z -r\l/z- -r\l/z- s\l/.- -\l/.- -{/.- -N/.- _r\t/z- ^r\l/.- ^*.- .*.

lFrusgiu

General Decoration
Honour, 1864
of
ffi=I€
1866 Campaign Cross
(Combatants)
l
1866 Campaign Cross
(Non-combatants)
l
T
Landwehr Long Service
Cross, 1868
i]' ,
Cross of
,'
Merit for Ladies and
Young Ladies, 1870-71
1,il;il
1870-71 War Medal
(Combatants)

,lrl']
1870-71 War Medal
llntr
General Decoration of
lilill
Nursing Cross of
(Non-combatants) Honour, 1871 Merit, 1871

q i. :,.-.t
'j
: r::: ! i-
]J' J
Golden Wedding Medal
-:- :a.Ei:.ar*
::: r! trr, E a
; r.il"#'j,l ,i
General Decoration
*::
t::

of
of William I, 1879 Honour. 1890

Centenary Medal, Red Cross Medal, Jerusalem Cross (Visit

1897 1898 to Palestine), 1898

51e='eE e.
":
'+siffii$ E'
Generai Decoration of Hohenzollern Jubilee Cross of Merit for
Honour (Gold), 1900 Cross.1901 Ladies,1907

ffi
Cross of
t9t2
Merit,
lllllrMerit for
Cross of
WarAid, 1916
Iil
Baltic Cross,
1914-18

l,owenfeld Brigade
il1il
Fire Brigade Decoration
I
',',; '
O. of the Silesian Eagle
il
Commemoration Medal (unofficial)

58
 2ls
.t?.d{radrraqdk"d{rCdilrr..rdtradfraqdhe)rra"dil%"dNhq$rrr..ajk"elrrlrr. !r

lhrugg (floLnt)

War Cross of Cross for 25 years Cross for Eckenforde,

Honour, 1814-15 Service, 1847 1 849

ftruss (Senior)

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour

(1st Class), 1869

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour Cross of Merit for Medal of Honour for

(2nd Class), 1869 State Service. 1858 Loyalty & Merit, 1861-67

Decoration of Honour
for Labour. 1900

ihrusg (!unio\

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour

(lst Class). 1869

O. ofthe Cross ofHonour Cross of Merit for Cross of Merit for

(2nd Class), 1869 State Serrice, 1857 Arts & Science, 1885

Life Saving Medal, Long Service Medal,

1 896 1896

59
 4S
o\ro*)ro*ik*$raui%u)k uN6""NGuik or,ro""Nauu%"ft
"il6ui[6"ilftr"J%uik.)l6uib"i[6ut[@rola.utl6"il6oltr.

Tbsuit of Suxr

House O. of Saxe Ernestine, 1833

(Grand Cross)
(First Ribbon)

O. of Saxe Ernestine O. of Saxe Ernestine

(Commander) (Knight)

House O. ofSaxe Ernestine, 1833

(Grand Cross)

O. of Saxe Ernestine O. of Saxe Ernestine

(Commander) (Knight)

r-
Medal of Military Cross of Merit of Medal of Merit of
Merit, 1814 Saxe Ernestine O.. 1833 Saxe Ernestine O., 1833

Cross of Merit, Cross of Merit with Medal of Military

1 864 Swords, 1864 Merit. 1914

War Service
Medal

60
 ,tG
dh"$k6\ta."d\h.*dlhdltz.dlh"o\hediltrr..o\trr."

Suxt'9ltenburg

Campaign Medal, Officers' Long Service Soldiers'Long Service

1814-15 Cross, 1836 Decoration. 1836
(21 years)

Medal for Aid at War. Commem. Medal, Medal for Jubilee

Altenburg Castle Fire, 1870-71 ofDuchy, 1876
1865

'.'. '1
*rt"'
Life Saving Medal, Duke Ernst. Medal, Duke Ernst Jubilee
1882 1906 Medal, 1903

$ffiffi.#
Medal for Bravery,
1915

Suxe-@oburq @otbu

Medal for Arts & Officers' Service Cross, 1846 Cross for Eckenforde.
Science, 1835 Cross for Arts & Science. 1861 1851

f-{
Life Saving Medal,
1883
ffi,,.
Duke Ernst Medal. 1888
( 1st Class)
Duke Ernst Medal, 1888
(2nd Class)

