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A

number system defines how a number can


be represented using distinct symbols. A
number can be represented differently in
different system.

Several

number systems have been used in


the past and can be categorized into two
groups:
positional
and
non-positional
systems.

Roman numerals are a good example of a


non-positional number system. This number
system has a set of symbols
S = {I, V, X, L, C, D, M}. The values of each
symbol are shown in Table.

Roman

numerals originated in ancient

Rome.
The symbol for one in the roman numeral
system probably represented a single tally
mark which people would notch into wood
or dirt to keep track of items or events
they were counting. It would also be easy
to write on a wax tablet.

To

find the value of a number, we need to


add/subtract the value of symbols subject to
specific rules

Roman

Numerals are made up by adding or


subtracting numbers like this: 11=10+1 = XI
9 = 10 1 = IX
40 = 50 10 = XL
If you want to say 1,100 in Roman Numerals, you
would say M for 1000 and then put a C after it for
100; 1,100 = MC
900 =1000 100 so
the C comes before M = CM

In

positional number system, there are only


few symbols called digits, and these symbols
represent different values depending on the
position they occupy in the number.
Commonly used number systems are:
Decimal
Binary
Octal
Hexadecimal

Why do we need more number systems?

Humans understand decimal


Digital electronics (computers) understand binary
Since computers have 32, 64, and even 128 bit
busses, displaying numbers in binary is cumbersome
Data on a 32 bit data bus would look like the
following:
0110 1001 0111 0001 0011 0100 1100 1010
Hexadecimal (base 16) and octal (base 8) number
systems are used to represent binary data in a more
compact form.

The word decimal is a derivative of decem,


which is the Latin word for ten.
The number system that we use day-to-day life
is called the Decimal number system.
The most popular & commonly used number
system is the Decimal number system as it
supports the entire mathematical & accounting
concept in the world.

The base is equal to ten because there are


altogether ten digits (1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)10

The binary number system uses two digits to


represent numbers, the values are 0 & 1. This
numbering system is sometime called the Base 2
numbering system (0,1).
Binary digit is often referred to by the common
abbreviation BIT. Thus, a bit in a computer
terminology means either a 0 or a 1.

This number system is natural to an electronic


machines or devices as their mechanism based on the
OFF or ON switching of the circuits.
Therefore, 0 represent the OFF & 1 represent ON
state of the circuit.

The

octal number system uses eight values to


represent numbers. The values are (0, 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7)8 and the base of this system is
eight.

The

hexadecimal number system has 16digits or symbols (hexa means six & decimal
means 10 so sum is sixteen) are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4,
5,6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F)16, so it has the
base 16.

This

system uses numerical values from 0 to


9 & alphabets from A to F.

Alphabets

A to F represent decimal numbers


from 10 to 15.

System

Base Symbols

Used by
humans?

Used in
computers?

Decimal

10

0, 1, 9

Yes

No

Binary

0, 1

No

Yes

Octal

0, 1, 7

No

No

Hexadecimal

16

0, 1, 9,
A, B, F

No

No

Decimal
0

HexaBinary Octal decimal


0
0
0

1
2
3

1
10
11

1
2
3

1
2
3

4
5
6

100
101
110

4
5
6

4
5
6

111

Decimal
8

HexaBinary Octal decimal


1000 10
8

9
10
11

1001
1010
1011

11
12
13

9
A
B

12
13
14

1100
1101
1110

14
15
16

C
D
E

15

1111

17

Decimal
16

HexaBinary Octal decimal


10000 20
10

17
18
19

10001
10010
10011

21
22
23

11
12
13

20
21
22

10100
10101
10110

24
25
26

14
15
16

23

10111

27

17

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Decimal10
0123456789

Successive
Division
Weighted
Multiplication

Weighted
Multiplication
Successive
Division

Successive
Division

Weighted
Multiplication

Octal8

Hexadecimal16

01234567

0123456789ABCDEF

Binary2
01

18

2510 = 110012 = 318 =


1916
Base

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Weight

12510 =>

5 x 100=
5
2 x 101= 20
1 x 102= 100
125

Base

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the weight


of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
Add the results

Bit 0

1010112 =>

1
1
0
1
0
1

x
x
x
x
x
x

20
21
22
23
24
25

=
=
=
=
=
=

1
2
0
8
0
32
4310

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the weight


of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
Add the results

7248 =>

4 x 80 =
2 x 81 =
7 x 82 =

4
16
448
46810

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the weight


of the bit
The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
Add the results

