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LECTURE 8
Thickness
less than
or equal
to
Design
strength,
py,
N/mm2
Minimum Minimum
yield
ultimate
stress, Ys strength, Us
Minimum
elongation on
gauge length of
5.65S0
43
16
275
275
410
20-22%
40
265
265
410
63
255
255
410
100
245
245
410
16
355
355
490
40
345
345
490
63
335
335
490
100
325
325
490
16
450
450
550
40
430
430
550
63
415
430
550
100
400
415
550
50
55
20-22%
19%
Lateral instability
Frame instability
Plastic theory
In many structures, there a number of
alternative collapse mechanisms
The correct mechanism is not immediately
obvious
It is necessary to approach correct solution in
a series of steps
The following theorems help in arriving at an
acceptable solution
No proofs are given as proofs are complicated
Uniqueness theorem
The value of the collapse load which satisfies
the three conditions of equilibrium,
mechanism and yield is unique.
Applications
Fixed beam subject to two concentrated load
Continuous beams
Portal frames
4m
30 kN
2m
4m
20kN
4m
30 kN
2m
4m
20kN
30 kN
20kN
30 kN
20kN
4m
30 kN
6m
20
78
30
78
78
20kN
30 kN
78
6m
78
78
4m
For compatibility 4 = 6
By principle of virtual work, work done by external load = work done internally
30x 4 + 20 x 4 =78(2+2)
30x 6 + 20 x 4 =78(3+2)
=390/260=1.5
All possible collapse mechanisms have been considered. Using minimum principle, we can
confidently choose the mechanism with the lowest load factor.
Therefore =1.5
Method 2
Method 2 combines free and reactant bending
moment diagram to obtain solution that
satisfies the equilibrium and yield condition.
Continuous beams
One of the advantages of plastic theory is that
there are no compatibility conditions in the
analysis
As plastic hinges form, they destroy the
continuity of the deflection profile and an
important consequence of this in continuous
beams is that the collapse of any span is
independent of the adjacent spans
Continuous beams
Internal span
Each of the internal span has exactly the same collapse
mechanism.
Udl
Factored load =w
Mp
Mp
L/2
Mp
L/2
Mp = wL 2 /16
=16Mp/ wL 2
The left side of work equation
represents the virtual work done by
the udl. Here a virtual mechanism is
considered in which the members
remain perfectly straight between
plastic hinges. The distributed load
can therefore be considered to be
concentrated at the centroids of the
straight lengths of the members.
L/4
wL/2
L/4
L/4
L/4
L/4
External span
The collapse condition in the end span is not so
obvious because it is not clear where the internal
plastic hinge is located.
The kinematic theorem implies that all possible
locations of the hinge must be considered.
Choose one which gives the lowest load factor (or
the highest value of Mp in a design calculation).
This can be conveniently done by choosing an
arbitrary hinge position defined by variable x, and
using the method of calculus.
Mp
Mp
L-x
wL .X/2=Mp(2+)=Mp(2+x/(L-x))
I.e . Mp=wL.x(L-x)/(2(2L-x)
The critical value of x is that which maximises Mp
i.e dMp/dx=0
Solving, x=L(22)
This gives a unique root within the span 0 to L
x=L(2-2)=0.586L
Backsubstituting
Mp = wL2/11.66 or =11.66Mp/wl2
5KN
5M
E
3.75M
3.75M
10
10
5
2
2
Sway mechanism
Beam mechanism
Combined mechanism
10
5
Sway mechanism
10
Beam mechanism
10
5
2
2
Combined mechanism
References
Plastic design to BS 5950, Davies, J.M. and
B.A.Brown, Blackwell Science, Steel
Construction Institute, 1996.