Biologi lingkungan

Palembang;
Kota yang tergenang air
JELAJAH MUSI 2010
KOMPAS 17-03-10
KOMPAS 10.09.09 KAMIS
Pengemudi terpaksa memperlambat laju kendaraannya saat melewati lokasi kebakaran lahan di
pinggir jalan lintas timur Sumatera Kilometer 29 dari Palembang ke Indralaya, Rabu (9/9).
Kebakaran lahan puluhan hektar itu menyebabkan lalu lintas terganggu.
Berita di halaman 23
KOMPAS .09.09
Asap juga mengganggu transportasi
Darat, Udara dan Laut di Kalimantan
KOMPAS 01.10.09 KAMIS
Warga melihat reruntuhan bangunan akibat gempa berkekuatan 7,6 SR yang mengguncang Kota
padang Sumatera Barat, Rabu (30/9)
75 Orang lebih tewas, Ratusan bangunan runtuh.
KOMPAS 01.10.09 KAMIS
Warga melihat reruntuhan bangunan akibat gempa berkekuatan 7,6 SR yang mengguncang Kota
padang Sumatera Barat, Rabu (30/9)
75 Orang lebih tewas, Ratusan bangunan runtuh.
Biologi Lingkungan
KUA 604
1. Studying The Environment
2. The Ecology of Natural System
3. The Growth of Human Population
4. Food Production & World Hunger
5. Land Use
6. Extinction & Genetic Resources
7. Sources of Energy
8. Use of Energy & The Consequences
9. Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
10. Water Resources
11. The Environment & Human Health
12. Control of Pests and Weeds
13. Water Pollution
14. Air Pollution
15. Solid Wastes
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
Since most environmental issues deal with human activities, studies of economics, law and social

sciences are often applied in conjunction with environmental science.

.
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
Environmental science encompasses issues such as climate change,conservation, biodiversity, water
quality, groundwater contamination , soil contamination, use of natural resources, waste
management, sustainable development, disaster reduction, and air pollution.
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
While the environment has been studied for at least as long as there has been science, the recent
interest in putting the pieces of understanding together to study environmental systems has come
alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation starting in the 1960s and 1970s.
Environmental Science
The role of environmental science
This has been driven by the need for a large multi-disciplined team to analyze complex
environmental problems, the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific
environmental protocols of investigation, and growing public awareness of a need for action in
addressing environmental problems.
Environmental Science
Components
Atmospheric sciences study the Earth's atmosphere with an emphasis upon its interrelation to other
systems. Atmospheric sciences comprisemeteorological studies, greenhouse gas phenomena,
atmospheric dispersion modeling of airborne contaminants,[3][4] sound propagation phenomena
related to noise pollution, and even light pollution.
Environmental Science
Components
Taking the example of the global warming phenomena, physicists createcomputer models of
atmospheric circulation and infra-red radiation transmission, chemists examine the inventory of
atmospheric chemicals and their reactions, biologists analyze the plant and animal contributions to
carbon dioxide fluxes, and specialists such as meteorologists and oceanographersadd additional
breadth in understanding the atmospheric dynamics.
Environmental Science
Components
Ecology studies typically analyse the dynamics of biological populations and some aspect of their
environment. These studies might address endangered species, predator/prey interactions, habitat
integrity, effects upon populations by environmental contaminants, or impact analysis of proposed
land development upon species viability.
Environmental Science
Components
An interdisciplinary analysis of an ecological system which is being impacted by one or more
stressors might include several related environmental science fields. For example one might
examine an estuarine setting where a proposed industrial development could impact certain species
by water pollution and air pollution.
Environmental Science
Components
For this study biologists would describe the flora and fauna,chemists would analyze the transport of
water pollutants to the marsh,physicists would calculate air pollution emissions and geologists
would assist in understanding the marsh soils and bay muds.
Environmental Science
Components
Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical alterations in the environment. Principal areas of
study include soil contamination and water pollution.