Duke Carl Eduard Medal

f ,,l' l
Wedding Medal of Duke
for Bravery, 1905 Carl Eduard, 1905

6l
 tts
dh-.ol%."dtra.olh."dho"ih""il6o$rr.*ih"u)heN%*iilrr."ot

$uxr-frlunmgen
ffi ffi
ffi }EF
re
ffi ffi
Officers'Long Service Soldiers'Long Service Life Saving M edal,
Cross, 1852 Decoration, 1852 1903
(21 years)

ffi
€
E a
r
is E
War Cross of Merit War Merit
ar Cross; of Iv
(Combatants), 1915 (Non-c
-combattants :s), 1915
$iuxt-Wrimur @.iawvilS

O. of the White Falcon. 1732

(Grand Cross)

O. of the White Falcon

(Knight)

Medal of Merit, Military Long Service

1829 Cross. 1 834

Gold Cross of Honour, War Medal of Merit, Cross of Honour fbr

1858 870
1 Bravery, 1871

Fire Service Decoration

ofHonour,1890
Medal for Arts &
Science, 1889
ffi
Recognition Medal,
1892

Golden Wedding Medal, General Decoration of

1892
Honour, 1902

62
 4S
"ih.)h""ih"uih"o{la""i!6"ih*.'\h.""ik*M"")r!ir'*)k"o{rr'"uiila*M"ui[rr..ujh

Suxonp

O. ofthe Rue Crown. 1807

(Grand Cross)

Military O. of St. Henry, 1736

(Grand Cross)

++F#. ffii:s
l:Hffi;€€*'€
O. of St. Henry O. of St. Henry
(Commander) (Knight)

,il'"'' I
Civil O. of Merit
(Kn ight)

O. of Albert the Valorous. 1850

(Grand Cross)
I
I O. ot Alberl the Valorous
I O. of Alberl the Valorous
(Commander) (Knight)

63
 ,*G
"slra.orrlrGd1rr."uilA"ujfA"dh"olh.ool7a"u)lA"ol7a"u)la"ujfa"drrr."ollrr.*)t

puxonp
d-

Equestrian O. of St. Joachim, 1755

(unofficial)

O. of Sidonia, 1871
(for Ladies)
tt#O. for Women
F',,'.ffi'$
O. of Maria Anna.
1906

Military Medal of
Merit, 1796
t",rCivil Medal of
Merit, 1815
Life Saving Medal,
1831

ttl
Medal of O. of Albert,
1861
Commem. Cross for 1866
(Combatants)
ffi
Commem. Cross for 1866
(Non-combatants)

t'ffi'{
Crown Pcss. Carola
Medal, 1871
Medal for Arts &
Science. 1873

m'ffi,#,
Long Service Decorations, Commem. Cross for 1849 Commem. Cross for 1849
1874 (Combatants) (Non-combatants)
1874 1874

Medal for Loyal Service Medal for Loyal Service

(Men), 1875 (Women), 1875

t '''
Silver Cross of Merit,
rffifi
Albert Cross. 1876
t*ffirffit
Fire Services Decoration
1876 ofHonour.1885

64
 ,*G
OlAOrlr.oAh"lh"ilaO%Ob"ila.ilaOf rr."O'r..""ilao%Sla

Suxonp

Cross for 1863-64 Carola Medal. 1892

Holstein Campaign,
1890

Friedrich Augustus Medal Friedrich Augustus Medal Medal for Bravery

(War). 1905 (Peace), 1905

ffi.'ti#
Military Cross of Cross for Volunteer
Merit, 1915 Nurses, 1915

Medical Service Medal

 4S
,$@"lh".lho*r..*lh"$h..")l'a*)h".M"o$rr.".th.ort!'r."o{rr

Srbsumburg-I{"rppe

O. ofthe Cross ofthe House Civil Medal of Military Medal of

Lippe, 1869 Merit, 1830 Merit, 1850

r
Long Service Cross, Cross of Merit of Fire Brigade Service
1850 the House O., 1869 Medal, 1870

lil' ]
1870-71 War Cross,
1877
Ladies'Medal of Merit.
1899
Kre.
ffire
Silver Wedding Meoal,
1907

fxre
Military Cross of
Merit. 1914

66
 brb[tstuis:TholstPM

O. ofSt. Anne.
1735-96
I-..I
1848-49 War Cross,
1850
re'I
Medal for Proclamation of
Duke Fried'k. VIII, 1864

5rltfrurtburg (flntnt)

Cross of Honour Cross ofHonour, 1837 Cross of Honour

(original ribbon) (1st Class)

