Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
VerbalPatternsIntroducedin01A
Affirmative
Negative
Imperfective(unfinished)
Perfective(finished)
ImportantNotesaboutVerbals:
1. Averbalcanoccurasacompletesentencebyitself.
2. Unlessindicatedbycontextortheverbalspecifically,statementsendingintheabove
formsrefertothespeaker,whilequestionsrefertotheaddressee.
3. InJapanese,finishedvs.unfinishedisthemaindistinction(ascomparedtoEnglishs
past,presentandfuture).
4. The(beforeconsonants)isthedistalstylemarkerthatis,indicatesthe
speakerisshowingsolitudetoward,andmaintainingsomelinguisticdistancefrom,the
addressee.
5. Thesoundinindicatestheimperfectivetheindicatestheperfective.
Sentence-Particle
Asentenceparticleoccursonlyattheendofasentence,qualifyingthemeaningofwhathas
precededtheyfollowthepreviouswordwithoutpause.
:questionmarkeroccursattheendofbothinformationquestionsandyesno
questionsmakesastatementintoayesnoquestionusuallyendsinempatheticor
terminaldeclarativeintonation.
:confirmationseekerwithrisingintonation,seeksconfirmationofanassumption
madebythespeakerright?,dontyouagree?,isntit?,etc.
:assertioncommoninassurances,contradictions,andwarnings(totheaddressee)
indicatesthatthespeakerassumestheyareprovidingtheaddresseewithnew
informationoranewsuggestionoccurswithbothempatheticorterminaldeclarative
intonations.
***Avoiduseinsituationsinwhichassertionbecomesrude(particularlywhensuperiors
areinvolved).
2. Tocheckonthepossibilityofanegativesituationcontrarytothespeakersunderlying
assumptions:
Imnotgoingtomake[it].Youcantdoit?(asin,I
thoughtyoucould,but)
3. Asaninvitation:
Wontyoucome?
areusedtoindicatenegation/lackofagreement:
Areyougoing?
No,Imnotgoing.
Youarentgoing,right?
No,I
am
going.
Negativeinvitationsaretreateddifferently:
Yourenotgoingtoeat[it]right?
Thatsright.(Asin,Imnotgoingtoeatit).
Wontyoueat?(invitation)
Yes,thankyou.(acceptance)
Affirmativeresponsestocheckingonthepossibilityofanegativesituationimpliesagreement
withthequestionersunderlyingassumptionofanaffirmative,andanegativeresponsethe
opposite.
Arentyoucoming?
Yes,Iam(coming).
Arentyoucoming?
No,Imnot(coming).
Adjectivals
AdjectivalPatternsIntroducedin01B:
Affirmative
Direct
Distal
Imperfective
Perfective
1. Theindicatestheimperfectivetheindicatestheimperfective.
2. convertsdirectstyletodistal.
3. Theendingofanadjectiveisalwaysprecededbyanothervowelotherthanthatis,
adjectivalsintheirimperfectiveformallendin,,,or(althoughnot
everywordthatendsthiswayisanadjectival).
4.
Negative
Imperfective
Perfective
Direct
Distal