Environmental Science
Components
The topics of analysis involve chemical degradation in the environment, multi-phase transport of
chemicals (for example, evaporation of a solvent containing lake to yield solvent as an air
pollutant), and chemical effects upon biota.
Environmental Science
Components
As an example study, consider the case of a leaking solvent tank which has entered the soil
upgradient of a habitat of an endangered species of amphibian. As a method to resolve or to
understand the extent of soil contamination, and subsurface transport of solvent, a computer model
would be implemented.
Environmental Science
Components
Chemists would then characterize the type(s) of molecular bonding of the solvent to the specific soil
type and biologists would study the impacts upon soil arthropods, plants and ultimately pond
dwelling copepods who are the food of the endangered amphibian.
Environmental Science
Components
Geosciences include environmental geology, environmental soil science, volcanic phenomena and
evolution of the Earth's crust. In some classification systems this can also include hydrology,
including oceanography.
Environmental Science
Components
As an example study of soils erosion, calculations would be made of surface runoff by soil
scientists. Hydrologists would assist in examining sediment transport in overland flow. Physicists
would contribute by assessing the changes in light transmission in the receiving waters. Biologists
would analyze subsequent impacts to aquatic flora and fauna from increases in water turbidity.
Environmental Science
Regulations driving the studies
In the U.S. the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 set forth requirements for
analysis of major projects in terms of specific environmental criteria.
Environmental Science
Regulations driving the studies
Numerous state laws have echoed these mandates, applying the principles to local scale actions. The
upshot has been an explosion of documentation and study of environmental consequences before
the fact of development actions.
Environmental Science
Regulations driving the studies
One can examine the specifics of environmental science by reading examples of Environmental
Impact Statements prepared under NEPA such as:Wastewater treatment expansion options
discharging into the San Diego/Tiajuana Estuary, Expansion of the San Francisco International
Airport, Development of the Houston, Metro Transportation system, Expansion of the metropolitan
Boston MBTA transit system, and Construction of Interstate 66 through Arlington, Virginia.
Environmental Science
Regulations driving the studies
In England and Wales the Environment Agency (EA),[5] formed in 1996 is a public body for
protecting and improving the environment and enforces the regulations listed on the communities
and local government site.[6] (formerly the office of the deputy prime minister). The Agency was
set up under the Environment Act 1995 as an independent body and works closely with UK

Government to enforce the regulations.

Environmental Science
Terminology
In common usage, "environmental science" and "ecology" are often used interchangeably, but
technically, ecology refers only to the study of organisms and their interactions with each other and
their environment.
Environmental Science
Terminology
Ecology could be considered a subset of environmental science, which also could involve purely
chemical, or public health issues (for example) ecologists would be unlikely to study. In practice,
there is considerable overlap between the work of ecologists and other environmental scientists.
Environmental Science
EKOLOGI
Kimball, J.W. 1983. Biology
Ecology : The Biology of Populations and Environment
Aliran Energi Dalam Biosfer : Input energi, Produktivitas ekosistem, Rantai makanan, Aliran energi
dalam rantai makanan, Biomasa, Api, Suksesi, Ekosistem aquatik.
EKOLOGI
Kimball, J.W. 1983. Biology
Ecology : The Biology of Populations and Environment
2. Siklus Material Dalam Biosfer : Siklus C,O,N,S,P dan mineral lain; Tehnik analisis, Air dan
Biospher, Siklus dan properties air, Tanah, Prospek penambahan pertanian.
EKOLOGI
Kimball, J.W. 1983. Biology
Ecology : The Biology of Populations and Environment
3. Pertumbuhan populasi: populasi manusia, Prinsip pertumbuhan populasi, Cek densitas
independen pertumbuhan populasi, Kompetisi makanan, reproduksi, migrasi, predasi dan
parasitisme; Daya dukung lingkungan; strategi r dan k (carrying capacity k; laju r dan waktu
t)
EKOLOGI
Kimball, J.W. 1983. Biology
Ecology : The Biology of Populations and Environment
4. Interaksi Antar Spesies : Predasi, parasitisme, Komensalisme, Mutualisme (simbiose), Kompetisi
interspesifik, Koeksistensi spesies.
EKOLOGI
Kimball, J.W. 1983. Biology
Ecology : The Biology of Populations and Environment
5. EKOLOGI MANUSIA I
Mortality : Famine, War and Pestilence
Parsitism : invading the Host
Host Resistence to Parasites
Interfering with the Transmission of Parasites
Density dependence of human parasites
Chemotherapy
Antibiotics
Passive Immnunity
Public Health Measures
EKOLOGI
Kimball, J.W. 1983. Biology
Ecology : The Biology of Populations and Environment
6. EKOLOGI MANUSIA II
The Carrying Capacity of Environment