Medal of Honour for

War Merit. 1870

9iillfrwthurq.il&uDoldt E! t

Ofltcers'Long Service
Cross, 1850
Soldiers'Long Service
Decoration, 1867
iffi
Soldiers' Long Service
Decoration, 1867
(21 years) (15 years)

gffiffis
9ffiffi r EffiffiE
l@E%cg
Medal of Merit for Medal for Arts & Good Service Medal,
Long Service, 1853 Science, 1899 1899

$rrbfruttburg-SonDprbuugen

Campaign Medal, Military Long Service Medals for Arts &

1814- 15 Cross, 1838 Science, & Agriculture,
1846

!ffi8
:R*!a:i ,: :S : ::.+E
'ffi*t:r-E1'-14ffi
ffi5?.#+ . n F.sS
ffi:i' a# ,::;*{
Life Saving Medal, The Order ofthe Cross ofthe Faithful Service Medal, 1896
1870 Lion of Schwarzburg, Fite Brigade Service
1853 Decoration, 1895
 4S

Bu[lerh

O. of Civil Merit, 1857

(Grand Cross)

O. of Civil Merit
(Knight)

1813-15 War Medal, Long Service Cross,

1848

-
ftt",''''ffi
Military Cross of Honour
(2nd Class), 1854

Gi.,,,'-,'
Medal for Arts & General Medal of Cross ofHonour,
Science. 1857 Merit, 1878 1899

68
 Wtntttmhrrg

O. of the GoldenEagle,1702
(Knight)

O. of the Crown of Wiirttemberg, 1818

O. of the Crown of Wiirttemberg, 1g1g

(Grand Cross)

O. of the Crown O. of the Crown O. of the Crown

(Commander 1st Class) (Commander 2nd Class) (Knight)
- -

:i

Military O. of Merit Military O. of Merit

(original ribbon) (Knight)

O. ofFrederick, 1830
(Grand Cross)

O. of Frederick O. of Frederick
(Commander) (Knight)
 #
u)l6.eilfa"ol%.rEill'a"ofrh..eilh*Va"o\lrr.oo{fr uft"

Hiirtternbprq

f Civil O. of Merit.
1 806
J
O. of Olga, 1871
(for Ladies)

II
Medal for Military
Merit. 1794
Civil Medal of Merit, 1878

War Cross of Honour. Large Medal fbr Arts Small Medal for Arts
1815 & Science. 1824 & Science. 1824

Military Long Service Medal for Veterans Landwehr Long Service

Cross, 1833 of 1793 & 1815 Wars. Cross,1879
1840

Civil Medal of Merit, Medal of Merit of

1892 O. ofthe Crown, 1892

Medal bf Merit of
I
Life Saving Med al,
I
Cross of Merit.
O. ofFrederick. 1892 1897 1900

Hil
Wilhelm Cross,
1915
*l ' ll
Charlotte
1916
Cross, Fire Brigade Service
Decoration

70
A. House Order of Peter Frederick Lo'!s Oldenburg. Insignia of Knight First Class. This Order ...:-
founded on the 27th November, 1838 by the -
then Grand Duke Paul Frederick. The reverse ofthe badge
bears the armorial bearings o-f O ldenburg on a white background and the dates in the four arms are the
birthday (17thlanuary 1755), the date oJ accessionto thethrone (6thJuly 1785) and the date qfdeath (2nc
M ay I829) of Duke Peter Fredeick Louis and .finally the date qf the foundation oJ the Order (27th
November I83B). The ribbon is dark blue with a red stripe towards each edge.

B. Order of Maria Anna Saxony. This Order was.t'itunded on May 15th 1906 by King Frederick Augti::
III to be awarded to Ladies -for works of a charitable welfhre and nursing character. The Order came in on;
class onht as shown here. The cross wqs sometimes surmounted by a crown and sometimes not. The centre
has the bust of the Patron. The reverse oJ the central plaque bears the initials 'M.A.'.

C. House Order of Peter Frederick Louis Oldenburg .Insignia of Knight First Class. The obverse qf : i. .
- with the gold initials of the Grand Duke inscribed in the
badge has a central medallion in blue enamel
centre. On the suwounding dark red enamel band is written "Eine Wahrheit, ein Gott, ein Recht" (One
Truth, One God, One Right).

D& F. House Order of Saxe-Ernestine Saxony.Insignia of the Second Class. This Order, founded itt
1833, had as its
-
motto "Fideliter et Constanter" (Loyalty and constancy). The Order wus one in which
various embellishments could be conJbred-for special acts e.g. in crosses given toJoreigners the oak wreari;
round the blue band on which the motto was inscribed was omitted and when awardedfor gallantry a laure:
wreath was substituted Jbr the oak leaves and the space befr.oeen the pales of the cross Jilled with crossed
swords as here. The central medsllion of the badge bears the e-ffigy oJ Emest the Pious, while the revers.
poftrays- the Coat of Arms of Saxony. The centre of the Star is embellished with a Crown in gold and green
enamel. The ibbon is o.f a purple colour with a dark green stripe towards each edge.

