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REAL NUMBERS
Exercise 1.1
Q.1. Use Euclids division algorithm to find the HCF of:

(i) 135 and 225
(ii) 196 and 38220
(iii) 867 and 255
Solution. (i) In 135 and 225, 225 is larger integer.
Using Euclids division algorithm,
[Where 135 is divisor, 90 is remainder]
225 = 135 1 + 90
Since, remainder 90 0 , by applying Eudids division algorithm to 135 and 90
135 = 90 1 + 45
Again since, remainder 45 0 , by applying Eudids division algorithm to 90 and 45
90 = 45 2 + 0
Now, the remainder is zero so, our procedure stops.
Hence, HCF of 135 and 225 is 45.
(ii) In 196 and 38220, 38220 is larger integer.
38220 = 196 195 + 0
remainder = 0
The remainder is zero so our procedure stops.
(iii) In 867 and 255, 867 is larger integer.
Using Euclids division algorithm
867 = 255 3 + 102 [Where 255 is divisor, 102 is remainder]
Since, remainder 102 0 , by applying Eudids division algorithm to 255 and 102
255 = 102 2 + 51
Since, remainder 51 0 , by applying Eudids division algorithm 102 and 51
So,
102 = 51 2 + 0
remainder = 0
The remainder is zero so our procedure stops.
Q.2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5,

where q is some integer.
CBSEPracticalSkills.com
Solution. Let a be any positive odd integer. We apply Euclids division algorithm with
a and b = 6 .
Since 0 r < 6, the positive remainders are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
i.e., a can be 6q or 6q + 1, or 6q + 2 , or 6q + 3 , or 6q + 4 , or 6q + 5 where q is the
quotient. But, a is odd so a cannot be equal to 6q, 6q + 2, 6q + 4 which are even
numbers. (divisible by 2)
Any odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5.
Q.3. An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32
members in a parade. The two groups are to march in the same number of
columns. What is the maximum number of columns in which they can march?
Solution. Total members in army are 616 and 32, 616 is larger integer i.e. 616 > 32
[Where 32 is divisor, 8 is remainder]
616 = 32 19 + 8
Since, remainder 8 0 , by applying Eudids division algorithm, we get
32 = 8 4 + 0
The remainder is zero,
Hence, the maximum numbers of columns in which both 616 members and
32 members can march is 8 columns.
Q.4. Use Euclids division lemma to show that the square of any positive integer is
either of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some integer m.
Solution. Let x be any positive integer, then it is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2 .
So
x = 3q
( x) 2 = (3q) 2 (Squaring both sides)
x 2 = 9q 2 = 3(3q 2 ) = 3m , (where m = 3q 2 )
Hence
If
x 2 = 3m
x = 3q + 1
...(i)
x 2 = (3q + 1) 2 (Squaring both sides)
x 2 = 9q 2 + 1 + 2 3q 1
x 2 = 3(3q 2 + 2q ) + 1
x 2 = 3m + 1
where,
...(ii)
m = 3q 2 + 2q
From equation (i) and (ii), we get

x 2 = 3m, 3m + 1
Square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some

integer m.
Q.5. Use Euclids division lemma to show that the cube of any positive integer is of
the form 9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
Solution. Let a be any positive integer, then it is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or 3q + 2 .
If
a = 3q
then
a 3 = 27q 3 (cubing both sides)
a 3 = 9 3q3 = 9m
...(i)
where m = (3q3 )
a = (3q + 1)
If
a3 = (3q + 1)3 (cubing both sides)
[We know (a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3a 2b + 3b 2 a ]
a3 = (3q)3 + (1)3 + 3 (3q )2 1 + 3 1 3q
a3 = 27q3 + 1 + 27q 2 + 9q
a3 = 27q3 + 27q 2 + 9q + 1
a3 = 9(3q3 + 3q 2 + q) + 1
a 3 = 9m + 1
...(ii)
Where m = 3q3 + 3q 2 + q
a = 3q + 2
If
a 3 = (3q + 2)3 (cubing both sides)
a3 = (3q)3 + (2)3 + 3 (3q ) 2 2 + 3 (2) 2 3q
a3 = 27q3 + 8 + 54q 2 + 36q
a3 = 27q3 + 54q 2 + 36q + 8
a3 = 9(3q3 + 6q 2 + 4q) + 8
a 3 = 9m + 8
...(iii)
Where m = 3q3 + 6q 2 + 4q
Hence, from equation (i), (ii) and (iii) the cube of any integer is of the form
9m, 9m + 1 or 9m + 8.
Exercise 1.2
Q.1. Express each number as a product of its prime factors:
(i) 140
(iii) 3825
(v) 7429
(ii) 156
(iv) 5005
Solution. (i) 140

