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EEC-552
EXPERIMENT LIST
1 To study DSB amplitude modulation & determine its modulation factor & power in side bands.
2. To study SSB amplitude modulation & determine its modulation factor & power in side bands.
3. To study amplitude demodulation by linear diode detector.
4. To study frequency modulation and determine its modulation factor.
5. To study PLL 565 as frequency demodulator.
6. To study sampling and reconstruction of Pulse Amplitude modulation system.
7. To study the Sensitivity, Selectivity, and Fidelity characteristics of super heterodyne receiver.
8. To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation
a. using switching method
b. by sample and hold circuit
9. To demodulate the obtained PAM signal by 2nd order LPF.
10. To study Pulse Width Modulation.
11. To study Pulse Position Modulation.
12. To plot the radiation pattern of a Dipole, Yagi-uda and calculate its beam width
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 1
EXPERIMENT NO -1
OBJECT: To study DSB amplitude modulation & determine its modulation factor & power in side bands.
EQUIPMENTS: Modules ACT-01, ACT-02, Power Supply 12V D.C, CRO, Connecting Leads.
THEORY: Basically there are three forms of AM signal:
(I)AM with large carrier
(ii) DSB-SC
(iii) SSB-SC
As we know that carrier signal does not carry any information, so to transmit the AM signal with carrier is
mere wastage of transmitter power. So after modulation of base band signal, carrier of AM signal is
suppressed before its transmission over the channel. The resulting signal is DSB-SC signal.
DSB-SC signal can be produced by balanced modulator circuit .The inputs of product modulator are
message signal m(t) and the carrier wave c(t) as follows:
The output of balanced modulator is given by the product of two inputs
s (t) = c (t).m(t) =[ Ac Cos (2fct)].m (t)
where Ac = amplitude of the carrier wave
fc = frequency of the carrier wave
In DSB-SC transmitted power is saved through the suppression of the carrier wave, but the channel
bandwidth requirement is same as that of amplitude modulation.
PROCEDURE:
1. Refer to the figure and make the following connections.
2. Connect output of generator (ACT-01) OUT POST (6) to the input of balance modulator1 (ACT-02)
SIGNAL POST (2).
3. Connect output of VCO 2. (ACT-01) RF/FM OUTPUT POST (12) to the input of balance
modulator1 (ACT-01) CARRIER POST (1).
4. Connect power supply with proper polarity to the kit.
5. Carry out the following presetting:
a. Function generator: level output about 0.5VPP, frequency about 1KHz.
b. VCO2: level about 1 VPP, frequency about 450 KHz.
c. Balance modulator 1: Carrier Null completely rotated clockwise or counter clockwise, so as
unbalance the modulator and obtains an AM signal with not suppressed carrier across the
output, OUT LEVEL in fully clockwise.
d. Connect the CRO to the input of the modulator1 (POST2&1) and detect the modulating
signal and the carrier signal.
e. Move the probe from OST1 to POST3 (output of the modulator), and detect the amplitudemodulated signal. Note that the modulating signal does not correspond to the envelope of
the modulating signal.
OBSERVATIONS: Observe the waveforms of the DSB-SC signal on CRO.
Also observe the frequencies of the modulating signal and carrier signal.
RESULT: The generation of DSB-SC signal using balance modulator has been done and waveforms have
been observed on CRO.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure all connections are intact
2. Check the connections before switching ON the power supply
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 2
EXPERIMENT NO - 2
OBJECT: To study SSB amplitude modulation & determine its modulation factor & power in side bands.
EQUIPMENT: Module ACT-01, ACT-02, ACT-03, 12Vd.c.Power Supply, CRO, Connecting links.
THEORY: The AM wave consists of the three sine components: carrier, lower side band and upper side
band. The carrier takes no information, as it remains constant in amplitude as well as in frequency
independently from the modulating signal. The two side bands are exactly one of the images of the other. So
all the information can be transmitted using one side band only. This will reduce the bandwidth of the
modulated signal to half hence bandwidth of channel can be used more efficiently.
The method involves generation of a DSB-SC signal by balanced modulator. The output of balanced
modulator is given to ceramic filter to generate the SSB signal.