E. The Order of Saxe-Ernes tine-Knight Second Class.

G. The Order of Saxe-Ernestine-Knight First Class.

72
A. Order of the Cross of the House of Lippe-Knight. This wns a joint Order awarded by both
Schuumburg-Lippe and Lippe. The Badge was an eight pointed white enamel cross with a small golden br;".
at each tip. The central plaque beqrs the red rose ofLippe on a white background. The motto ofthe Order
borne on a band of blue was "Fur Treue und Verdienst" (For Truth and Merit). The whole badge was
suspendedfrom a gold crown. The ribbonwas red and gold.

B. Cross of Merit for Ladies and Young Ladies 1870/71-Prussia. This Award was instituted on the 22nd
March 187I by King William of Prussia and is an awardfor ladies who gave assistance in hospitals and
general welJare of the wounded. The initials W and A standfor William (King) and Augusta (his Queent.
This Award was purely a feminine Award and wus worn on a bow ibbon as illustrated, similar to Biri: "
Awards to ladies. The cross is rare and nowfetches a pice in excess o.f {100. Apparently the cross was onll
bestowed in the Frunco-Prussian War and in the 1914-18 War the Red Cross medal was given instead.

C. Order of Friedrich-Wiirttemberg. Knight. This Order was founded by King William I oJ Wiirttembe.;
as a general awardfor Military and Civil services in 1838 and until 1856 came in one class only. Originallr
the Order gave personal nobility and free access to the Court. The Badge in the higher grades is a gold
rimmed white enamel cross with rays of gold in the angles. The centre medallion of the obverse has an e-l1ig.
of the King on a ground oJ dull gold. This is surrounded with a blue enamel band bearing the name oJ-the
King. The reverse has the words "Dem Verdienste" (For Merit) on the reverse and a similur blue band
carries the motto oJ the order "Gott und mein Recht" (God qnd my right). In the lower grades the obverse
bears the initial "F" surmounted by a gold crown with no blue band. The ibbon is blue and when awarde;
.t'br military merit the badge, as here, was suspendedfrom crossed swords in gold.

D.F.G.H. & J. The Order of Albert the Yalor6qs-g4y6ny.

D. Knight, First Cluss
F. Knight, Second Class
G. Star o.f Commander lst Class
H. Star of Commznder lst Class with Swords
J. Star o.f Grand Cross
This OrderwasJbunded on 31st December, 1850 by King FrederickAugustus and could be awarded-1br
merit in general and alsofor civil, military, literary or scientific merit. The insignia are attractive and the
badge consisted of an oblong white enamel cross with gold edges surrounded by a wreath o-f oak leaves but
the lower arm of the cross is longer than the other three. The centre is white and displays the gold ffig, o-f
Duke Albert. The reverse beurs the Saxon Coat of Arms in the centre suflounded by a blue enamel band in
which is placed the date qf;foundation. The motto o.f the Order was "Albertus Animosus" (Albert the
Brave). The badge is suspended from a gold crown in thefirst three grades and the insignia could be
embellished with crossed swords when awardedJor military merit. The Stars oJthe First and Second grades
bear the same centre, being placed on eight pointed andfour pointed stars respectively.

E. Honour Cross of the Order of the House of Lippe.

74
The Order of the Black Eagle Prussia. Grand Cross. This was Prussiu's highest Order and came in one
class only. Any recipient qf the- Order automatically received hereditary nobility. The Order was founded on
ITth January 1701 by Fredeick I of Prussia, previously Elector of Brandenburg, on assuming the title of
King of Prussia. The Orderwas rarely bestowed, except.for exceptional merit, on persons otherthan
members of rullng or princely Houses. Originally the members of the Order, in addition to their insignia,
wore a uniform oJ blue velvet with a cloak or mantle of aflesh colour lined with a slq-blue watered silk.
Attached to the mdntle was a train, which was long in the case of the Croin Pince if Prussia, but shon itt
the cuse of the other Knights andfastened in Jront with cords embellished with tassels. The Star of the
Order was embroidered in silver on the left side of the breast and each Knight wore q blue velvet hat to
which was attached a white plume. The insignia of the Order consisted oJ a blue enamelled octagonal cross
with the initiuls "F.R." in the centre medallion. Between each arm of the cross is placed a black eagle with
outstretched wings. The Star is eight pointed with a central plaque displaying on an orange backgroind an
outstretched black eagle with a thunderbolt in one claw and a laureltrreath in the other. This is sunounded
by a white enqmel bqnd bearing the motto qf the Order in gold letters "Suum Cuique" (To everyone his duet
The ribbon is of a watered orange silk.