ABC16 =>

C x 160 = 12 x
1 =
12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Divide by two, keep track of the remainder


First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
Second remainder is bit 1
Etc.

12510 = ?2

2 125
2 62

31

15

2
2
2

12510 = 11111012

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent


binary representation

7058 = ?2

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit


equivalent binary representation

10AF16 = ?2

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Divide by 8
Keep track of the remainder

123410 = ?8

8
8

8
8

1234
154

19

123410 = 23228

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Divide by 16
Keep track of the remainder

123410 = ?16

16
16

1234
77

16

13 = D

123410 = 4D216

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Group bits in threes, starting on right


Convert to octal digits

10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

10110101112 = 13278

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Group bits in fours, starting on right


Convert to hexadecimal digits

10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

10101110112 = 2BB16

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Use binary as an intermediary

10768 = ?16
1

001

000

111

110

10768 = 23E16

Decimal

Octal

Binary

Hexadecimal

Technique

Use binary as an intermediary

1F0C16 = ?8
1

0001

1111

0000

1100

1F0C16 = 174148

Decimal
33

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

1110101
703

1AF

Hexadecimal

Decimal
33

Binary
100001

Octal
41

117

1110101

165

75

451

111000011

703

1C3

431

110101111

657

1AF

21

Base

10

Power

Preface

Symbol

Value

10-12

pico

.000000000001

10-9

nano

10-6

micro

.000000001

10-3

milli

.001

103

kilo

1000

106

mega

1000000

109

giga

1000000000

1012

tera

1000000000000

.000001

Base

Power

Preface

Symbol

Value

210

kilo

1024

220

mega

1048576

230

Giga

1073741824

What is the value of k, M, and G?


In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory,
the base-2 interpretation generally applies

For

common bases, add powers

ab ac = ab+c

26 210 = 216 = 65,536


or

26 210 = 64 210 = 64k

Two

1-bit values

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

A+B
0
1
1
10

two

Two

n-bit values

Add individual bits


Propagate carries
E.g.,
1

10101
+ 11001
101110

21
+ 25
46

Binary,

two 1-bit values

A
0
0
1
1

B
0
1
0
1

AB
0
0
0
1

Binary,

two n-bit values

As with decimal values


E.g.,

1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010

Decimal

to decimal

3.14 =>

4 x 10-2 = 0.04
1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14

Binary

to decimal

10.1011 =>

1
1
0
1
0
1

x
x
x
x
x
x

2-4
2-3
2-2
2-1
20
21

=
=
=
=
=
=

0.0625
0.125
0.0
0.5
0.0
2.0
2.6875

Decimal

to binary

3.14579

11.001001...

.14579
x
2
0.29158
x
2
0.58316
x
2
1.16632
x
2
0.33264
x
2
0.66528
x
2
1.33056

etc.

Decimal
29.8

Binary

Octal

Hexadecimal

101.1101
3.07
C.82

Decimal
29.8

Binary
11101.110011

Octal
35.63

5.8125
101.1101
5.64
3.109375
11.000111
3.07
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404

Hexadecimal
1D.CC
5.D
3.1C
C.82

Study

Project
Software Based (Verilog)
Hardware Based (using digital ICs)
Software & Hardware Based (using FPGA)

Due

on 4th October 2013


One Pager Only
Group of two students maximum

Title

Group

members
Objective/Scope
Hardware/Software Requirement
Timeline

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