PROCEDURE:1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram and switch ON the power supply.
2. Carry out following presetting:
a. Function generator: level output about 0.5VPP, frequency about 10 KHz.
b. VCO1: level about 2 VPP, shifter on 1500 KHz frequency about 900 KHz.
c. VCO2: level about 1 VPP, frequency about 450 KHz.
d. Sweep: depth almost completely counters clockwise.
e. RF Detector Level completely clockwise.
f. Balance modulator 1: Carrier null in central position, so that AM signal with suppressed
carrier is obtained across the o/p level in max. Position.
g. Balance modulator 2: Carrier null in central position, so that the circuit operates as
frequency converter (Balance modulator with suppressed carrier); OUT LEVEL in max.
Position.
h. Vary the frequency of VCO2. To obtain the best waveform adjust: the deviation of SWEEP
generator (depth) fully clockwise. Vary VCO1 carrier to obtain at centre, the band pass of
ceramic filter.
i. Vary the frequency, amplitude and wave form of modulating signal and examine the o/p
spectrum.
RESULT: The single side band has been generated and its waveform has been observed.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure all the connections are intact.
2. Check the connections before switching ON the power supply.
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 3
EXPERIMENT NO - 3
OBJECT: To study amplitude demodulation by linear diode detector.
APPARATUS: Experimental kit, Oscilloscope and probes.
THEORY: A number of methods can be used to demodulate AM, but the simplest is a diode detector. It
operates by detecting the envelope of the incoming signal. It achieves this by simply rectifying the signal.
Current is allowed to flow through the diode in only one direction, giving either the positive or negative half
of the envelope at the output.
This type of detector or demodulator is called a linear envelope detector because the output is proportional to
the input envelope. Unfortunately the diodes used can introduce appreciable levels of harmonic distortion
unless modulation levels are kept low. As a result these detectors can never provide a signal suitable for high
quality applications.
OBSERVATION:
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 4
EXPERIMENT NO - 4
OBJECT: To study frequency modulation and determine its modulation factor.
EQUIPMENT: FM Trainer Kit, CRO, Connecting Leads
THEORY:
FREQUENCY MODULATION: It is the type of modulation in which the frequency of carrier signal
varies in accordance with the instantaneous value of modulating signal. The amplitude of modulated carrier
wave remains constant.
The modulation index for FM is defined as the ratio of maximum frequency deviation to modulating
frequency. In mathematical form,
mf
fm
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as shown in block diagram and switching ON the power supply.
2. Observe the carrier signal and AF signal on a dual trace CRO.
3. Connect AF signal to the modulators input and observe the modulating signal and FM output on a
dual trace CRO.
4. Calculate max. Frequency and the min. frequency from the FM output and calculate modulation
index.
OBSERVATION TABLE:S. NO.
FREQUENCY
DEVIATION
MODULATING
FREQUENCY
MODULATION
INDEX ( mf )
RESULT: The frequency modulation for varying modulation index has been studied
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure all connections are intact.
2. Check the connections before switching ON the power supply.
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 5
EXPERIMENT NO- 5
OBJECT: To study PLL 565 as frequency demodulator.
APPARATUS: PRESETS : 10k pot ICs: 810 ( audio amplifier), 565( fm demodulator) , 741 ( amplifier) ,
Resistors, Capacitors
THEORY: An IC565 PLL is used for FM demodulation. It contain voltage controlled oscillator which
produces the frequency, which is proportional to the voltage applied to it. The frequency of oscillation is
determined by resistance and capacitance at pin 8 and 9 by 4k7 preset.
The phase detector which is basically balance modulator, produce an average output voltage that is a linear
function of the phase difference between the two input signals .The frequency component is selected by the
low pass filter which also remove much of the noise. The filtered signal is given is amplified through
amplifier A and pass as a control voltage to the VCO where it result in frequency modulation of the VCO
frequency .When the loop is in lock the VCO frequency follows or track the incoming frequency .
INPUT WAVEFORM
OUTPUT WAVEFORM
RESULT:
The demodulated output with sine wave modulation at various deviations and modulating frequencies are
observed.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure all connections are intact.