76
The Order of the Red Eagle Prussia. This Order ranked second in theJinal hierarchy oJ-the Prussian
- is that oJthe Grand Cross. The Orderwas oiginallyJbunded in 1705 by
Orders. The insignia illustrated
George William the then hereditary Prince of Ansbach and Bayreuth as the "Order of Sincerity". The
original insignia'consisted of a gold cross set in diamonds and other precious stones and an example of the
badge oJ this period was recently sold at Chisties for over f3000. After undergoing considerable
re-organisation in 1734 by the then Margrave George Frederick Charles, the Orderwas re-named "The
Brandenburg Red Eagle" and membership was restricted to 30 knights who could show noble descent
through eight generations by both parents. The Order was constituted in its finalform in 1791 by Fredeick
William II and the insignia altered to the type illustrated, which continued until 1918. The motto of the
Order was " Sincere et Constanter" (Sincere and with Constancy). The Order is interesting in that there x'ere
many devices and permutations attached to the badges of the Order indicating the past history of the
recipient and his advancement within the degrees ofthe Order e.g. three golden oak leaves above the badge
where a knight ofthe second grade had been promotedfrom the third grade or a similar appendage where a
knight ofthertrst class had been promotedfrom the previous ttvo grades.

78
orderof CivilMeiitof theBavarianCrown- GrsndCross.ThisorderwasfoundedinlS0SbyKing
"to confer an honourable distinction on the
M a:cimillian Joseph and was intended according to its Statutes: by
sen,atts of the State and oi alt citizens of all cliss-es oJ society who shoild .huve distinguished themselves
personal
proninent vitues and *"rliri:' . ihn Ori", in itsfinaiform clme infour classes and con;ferred with
octagonal white ensmel cross
knighthood upon the *"iplnrt.ii" irtig"iy as itlustiated consistei of an
16 points surcounded by in oakwreathind suspeniledfrom a gold ciown. Thi middte plaque of the obverse
red inomellid band upon which is witten the motto of the
torftairted a blue and golil ,*o*n ,uoounded by a
"Virtus noros'i iClo"';;;; i.noli. The reverse shows thi effig1t of the fo-under of the order'
order ";; by a green and white
"t
The Stur is similar to tn, ,iitrrii.iion of the obverse of the badge but-ii sunounded
fliitti", light-blue wateied coloutwith white stripes to each edge'
..j"iti of tournl leaves. as heie, is of a

80
The House Order or Family Order of the Wendian Crown Mecklenburg. The insignia illustrated is,that
-
of the Grand Cross. Apart'from this grade the ordir came in three other classes and was founded on l2th
May 1864 by Grand Dukes Fredeick Franz II and Frederick William of the Duchies of
Micktenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz respectively. The Order could be awarded to both male
andfemale inemb"rs of the Ruling Housi, and when awarded to Ladies was often encrusted with dismonds.
The"Badge of the Ordir was a golil rimmed white enamel cross with gold balls at each of the eight tips. A
,o*ponlgo[d griffin appears i"nrnn, each ray of the cross_.The central plaque is of blue enamel and,bears
the Weniian Crown in gold surrounded by a red enamelled band on which is inscribed the motto of the
Order "Per Aspera id Astra" wh"n awarded by the Schwerin branch qf the Royal House, and inscibed
"Ayito -Viret Honire" when awarded by the other branch. The Badge is attached to a gold crown by the
the founders. The ibbon of the Order is blue moird.with narrow stripes of red and
initials and cyphers of"Th"
y"itii it ibbon of the Grand Criss is peculiar in that, as in the illustration, the red and
"tii.dge.
yellow stripes weie ofteh only attached.below the bow oJ the sash where it rested on the hip of the wearer and
the ribbon above this point was solely in blue.

82
A. House Order of Hohenzollern Prussia. Knight First Class. Founded on Sth December 1841 by the
-
Princes Fredeick of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaingen. The badge illus-
trated is of the second type issued ajter the Orderwss absorbed by Pntssia in 1851, when the Hohenzollem
coat of arms in the centre medallion was replaced by the Prussian Eagle.