140
70
35
Hence, 140 = 2 2 5 7 = 22 5 7
(ii) 156
156
78
39
13
Hence, 156 = 2 2 3 13 = 22 3 13
(iii) 3825
3825
3
1275
425
3
5
85
5
17
Hence, 3825 = 3 3 5 5 17 = 32 52 17
(iv) 5005
5005
5
1001
7
143
11
13
Hence, 5005 = 5 7 11 13
(v) 7429
7429
17
437
19
23
Hence, 7429 = 17 19 23
Q.2. Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that
LCM HCF = Product of the two numbers.
(i) 26 and 91
(ii) 510 and 92
(iii) 336 and 54
Solution. (i) 26 and 91
26 = 2 13
91 = 7 13
HCF = 13
LCM = 2 7 13 = 182
Verification:
LCM HCF = 182 13 = 2366
Product of two numbers = 26 91 = 2366
Product of two numbers = LCM HCF
(ii) 510 and 92
510 = 2 3 5 17
92 = 2 2 23
HCF = 2
LCM = 2 2 3 5 17 23 = 23460
Verification:
LCM HCF = 2 23460 = 46920
So,
336
2
54
168
2
84
2
2
27
9
3
42
21
7
(iii) 336 and 54

336 = 2 2 2 2 3 7
54 = 2 3 3 3
HCF = 2 3 = 6
LCM = 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 7 = 3024
Verification:
LCM HCF = 6 3024 = 18144

Q.3. Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime
factorisation method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
Solution. (i) 12, 15 and 21
Prime factorisation of 12 = 2 2 3
Prime factorisation of 15 = 3 5
HCF of 12, 15 and 21 = 3
LCM of 12, 15 and 21 = 2 2 3 5 7 = 420
17
1
23
17
29
23
29
(ii) 17, 23 and 29

HCF of 17, 23 and 29 = 1
LCM of 17, 23 and 29 = 1 17 23 29 = 11339
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
8
2
9
4
25
3
Prime factorisation of 8 = 1 2 2 2
HCF of 8, 9 and 25 = 1
LCM of 8, 9 and 25 = 2 2 2 3 3 5 5 = 1800
Q.4. Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (306, 657).
Solution. We know that, HCF LCM = Product of the two numbers
HCF (306, 657) = 9 (given)
9 LCM = 306 657
306 657
= 22338
LCM =
9
Q.5. Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Solution. Let number 6n end with the digit 0 for any n N . Then, 6n will be divisible
by 5. But, prime factors of 6 are 2 and 3.
Prime factor of (6) n are (2 3) n
So, it is clear that in prime factorisation of 6n there is no 5.
By the uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, every composite

number can be expressed as a product of primes and this factorisation is unique, apart
from the order in which the prime factors occur.
Hence, there exists no any natural number n for which 6n ends with the digit zero.
Q.6. Explain why 7 1113 + 13 and 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 + 5 are composite
numbers.
Solution. 7 1113 + 13 = 13 ( 7 11 + 1) = 13 78 ,
which is not a prime number because it has more than two factors. So, it is a
composite number.
And,
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 + 5 = 5 ( 7 6 4 3 2 + 1) = 5 1009 ,
which is not a prime number because it has more than two factors. So, it is also a
composite number.
Q.7. There is a circular path around a sports field. Sonia takes 18 minutes to drive
one round of the field, while Ravi takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they
both start at the same point and at the same time, and go in the same direction.
After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?
Solution. Time taken by Sonia to drive one round of the field = 18 minutes.
Time taken by Ravi to drive one round of the field = 12 minutes.
2
2
3
3
18, 12
9, 6
9, 3
3, 1
1, 1
So, LCM of 18 and 12 = 2 2 3 3 = 36

Hence, they will meet again at the starting point after 36 minutes.
Exercise 1.3
5 is irrational.
Q.1. Prove that

Solution. Let
5 is rational.
r
(where, r and s are integers and s 0)
s
Where r and s have no common factor except 1.
Now by squaring both sides, we get
5=
r
( 5) =
s
5=
r2
s2
r 2 = 5s 2
...(i)
5 is a factor of r 2
Since, 5 is a prime number, if 5 divides r2, then, 5 also divides r.
r = 5n, where n is an integer.
Let
r = 5n in equation (i), we get,
Put
(5n) 2 = 5s 2
25n 2 = 5s 2
s 2 = 5n 2
5 is a factor of s 2 . As, 5 is a prime number, 5 also divides s.