2. Check the connections before switching ON the power supply
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
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EXPERIMENT NO -6
OBJECT-: To study sampling and reconstruction of Pulse Amplitude modulation system.
EQUIPMENTS:1. Sampling and reconstruction kit ST-2101
2. CRO
3. Connecting links
THEORY:- Sampling can be defined as measuring the value of an information signal at predetermined time
intervals. The rate of which the signal is sampled is known as the sampling rate or sampling frequency.
It is the major parameter, which decided the quality of, reproduce signal. If signal is sampled quit frequency
(Whose limit is specified by nyquist criteria), then it can be reproduce exactly at the receiver with no
distortion.
S sampling is a process of taking the instantaneous value of the analog information at predetermined time
interval. The analog signal is first sampled according to the nyquist criteria. Nyquist criteria states that for
faithful reproduction of the limited signal are sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency
component present in the signal.
Sampling frequency>2fm
The sampled value is the allocated binary codes, which define a narrow range of amplitude value. Each
binary word define particular amplitude level .The sampled value is then approximated to the nearest
amplitude level.
PROCEDURE:1. Connect the signal of 1 KHz frequency to the input of sample & hold circuit.
2. Keep the switch on internal condition to connect the duty cycle.
3. To reconstruct the signal pass it trough second & fourth order Butterworth filter.
OBSERVATION:1. Change the frequency of sampling frequency generator and observe the effect on sampled and hold
o/p on CRO.
2. Changes the duty cycle from duty cycle selector switch observe the effect on sampled and hold o/p
on CRO.
3. The o/p of fourth order butter worth filter is smoother than second order butter worth filter.
RESULT:-The effect of sampling rate &width of the sampling pulse has been studied.
PRECAUTIONS:1. Dont make a loose connection.
2. Check the connections before switch on the power supply.
3. Check the all switch faults carefully
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
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EXPERIMENT NO - 7
OBJECT: To study super heterodyne AM receiver & measurement of its sensitivity, selectivity & fidelity.
EQUIPMENT: Modules ACT-01, ACT-02, ACT-03, +\-12 Vd.c. Power Supply, connecting leads.
THEORY: There are basically two receivers used for AM signal: TRF receiver & Super heterodyne
receiver. At higher radio frequencies the performance of a TRF receiver becomes poor. The performance of a
receiver is improved by a technique known as heterodyning. The significant feature of the heterodyne
receiver is that incoming radio frequencies are converted into a single intermediate frequency f i by the
heterodyning mixing process. The incoming carrier frequency f c & a locally generated signal fi are mixed in
mixer, also referred to as first detector. The mixer generates the sum and difference frequencies at the output.
The difference frequency (f i- fc) is commercial radio receiver is fixed to 455 KHz. The performance of a
receiver is judged from its various features such as selectivity, sensitivity and fidelity.
FIDELITY: The ability of receiver to reproduce faithfully all the frequency components present in the base
band signal is called fidelity. If any component is missed or attenuated considerably, fidelity suffers and
reproduced signal is distorted.
SELECTIVITY: It is the ability of a receiver to reject adjacent unwanted frequencies and select the desired
frequency. It depends on the sharpness of the resonance curve of tuned circuits involved in the receiver. The
sharper the resonance curve, the better the selectivity. The sharpness of the curve depends on the Q-factor of
the tuned circuit.
The Q-factor required by a tuned circuit is given by:
Q = f r / B.W
where f r is the resonance frequency of tuned circuit & B.W is the Bandwidth of the resonance curve.
SENSTIVITY: It is the ability of a receiver to detect the weakest possible signal. A receiver with a good
sensitivity will produce more output for a similar input signal as against a receiver with poor sensitivity. The
sensitivity of a receiver is decided by the gain of its amplifying stages.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make connections according to the figure.