B. This early example qf the Order Pour le Merite w as awarded to Kapitan und Quartiermeisterlieutnant
Bernhard Wilhelm Von Widerhold on 2nd December 1792. This Order, oiginally known as The Order o.f
Generosity andfounded in 1665 by Prince Charles Emil, the brother of ElectorFredeickIII, was completely
re-organised in 1740 by Frederick II of Prussia into an Order of Merit which could be awardedJor both
military and civil distinction. The nature of the Order was again changed in 1810 when it could only be givert
for military merit. Insignia of this early period are very rare.

C. House Order of Hohenzollern Prussia. Knight First Class, with Swords, awardedfor military meit.
-

D. Cross of Merit of the Wendian Crown Mecklenburg.

-
E. House Order of Hohenzollern Prussia. Kz ight First Class. This is an example of the type
-
awarded -for Civil M erit aJter the absorption of the Order by Prussia and is much rarer than the military
type. This pafticular example is beautifully enamelled and in gold. Probably awarded to a member o-f the
medical profession.

F. Another early example oJ the OrderPour le Merite Prussia.

-
G. TheOrderof theBlackEagle-Prussia theGrandCross Star, specially made.fbrKaiserWillhelm II.
This Star is cut withfacets quite diJferentJrom the usual type see illustration on puge B5.
-
H. Neck Badge of the Prussian Order Pour le Merite with Oak leaves. Such embellishment was grunted
when the Order was awarded Jor an act oJ an especially brave nature.

J. Cross of flonour-Reuss.

K. House Order of Hohenzolle m. Starof the Grand Cross, (with Sworcls) ol'thc 2nd rypc.

L. Honour Cross of thc House Order of Hohenzollern bejbre its ubsorption by Prussiu. In this Iypc ol'
insign.ia the centre medallion beurs the Coat o.f Arms oJthe House ol Hohenzollern surrountled b),u bluc
enumel band beuring the inscription "Fur Treue und Verdienst" (For loyalty und merit). The reverse hus the
initiuls ol'the co--lbunders of the Order and the dute ofits institution.

84
.1
=r-
A. The Order of the Zahringen Lion Baden..ita r of Commander, First Clsss. This Order was founded
-
in 1B12 by the Grand Duke Charles Fredeick on the anniversary o.f the christening of his wife Stephanie o7'
Beauharnais. It was so named after the House qfZahingen, who were the ancestors ofthe Princes of Baden.
The badge of the Order is similar to the centre of this Star and the rays of the lower grades of the Order are
often in green glass instead of green enamel. The motto of the Order is "Fur ehre und Wahreit" (For honour
and truth) and the ribbon is green with a gold stripe towards each edge. It is possiblefor the insignia to be
adorned with oak leaves.

B. The Order of the Crown-Pxussia. Grand Cross Star. This Order wus founded by King William I oJ
Prussia on IBth October 1861 and came infour classes. It wqs awardedfor both military and civil merit. The
Star, as here, consisted ofthe badge superimposed on an eight pointed golden star. The badge itselfwas a
gold edged white enumel cross with a central plaque portraying a gold crown. Round the medallion is a blue
band inscibed "Gott mit uns" (Godwith us). The reverse has the initials of thefounder and the date of
theJbrmation of the Order.

C. The Order of the Guelph Hanover.Knight Commander Star. This Order was founded on 12th August
1815 by George IV England- when Prince Regent and was both a British and Hanoverian Order until the
oJ
Statutes o.f the Order were revised on 20th May I B41 when the digni4t and power of the Grand M aster was
said to be permanently vested in the Crown of Hanover. The Order could be bestowed.for military and civil
merit and *-henlbr the-fbrmer, as here, the insignia was adonted with swords. The central plaque o.f the
obverse bears the White Horse of Hanover surrounded by a blue enumel band bearing the inscription "Nec
Aspera Terrent" (Dfficulties do not daunt). The reverse oJ the badge carries the initials of the.founder and
the date o.f the.foundation of the Order.

D. Order of the Crown Prussia. The illustration is of a Badge of the Grand Cross suspended on a
neck ribbon snd adomed-u,ith swords.

E. The Order of the Zahringen Lion Baden . Grand Cross Star. The Star ofthis grade was unlike the
- of an eight pointed stqr on which was imposed a centre
other insignia gfthe Order and consisted
medallion in red enamel portraying the gold rampant Lion of Zahringen.

F. The Iron Cross Prussia. Grand Cross Star. This wus the highest grade ofthe Order and was only
- last t'tvo recipients
awarded 21 times. The were Field Marshal Von Hindenburg in 191B and Reich Marshal
Hermann Giiring in 1940.