So, 5 is a common factor of r and s. But it contracts the facts that r and s has only
one common factor i.e. 1.
Hence,
5 is an irrational number.
Q.2. Prove that 3 + 2 5 is irrational.

Solution. Let 3 + 2 5 is a rational number.
Then we can find coprime numbers a and b.

a
Such that 3 + 2 5 =
b
a
2 5 = 3
b
5=
So,
(where b 0 )
1 a
3 is rational
2 b
5 is rational.
But it contracts the fact that
5 is irrational
Hence, 3 + 2 5 is irrational.
Q.3. Prove that the following are irrationals:
1
(i)
(ii) 7 5
2
(iii) 6 + 2
Solution. (i) Let
So,
1
2
1
a
= , where a and b are co-prime and b 0.
2 b
b
= 2
a
b=a 2
b
is a rational i.e,
a
But it contracts the fact that

1
Hence,
is irrational.
2
2 is rational.
2 is irrational.
(ii) Let 7 5 is a rational.
a
where a and b are co - prime and b 0.
b
a
5=
7b
a
Since a and b are integers,
is rational, and 5 is also rational. But, it contracts
7b
the fact that 5 is irrational.
7 5=
Hence, 7 5 is irrational.
(iii) Let 6 + 2 is rational.
a
6 + 2 = where a and b are co - prime and b 0.
b
a
2 = 6
b
a
a
Since, is rational so, 6 is rational, also 2 is rational. But it is a
b
b
contractation as 2 is irrational.
Hence, 6 + 2 is irrational.
Exercise 1.4
Q.1. Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following
rational numbers will have a terminating decimal expansion or a nonterminating repeating decimal expansion:
13
17
(i)
(ii)
3125
8
64
15
(iii)
(iv)
455
1600
29
23
(v)
(vi) 3 2
343
2 5
10
(vii)
129
2 2 57 7 5
35
(ix)
50
Solution. (i) Let x =
13
13
= 5
3125 5
Comparing equation (1) with x =
(viii)
6
15
(x)
77
210
...(1)
p
, we get p = 13 and q = 55
q
Here q is of the form 2n 5m (n = 0, m = 5)
13
have a terminating decimal expansion.
3125
17 17
...(i)
(ii) Let x =
=
8 23
p
Comparing equation (2) with x = , we get p = 17 and q = 23
q
Thus, x =

Thus, x =
(iii) Let x =
17
8
64
64
=
455 5 7 13
...(3)
p
, we get p = 64 and q = 5 7 13
q
Here q is not of the form 2n 5m

64
has a non-terminating repeating decimal expansion.
Thus, x =
455
15
15
= 6 2
(iv) Let x =
...(4)
1600 2 5
p
, we get p = 15 and q = 26 52
q
15
having a terminating decimal expansion.
1600
29 29
(v) Let x =
...(5)
=
343 73
Thus, x =
11
p
, we get p = 29 and q = 73
q

29
having a non-terminating decimal expansion.
Thus, x =
343
23
(vi) Let x = 3 2
...(6)
25
p
Comparing equation (6) with x = , we get p = 23 and q = 2352
q
Thus, x =
(vii) Let x =
23
2352
129
2257 75
...(7)
p
, we get p = 129 and q = 2557 75
q

129
Thus, x = 2 7 5 have a non-terminating decimal expansion.
2 5 7
6 2
(viii) Let x = =
...(8)
15 5
p
Comparing equation (8) with x = , we get p = 2 and q = 5 = 20 51
q
6
15
35 7
=
(ix) Let x =
...(9)
50 10
p
Comparing equation (9) with x = , we get p = 7 and q = 10 = 21 51
q
Thus, x =
7
10
77 11
=
...(10)
(x) Let x =
210 30
Thus, x =
12
p
, we get p = 11 and q = 30 = 21 31 51
q