2. Connect the power supply with proper polarity to the kit.
3. Carry out the following presetting:a. Connect the jumpers J4, J9, J10, J12 to ACT-03 (To obtain IF Amplifier/Detector)
b. Function Generator: Sine wave (J1); Frequency about 1KHz; Amplitude about 200mV pp.
c. VCO2: LEVEL about 200mVpp; Frequency 900 KHz.
d. BALANCE MODULATOR 1: CARRIER NULL completely clockwise or counter
clockwise so to unbalance the modulator and to obtain an AM signal with not suppressed
carrier; adjust the OUT LEVEL to obtain an AM signal across the output with amplitude of
about 10mVpp.
e. VCO1: LEVEL about 0.5Vpp, Frequency about 1355KHz.
f. Set the amplitude of modulating signal to zero. Connect the CRO to the output of the mixer
(Post 3 of ACT-03).
g. Connect the CRO to the output of the IF Amplifier (POST 15 of ACT-03).
h. Connect the CRO to POST 1 and 15 of ACT-03).
i. Vary the amplitude of the RF Receiver (POST of act-03)
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 8
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Introduce modulation in the RF carrier (increase the LEVEL of the function generator of ACT-01).
2. Examine the AM signal before and after the mixer (POST1&3 of ACT-03). Check that carrier
frequencies are different.
3. Connect the CRO before and after the detector diode (POST15 and 17 of ACT-O3) and measure
the AM signal and detected the signal.
RESULT: The operation of AM Super heterodyne Receiver has been studied and its characteristics have
been observed.
PRECAUTIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 9
EXPERIMENT NO -8
OBJECT: - To study Pulse Amplitude Modulation
a. using switching method
b. by sample and hold circuit.
EQUIPMENTS:1. Pulse Amplitude Modulation Transmitter/Receiver Trainer Kit-ST_2102
2. CRO
3. Banana Connector
THEORY: - The PAM System require along information to be sampled waveform at define time intervals of
time. Sampling
Is a process of taking the instantaneous value of the analog information to be sampled at predetermined time
interval?
The analog signal is first sampled according to the SyQuest criteria. SyQuest criteria states that for faithful
reproduction of the limited signal are sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component
present in the signal.
Sampling frequency>2fm
The sampled value is the allocated binary codes, which define a narrow range of amplitude value. Each
binary word define particular amplitude level .The sampled value is then approximated to the nearest
amplitude level.The sample is then assigned a code corresponding to the amplitude level, which is then
transmitted.
This process is called as Quantization and the A/D converter generally carriers it out.The advantage of
PAM System is that it allows for multiplexing of the
signals.
Page 10
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
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EXPERIMENT NO -9
OBJECT: To demodulate the obtained PAM signal by 2nd order LPF.
APPARATUS:
THEORY: The PAM system the message is recovered by a low pass filter. The type of filter used is very
important, as the signal above the cut-off frequency would affect the recovered signal if they are not
attenuated sufficiently.
The cut-off frequency of second order butter worth filter is f=1/2 RC
OBSERVATION:
RESULT: The demodulation of PAM signal by 2nd order LPF is studied.
PRECAUTIONS:1. Dont make a loose connection.
2. Check the connections before switch on the power supply.
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
Page 12
EXPERIMENT NO -10
OBJECT-: To study the pulse width modulation.
EQUIPMENTS:1. IC-555
2. RWSISTANCE 47K,10 K,
3. CRO
4. Connecting links
5. CAPACITOR 0.01f
THEORY: - Pulse width modulation:
PWM is an analog comm. System. A Monostable multivibrator is a pulse generating ckt in which the
duration of the pulse is determined by the RC network connected externally to the 555 timers.
In a stable state the o/p of ckt is approximately 0. When an external trigger pulse is applied the o/p is go to
high. The time of output is remain high is determined by the RC network connected to the timer. At the end
of timing interval the o/p automatically invert back to its low stable state. The output stage low until the
trigger pulse is again applied. Then the cycle is repeat. Normally the output of Monostable multivibrator is
low.
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PRECAUTION:
1. Make sure all connections are intact.
2. Check the connections before switch ON the power supply.
3. Assemble the coaxial antenna mast and fixed it on the goniometer scale of the main unit.
4. Keep main unit and detector assembly at 1.5m.
5. Install folded dipole antenna on the transmitting mast and align direction and the height of both
transmitting and receiving antennas.
6. Rotate the antenna carefully.
Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
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Shri Ram Murti Smarak College of Engg. & Tech., Bareilly (U.P.)
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