G. The Order of the White Falcon Saxe-Weimar Eisenach. Grand Cross Star. This Order was.founded
-
on 2nd August 1732 by Emest Augustus, Duke o.f Saxe-Weimar. The Star qf the Order consists oJ a white
ernntel.f alcon superimposed on a green enamel star of.four arms with gold edges. This in turn is placed
Ltpon on eight pointed star cut with brilliant.facets. The motto oJ the Order is "Ascendimus Vigilando"
(Ascend by Vigilancd which is on a blue band round the centralfigure of a-falcon.

86
A. Order of Military Merit Bavaria. Officer or Knight First Class.
-
B. Johanniter Order Prussia. Knight oJJustice. In 1382 the Grond Bailiwick or Commandry of
Brandenburg separated- from the Order of Malta ond elected its own Grand Master. A.fter many vicissitudes
during ctnd after the Reformation the Orderwas re-constituted on 23rd May, 1B12 by King Frederick
William III of Pntssia with a new Protestsnt constitution. The King was Sovereign Protector and Sole
Dispenser of the Order. The original insignia comprised q Maltese octagonal cross in white enamel with the
angles filled with Prussiun Eagles which were in black or gold depending upoh grade, and with a gold cro$'n
in the case of the higher two classes of the Order. The ribbon was oJ black wstered silk.

C. Order of Civil Merit Waldeck. Knight.

-
D. Order of Military Merit Bavaria. Communder with Swords. The Order was established on I9th Jult
1866 by King Louis II J'or -
acts of bravery which did not \rarrant the award of the Order of Maximiliun
Joseph. The Order came infive classes and the badge is s most attractive design comprising an eight pointed
blue enamel starwith goldenflames between each arm. The central medallion bears the initial of the
"M erenti" (For Merit) surrounds this on a
-fbunder in gold with a crown ubove it. Themotto of the Order
white enamel band. The reverse centre is a lion with the date I 866. The Badge is usually suspended Jrom
crossed swords when awardedJ'or military merit but can be awsrded without swords in which case the
ribbon is different. In the case oJ the Officer Class a crown is placed between the crossed swords and the
ribbon.

E. Order of the Griffin Mecklenburg. Commander. This Order was founded on 15th September 1BB4
hy the Gruntl Duke Frederick- Franz III.t''or civil or military merit. It came inJour classes and the badge
com prises a dork red enumel star with u centre medallion in dark gold on which was emblazoned a grifftn
itr u lighter gold. The motto of the Order was "Altior Adversis" (Against all odds) and this was inscibed on
u retl bund itr the centre of the Star o-fthe Order but not on the badge.

F. Order of St. Michael Bavaria. Grand Cross Star. In point of time this is one oJ the earliest German
-
Orders, having been.fbuncled os long ugo as 29th September 1693 by Joseph Clemens, Elector qf Cologne
ond Duke o.f'Bavuria. It wos originally an association oJ Nobles qf'Catholic religionJbr "dqt'bnding religion
und the honour of'God". The Order u,as completely re-organised in 1837 and became sn Order of Merit
without regard to hinh, rank or religion, being co4t'brredJbr loyalty, patiotism and distinction. The badge
is a dark blue enamel cross on which is ponrayed in the centre the.figure of the Archangel slaying the
dragon. The initials P.F.F.P. standing -fbr Principi, Fidelis, Favere, Patriae, appear in gold letters on the
arms oJthe cross which is suspendedfrom a gold crown. The Star is eight pointed. The ibbon of the.Order is
red edged with blue stripes and the motto "Quis ut Deus" (Who is like God?).

G. Order of Civil Merit - Waldeck. Commander with Swords. Founded oiginally as a Medal of Merit on
3rd July 1857 it was enlarged into an Order by Prince George Victor of Waldeck in 1871. The Order had
three cilasses and comprised an eight pointed white enamel cross on which was displayed a black and gold
star. In turn a centre medallion of white was pleced on this portraying a red cross. The badge in some cases
was suspendedJrom a gold oak leaf and swords could be sdded as in illustration (G). The ribbonwas yellov'
vtith stripes oJ red and black.