77
have a non-terminating decimal expansion.
Thus, x =
210
Q.2. Write down the decimal expansions of those rational numbers in Question 1
above which have terminating decimal expansions.
Solution. From question 1, above, we know that only (i), (ii), (iv), (vi), (viii) and (ix)
have terminating decimal expansions.
x=
(i)
13
13
= 5
3125 5
13 25
x=
x=
x=
13
= x = 0.00416
3125
17 17
x=
=
8 23
(ii)
(Multiply and divide by 25 )
5 2
13 32
5
(2 5)5
416
(10)5
416
100000
17 53
x=
x=
x=
x = 2.125
17
= x = 2.125
8
15
x=
1600
15
(Multiply and divide by 54 )
x= 6 2
2 5
(iv)
(Multiply and divide with 53 )
2 5
17 125
3
(2 5)3
2125
(10)
2125
1000
13
15 54
x=
x=
x=
x=
So,
15
= x = 0.009375
1600
(vi)
So,
(viii)
So,
(ix)
So,
26 52 54
15 625
x=
26 56
9375
(2 5)6
9375
(10)
23
9375
= 0.009375
1000000
23 5
115
2352 23 52 5 23 53
115
115
x=
=
= 0.115
3
1000
(2 5)
23
= x = 0.115
2352
6 2
x= =
15 5
x=
2 21
2 5
1
4
= 0.4
10
6
= x = 0.4
15
35 7
7
x=
=
= 1 1
50 10 2 5
7
7
x=
=
= 0.7
1
(2 5)
(10)1
35
= x = 0.7
50
Q.3. The following real numbers have decimal expansions as given below. In each
case, decide whether they are rational or not. If they are rational, and of the
p
form , what can you say about the prime factors of q?
q
(i) 43.123456789
(ii) 0.120120012000120000...
(iii) 43.123456789
14
Solution. (i) Let x = 43.123456789

...(i)
It is clear from the number that x is a rational number.
43123456789
x=
1000000000
43123456789
...(ii)
x=
109
From equation (ii) we see that x is a rational number and of the form
where
p
.
q
p = 43123456789 and q = 109 = 25 59
Prime factors of q are 29 59
(ii) Let x = 0.120120012000120000...

Since x neither terminating nor non-terminating repeating. So, is it is an irrational
number.
(iii) Let x = 43.123456789
...(1)
It is clear that the given number is a rational number because it is a
non-terminating and repeating decimal.
Multiply equation (i) with 109 on both sides, we get
1000000000x = 43123456789.123456289
(2)
Subtracting (i) from (2), we get
1000000000 x = 43123456789.123456789...
x = 43.123456789...

999999999 x = 43123456746
x=
43123456746
999999999
Which is a rational number of the form
x=
x=
p
.
q
4791495194
, where p = 4791495194 and q = 111111111
111111111
4791495194
32 (12345679)
Which is not of the form 2n 5m , n, m I .
15

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CBSEPracticalSkills.

Q.1. Use Euclids division algorithm to find the HCF of:

Q.2. Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 5,

( x) 2 = (3q) 2 (Squaring both sides)

x 2 = (3q + 1) 2 (Squaring both sides)

From equation (i) and (ii), we get

Square of any positive integer is either of the form 3m or 3m + 1 for some

a 3 = 27q 3 (cubing both sides)

a3 = (3q + 1)3 (cubing both sides)

[We know (a + b)3 = a 3 + b3 + 3a 2b + 3b 2 a ]

a3 = (3q)3 + (1)3 + 3 (3q )2 1 + 3 1 3q

a 3 = (3q + 2)3 (cubing both sides)

a3 = (3q)3 + (2)3 + 3 (3q ) 2 2 + 3 (2) 2 3q

a3 = 27q3 + 8 + 54q 2 + 36q

a3 = 27q3 + 54q 2 + 36q + 8

Solution. (i) 140

Product of two numbers = LCM HCF

(ii) 510 and 92

Product of two numbers = LCM HCF

(iii) 336 and 54

Product of two numbers = LCM HCF

(ii) 17, 23 and 29

So, it is clear that in prime factorisation of 6n there is no 5.

By the uniqueness of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, every composite

So, LCM of 18 and 12 = 2 2 3 3 = 36

Q.1. Prove that

5 is a factor of s 2 . As, 5 is a prime number, 5 also divides s.

Q.2. Prove that 3 + 2 5 is irrational.

Then we can find coprime numbers a and b.

But it contracts the fact that

But it contracts the fact that

(ii) Let 7 5 is a rational.

Solution. (i) Let x =

Comparing equation (1) with x =

Here q is of the form 2n 5m (n = 0, m = 5)

Here q is of the form 2n 5m (n = 3, m = 0)

Comparing equation (3) with x =

Here q is not of the form 2n 5m

Here q is of the form 2n 5m (n = 6, m = 2)

Here q is not of the form 2n 5m

have a terminating decimal expansion.

Comparing equation (7) with x =

Here q is not of the form 2n 5m

Here q is of the form 2n 5m (n = 1, m = 1)

Comparing equation (10) with x =

Here q is not of the form 2n 5m

(Multiply and divide by 25 )

(Multiply and divide with 53 )

Solution. (i) Let x = 43.123456789

p = 43123456789 and q = 109 = 25 59

Prime factors of q are 29 59

(ii) Let x = 0.120120012000120000...

Which is a rational number of the form

Which is not of the form 2n 5m , n, m I .

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