The Hazards of Monoculture

Early Pest Control Techniques
DDT
The Organnophosphates and Carbamates
Third-generation Pesticides
Biological Controls
Breeding Resistant Species
Other Approaches to Pest Control
The Sterile Male Technicue
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
Perubahan Cara Hidup :
Masyarakat Pemburu dan Pengumpul
(Mns di dalam alam I)
Masyarakat Pemburu dan Pengumpul
(Mns di dalam alam II)
c. Masyarakat Pertanian (Manusia menentang alam)
d. Masyarakat Industri (Manusia menentang alam)
e. Masyarakat Lengkap (Manusia bersama alam)
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL
(Mns di dalam alam I)
Apakah manusia akan punah? (William Farry)
Merubah pola perilaku
Peran perubah alam 2 juta tahun yang lalu, populasi kecil, shg perubahan tidak berarti, SUMBER
ENERGI OTOT
Manusia yang pernah hidup (90% PP-I, 6% petani, 4% industri t)
Perubahan dramatik dalam 10.000 tahun, sekarang hanya 1% PP-I
Kurva J : penambahan populasi, konsumsi, pencemaran (PP-Pt-Ind)
Primitif : satu masalah pokok kelangsungan hidup
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
Tiga macam adaptasi cultural utama Inteligensi
Penggunaan alat : berburu, mengumpulkan makanan/ pakaian
Dalam lingkungan permusuhan : organisasi sosial
Penggunaan bahasa : efisiensi, kerjasama, pewarisan ilmu
Karateristik :
Arawak di Hutan Equatorial, Amerika Selatan
Penggunaan situs hewan/ tumbuhan tertentu
Suku-suku, migrasi, Alat penggali/ penggerek
Suku Pygmy : makanan utama buah/ tumbuhan, dikumpulkan wanita, bukan pemburu yang
efisien.
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
b. MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II)
Alat dan bahasa lebih berkembang
Penggunaan api merusak lingkungan
Penggunaan kapak batu menebang pohon
Penggunaan tombak runcing efisiensi berburu
Area berburu lebih luas Kutub : rusa kutub, mammoth, bison
b. MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II)
Spesialisasi buruan besar, domestikasi (kumpul biji, buah, umbi, kacang)
Pleistosen akhir (Es) hewan besar punah iklim dan manusia : 70% mammoth & mastodon punah
(migrasi Homo sapiens)
Fosil dekat alat, Api untuk halau buruan penggiringan : di Solutre Perancis ditemukan fosil

100.000 kuda.
Api Vegetasi padang perburuan (Indian, Amerika Utara Rusa)
b. MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL (Mns di dalam alam II)
Savana tropik : Afrika dan Chapanal Mediterania : pembakaran berulang
Perubahan lebih luas, mempengaruhi lingkungannya, menuju manusia menentang alam, namun
populasi masih kecil, dampak belum berarti secara global atau regional, dan sifat populasi tersebar.
Tidak ada kasus malnutrisi atau kelaparan
MASYARAKAT PEMBURU PENGUMPUL
(Mns di dalam alam II)
Mortalitas : infeksi, infantisida, gerontisida, perang
Kalahari Afrika : kerja 20 jam/ minggu, 50% waktu untuk istirahat
Diet 23 spesies tumbuhan dan 17 spesies daging (lebih baik dari masyarakat petani)
SUDAH ADA EKSPLOITASI LINGKUNGAN
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
c. MASYARAKAT PENGGEMBALA/ PETANI (Mns menentang alam)
10.000-12.000 tahun yll, (Mesopotamia)
Evolusi kultural (pengumpul produsen, kultivasi dan domestikasi)
Perusakan lebih luas : Hutanm Savana rumput ternak
Degradasi nutrien infertile
Tumbuhan biji : gandum, barley, padi
Peralatan bajak
Sistem : irigasi, sengkedan, kontur
c. MASYARAKAT PENGGEMBALA/ PETANI (Mns menentang alam)
Surplus makanan : populasi tambah cepat perusakan meluas
Urbanisasi : 5000 SM 200 M : Sumeria, Babilonia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Mesir, Yunani, Roma
Pewarisan Alam Tandus
Masalah :
Salinasi, kepunahan, erosi, polusi, parasit, hama baru
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
d. MASYARAKAT INDUSTRI (Manusia menentang alam)
Energi otot kimia, oil, coel, gas dan mineral
Polusi udara, air, darat; DDT food chain, Hg/ Pb, pupuk, sampah padat
Energi atom : polusi panas, sampah radioaktif
Teknologi : bencana ekologi, material dan psykologi
Hidup monoton, diversifikasi berkurang, teknologi unt teknologi, mengatur aturannya sendiri
populasi, konsumsi, SD
Peran Manusia Sebagai Perusak Lingkungan (Miller, 1975)
e. MANUSIA BERSAMA ALAM
Manusia terbatas : Hanya Satu Bumi
Potensi adaptasi : kerjasama (Alland, 1972);
Sebagai Anggota Suku Bangsa Global
Human Ecology I : Pestilence
(Kimball, 1983)
Mortality : Famine, War and Pestilence
Parsitism : invading the Host
Host Resistence to Parasites
Interfering with the Transmission of Parasites
Density dependence of human parasites
Chemotherapy
Antibiotics