88
Group A.,42 interesting group to Peter Heine late of the Royal Saxon Grenadier Regiment. It is most
unusualtofind in a German Group the award of theLeague of Mercy, a Bfitish Decoration. The Group
compises:
St. Henry Medal. Saxony
Military Cross of Merit. Saxony
Franco- Prussian War M edal
Centenary Medal Prussia 1897
Order of Saxe-Entestinewith Swords. Knight
OrderLeague of Mercy. Great Britain

GroapB.Afine group to a German Officer-name unknown, comprising:

Wound Bad.ge 1914-1B
Pourle Meite. Prussia
Iron Cross I st Class
-
I ron Cross 2nd Class
House Order- of Hohenzollern. Prussia
Order of Red Eagle 2nd Issue
-
Orderof Military Meritwith Swords. Bavaia
Order of ZahringenLion in goldwith Swords and OakLeaf Cluster. Baden
Order of ZahringenLion in silverwith OakLeaf Cluster. Baden
Order of Albertwith Swords. Saxony
Officers Long Service Cross. Prussia

90
tr

[:
i
1l*

lft#
Hl.,
F,+

F
Group A. Group of Medals and Decorations awarded to Lt. Franz Hassel compising:
Iron Cross 2nd Clsss
- qf St.
Military Order Henry. Saxony
Order of Civil Merit. Saxony
Order oJ Albert. Saxony
1914-1918 War Medal
Long Service Cross
Centenary Medal Prussia 1897
Cross of Military Merit. Austria
Order o-f Franz Joseph. Austris

Iron Cross I st Class

Gallipoli Star. Turkey
Bulgarian Stsr 1915-17 War Seruice Cross

Group B. Group o.f Medals snd Decorations awarded to a German Air Force Pilot (name unknown) with a
long record of service compising:
3rd Reich Pilot's Badge 1939-45
Gallipoli Star. Turkey
Iron Cross lst Class
- Pilot's
Prussian Army Badge I 9 I 4- 1 B

Iron Cross 2nd Class

- of Hohenzollern. Prussia. 2nd Issue
House Order
War Cross of Merit. Hamburg 1914
Air Force Long Service Medals.
Cross of Military Merit. Austria
Imtiaz Medal 1915. Turkey
Liakat Medal 1915. Turkey

92
 :&

i.. r'
iv?
*1.- , I !
-9

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,,j:,:r, , r,&t:$.:rir. . _,
S,::.

n
 lfnlm
KINGDOMS, STATES, DUCITIES
and FREE CITIES

Alsace-Lorraine 8,12. Mark Brandenburg 8.

Anhalt 8,11,25,28,38. Mecklenburg 31,52, 53, 82,84,88.
Anhalt-Bernburg 8. Mecklenburg-Schwerin 11.
Anhalt-Dessau 8. Mecklenburg-Strelitz 11.
Anhalt-Ktithen 8. Minden Paderborn 11.
Baden r0, 2s, 28, 39, 40, 86, 90. Moravla 9.
Bavaria t0, tt,28,32,4r,42, Nassau tt,31,32,v.
43,44, 80, 88, 90. Oldenburg tt,3t, v,72.
Berg 10. Poland 13.
Bohemia 9. Pomerania 32.
Bosnia-Herzegovina 23. Posen 32.
Brandenburg 9,32. Prussia 9, 10, 11, 12,32,55,56, 57, 58,
Bremen t7,29,46. 74, 76, 78, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92.
Brunswick 11,29,45. Ravensburg 9.
Cassel 10. Reuss 11,34,59, M.
Cleves 9. Reuss-Greiz 11.
Coburg & Gotha 11. Rhenish Prussia 32.
Ducal Prussia 9. Ruhr It,32.
Essen 11. Saxe, House of 34,60,72.
Frankfurt 11,29,32,46. Saxe-Altenburg lt,34,6t.
Hamburg tt,29,46. Saxe-Coburg Gotha 34,61.
Hanseatic lrague lt,29,46. Saxe-Meiningen 11,34,62.
Hanover 11,29,32,47,86. Saxe-Weimar tt,34,62,86.
Hesse 30,48,49. Saxony ll,32,35,63,64,65,
Hesse-Cassel lt,32. 72,74,90,92.
Hesse-Darmstadt 11. Schaumburg-Lippe 1 1, 36, 66.
Hesse-Homborg 32' Schleswig 11_
Hohenlohe 30,50. Schleswig-Holstein 32,36,67.
Hohenzollern 31,32,50,84,90,92. Schwarzburg 67.
Holstein 11. Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt tt,36,67.
Hungary 9. Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen tt , 36, 67.
Jade 32. Silesia 9,I0,32.
Liechtenstein 12. Venetia 9-
Lippe tl,3l,51,74. Waldeck 11,36,68,88.
Lombardy 9. Westphalia 10,32.
Lubeck tt,29,46. Wiirttemberg lo, 12, 37 , 69, 70,74.
Mark 9.

94
 A Balfour Book, Printed and Published by Photo Precision Ltd.,
St. Ives, Huntingdon, Cambridgeshire, England

t_