3.

The clarity of the signal transferred can

affect interpretation of the intended visual
communication
Explain how the production of two different images of a view can
result in depth perception

Some animals have forward facing eyes

Each eyes sees an image of an object in the light

path
There is overlap b/w the 2 views.

Death perception vision of objects as they exist in 3D space

Due to focusing of objects at different distances

from the eye.

When these images from both eyes ( +both visual
fields) are fused object will appear in 3D.

Stereoscopic vision: each eye is separated horizontally so they

have slightly different views.

Fusion = putting together 2 images from left + right visual

fields + from 2 eyes as they reach the brain.
HSC Questions:

Process and analyse information from

secondary sources to describe cataracts and
the technology that can be used to prevent
blindness from cataracts and discuss the
implications of this technology for society
Cataracts = visual defect caused by clouding
of lens
Loss of lens transparency

 Interferes with ability for eye to transmit clear signal by

obstructing path of light through the eye.
Total blindness can result if not treated
Cause
Natural consequence of aging
Present at birth (CONGENITAL)
Develop form disease (diabetes, thyroid disorders)
Excessive use of certain drugs
Excessive exposure to UV rays.
SYMPTOMS

Clouding of the pupil

Vision become blurred
Double vision
Halos around images
Loss of colour vision
Impaired night vision

Statistics:
African American + Caribbean people most likely to get this
In Aus : Overall = 11%
90+ 60-70%
50-59- 4%
Infants 1 in 4500
Indigenous Aus 3x more likely.
Surgical procedure
Local anaesthetic, sometimes general
Eye drops given to dilate pupil
In most cataract surgeries, removed lens is replaced by intra
ocular lens which can be made of plastic, silicon or acrylic
compound.
Intra capsular surgery
Involves surgically removing entire lens + capsule
( outer covering of lens)
Extra capsular surgery
Removing lens but leaving intact half of capsule
Slightly longer incision on side of cornea
Hard centre of lends removed in one piece
Remainder of lens ( softer lens cortex) removed by
suction
Phacoemulsification
Most advanced = small incision, no stitch

 Tint probe inserted into eye

Probe emits ultrasonic waves that soften+ break up
lens
Debris is removed by a syringe
Artificial lens inserted into space left in existing lens
capsule
SOCIAL IMPLICATION
Cost of surgery is minimal
Tremendous contribution to self-esteem of patients
1. Prevent loss of vision
2. Contributes to a better quality of life
3. Happy person = happy society
Economic benefits:
1. People can continue working life + pay tax
2. Less welfare payments
3. Gov can allocate funds to other areas
Eliminates need carers:
1. Loss of jobs
Australian scientists in field of microsurgical replacement of
lenses
Dr Fred Hollows
1. Developed cheap corneal replacements to cure
certain types of blindness that are common in
developing countries.
2. Work is being carried through Fred Hollows
Foundation

4. The light signal reaching the retina is

transformed into an electrical impulse.
Identify photoreceptor cells as those containing light
sensitive pigments and explain that these cells convert light
images into electrochemical signals that the brain can
interpret.
Varies among species but is able to absorb light and convert
them into electrical impulses that can be interpreted by the
brain.
Humans
Complex single lens eye:
capable of accommodation
to produce image on retina
Rods : sensitive to low
intensity of lights
Cones: colour vision

Flatworms

Bees

Only detect presence of

light no colour.
For direction
Ommatidium:

Describe the differences in distribution, structure and function of the

photoreceptor cells in the human eye

Outline the role of rhodopsin in rods

Made up of protein opsin + derivative of vitamin A retinal ( if
this is lacking, vision is affected + condition night blindness
can result)
Absorb light and undergoes photo-excitation
Separates into 2 parts: opsin + retinal
Generates nerve impulse that travels to the brain via optic
nerve.
Allow new image to be received

Identify that there are three types of cones, each

containing a separate pigment sensitive to either
blue, red or green light
Explain that colour blindness in humans results
from the lack of one or more of the colour-sensitive
pigments in the cones.
Red Green colour blindness
Sex linked
Caused by defect in red-green decoder
Red + green are confused as redness is taken out of red light
+ greenness is taken out of green light both will appear
brownish
Red colour shifted towards green + green shifted towards red
Incidence = 1/12 males 8%
Blue Yellow colour blindness
Autosomal
Caused by defect in blue-yellow decoder

 Blue + yellow are confused

Both are perceived as greyish
Incidence = rare <1%
Total colour blindness
Incidence = very rare ) <0.003%)

5. Sound is also a very important communication

medium for humans and other animals
Explain why sound is a useful and versatile form of communication