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W4V16 - Process p. 1
IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / TOTAL SA 2015 / IFP Training 2015
Introduction
We have seen how the fluid is produced and transported from the well heads to the inlet of
the process. Now, lets describe the processing unit.
During this lesson, we will focus on a typical processing plant, the fluid feeding this plant and
the final products obtained.
Then, we will describe more specifically the oil treatment, followed by the gas and the water
treatments.
W4V16 - Process p. 2
IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / TOTAL SA 2015 / IFP Training 2015
Oil treatment
Lets focus on the oil. Lets consider one by one 3 specific components of it :
1. the light ends fraction,
2. the water and salt,
3. and the hydrogen sulfide.
Why and how to remove them?
The oil produced at the outlet of the process unit is stored in tanks, transported in pipelines
or tankers in safe conditions. For that, the amount of evaporated oil during this part of the
production chain has to be reduced: it is necessary to remove most of the dissolved light
ends from the effluent.
In practice, stabilization (or degassing) is the process which removes dissolved gas from
crude oil.
Most often, water or brine (salt water) is present in the crude oil as free water and/or as
emulsion.
Chlorides present in the brine are very corrosive for the steel equipment, such as the
flowlines, the pipelines, tanks, and so on.
It is the case for hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.
To conclude, water, salt and acid gases have to be removed from the effluent.
W4V16 - Process p. 3
IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / TOTAL SA 2015 / IFP Training 2015
The Crude oil DEHYDRATION or DESALTING is the process for removing brine from the crude
oil stream. It lowers simultaneously the amount of free water and the amount of salt.
For healthy concerns, the limit of hydrogen sulfide remaining in the stored oil is typically
lower than 20 to 80 ppm mass. Most often, the stabilization process is sufficient to decrease
the amount of H2S in the oil below this limit.
The aim of this part of the process is to remove the remaining droplets of oil contained in
the water after the stabilization phase. Different techniques are used to decrease drastically
the amount of oil in water. 2 to 3 treatment steps allow the remaining particles to be less
than 3 to 10 microns meters.
W4V16 - Process p. 4
IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / TOTAL SA 2015 / IFP Training 2015
In the case of a gas field, the effluent entering the process is composed of gas and liquid,
named condensate. Therefore, the first processing step is a separation called primary
separation, in order to send the resulting gas and liquid to 2 different treatment chains.
Hereafter, the gas treatment and the liquid treatment will be described in the next chapters.
W4V16 - Process p. 5
IFPEN - IFP School 2015 / TOTAL SA 2015 / IFP Training 2015