Passive Immnunity
Public Health Measures
Human Ecology II : Competing For Food
(Kimball, 1983)
The Carrying Capacity of Environment
The Hazards of Monoculture
Early Pest Control Techniques
DDT
The Organnophosphates and Carbamates
Third-generation Pesticides
Biological Controls
Breeding Resistant Species
Other Approaches to Pest Control
The Sterile Male Technicue
1. Mortalitas : Kelaparan, perang, penyakit (wabah)
Swedia : Laju penambahan natural 1860-1980 0,2% - 0,1%
Mortalitas dipengaruhi :
- Kapasitas limit lingk : heterotroph, suppy makanan
- Efisiensi predator : meet (makanan)
- Inefisiensi parasit : kematian host
Human :
- Agriculture + ternak efisiensi
- Farm, cultivasi, fertilizer, pestisida, irigasi
- Tahun 1900 80:20, sekarang 5:95
- Kesehatan : sanitasi, imunisasi, antibiotik & khemoterapi
Pestisida : parasit reduksi kematian
- DDT Ceylon 1945 (22/1000) 1946 (10/1000)
2. Parasitisme
Cacing, protozoa, bakteri, fungi, virus
Multiple (setiap sel) : virus, bakteri, protozoa
Canal alimentary jaringan host : cacing, bakteri, protozoa
Insekta : ektoparasit, formidable barrier : sel keratin (klt), peptidoglycan (digest), cornea (tears)
Silia sel phagocytic : macrophage
- Sekresi Ig.A antibodi: respon imun, ph rendah (gastric)
Bakteri dalam Canal alimentary: aktivitas sel phagozytic, barrier imun Ig.A
Faktor yang mempengaruhi kehadiran parasit :
- jumlah parasit, kondisi alam, ketahanan host dan mekanisme perlawanan alami
3. Resistensi Host terhadap parasit
Parasit mekanisme defensif host
Bakteri sel jaringan pelipatan
pelepasan substansi, akumulasi lymph
phagocytic, polypeptida kinin
Serum albumin, histamin, fibrin histmin
Respon : inflamasi akut : nodus lymph fixed phagocytic, gland swollen : groin, neck, armpit, sinus
spleen (intestinum), liver
Produksi antibody : pnemonia antipneumococcal
Respon sekunder : parasit malaria antigen determinan
Tripanosoma, schistosoma
Virus interferon agen antivirus

(tidak spesifik untuk semua virus)

Sintesis protein/ RNA
4. Transmisi parasit
Host intermediate host Host :
inhalasi, defekasi, membran (mucus) : spirochaeta
Intermediate host : mesin efisien reproduksi
Chlorinasi penyakit intestinal (tcd)
DDT 1943, 1944 typhus fever, insekta (malaria)
5. Dependensi densitas
Imunisasi (salk vaccine, 1950), Sabin vaccine (1960), Polio
Imunisasi campak (90%), rebella (80%), diptheria 1916-1960 50% anak-anak di Wales imun
Kekeuatan dep. Dens survive dalam populasi
Epidemi, migrasi Australia Selatan (1916-1920) Measles
6. Kemoterapi
Sulfa + Antibiotik (PD II)
Blok transport electron dalam ez. Cytocrome dng Sianida
Sulfanilamide Streptococcus, Spirochaeta (1910,1912)
PABA Para Amino Benzoic Acid Bakteri
Chloroquinex (worm, protozoa), Methiszone (virus), Amantadine hydrochlorine (virus influenza)
7. Antibiotik
Sekresi fungi/ bakteri (inhibitor growth)
Penicillin (Flemming), Chloromycetin, Aureomycin, Terramycin blok sintesa peptidoglikan (dd
bakteri)
8. Imunisasi pasif
Antiserum, antitoxin (tetanus)
9. Outlook
Mutasi parasit, Resistensi, Infektan baru
46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan)
Daya Dukung Lingkungan : Agroteknologi
Pengembangan yang bernilai tinggi
Efisiensi lahan
Fertilisasi, irigasi + kapasitas lingkungan
dalam jangka pendek (+), jangka panjang (-)
Dampak terhadap ekosistem : etrofikasi, deplesi SD fosil, erosi tanah, dll.
Contoh dampak: insekta wereng, belalang, kutu loncat, dll.
Monokultur
Penambahan kapasitas lingkungan unt dukung kompetisi terhadap tanaman
Pertumbuhan eksponensial pest
Polykultur : sistem perakaran, foliasi, eksploitasi strata SD, kompetisi antar tanaman direduksi
Produktivitas max (biomassa) tercapai, reduksi pest
46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan)
Pembasmian Hama
Awal manual langsung, nikotin (insektisida)
Substansi anorganik : Arsen, Pyretrum, Rotenone
Fungi : copper sulfat, mercurichloride, sulfur
Weed : kontrol mekanik sodium arsen
Pestisida : toxis tinggi, jg thd non target, resistensi
residu terakumulasi dalam tanah/ crop
DDT
PD II (1930) Penicillin, 1943/ 1944 typus sulfa drug
Predator (crop), vector (malaria), Yellow fever (nyamuk), pes (lalat)
1963 Ceylon (+), 1946 Swedia : resistensi (100 sp insek)

Chlorinasi hidrokarbon, Methoxychlor

Generasi baru : aldrin, dieldrin, endrin : resisten, sangat toxis, juga pada manusia (hewan),
tersimpan lama di lingkungan
31 Desember 1972 DDT tidak boleh di US: mempengaruhi biospher, reduksi populasi nontarget,
dan rsistensi pest
DDT terakumulasi dalam jaringan (darah, lemak)
Akumulasi dalam piramida rantai makanan :
Produsen (0.04), kons primer (0.23), Kons sekd (2.07), kons tersier (13.8)
Contoh reduksi cangkang telur (Falcon, Hawk) 3,3 21,7 %
46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan)
Organofosfat & Carbamat
PD II : Gas syaraf hambat aktivasi acetylcolin (enzim)
Parathion : 30X lebih toxic dari DDT, kasus keracunan 1968 (300) mati 17 Mexico, 360 kasus
102 mati (India)
Carbamat (Carbaryl = Sevin) inhibitor acetylcolin : persistensi (-) cepat terdegradasi, insekta
resisten, hambat sintesa chitin.
Diflubenzuron (Dimilin) hambat sintesis telur insekta (chitin), toksisitas thd vertebrata rendah,
efektif thd fungi.
Pestisida Generasi III
Juvenil Hormon (JH), insektisida (1976) William SB anti JH activity hambat metamorphosis
Kontrol Biologis
Mites, Beetle Predator : Chrysolina (beetle); Aphid (lamtoro) Hawaii kutu loncat.
Parasit : Bacillus thuringiensis (moth) - Kapas BT
46. Ekologi Manusia II (Kompetisi Makanan)
Breeding Resistent Species
Tomat (fungus) 30 varietas, padi, jagung, barley
Pendekatan lain thd hama
Repellants unpalatable predator
Atractan Mates Sex Atractan, male confusions
Communication disreption dorman/ diapause : photoperiodic kontrol artificial
Tehnik Jantan Mandul
1958 Sterilisasi (radiasi), introduksi kromosom abnormal.
Masa Yang Akan Datang
Renewable resources
Fotosintesa;
Cannot renewable : metal, ores, oil, coal.