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OF
LAMINAR NANOFLUID FORCED CONVECTION
by
Sinan Gktepe
June, 2013
Boazii University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Supervisor: Dr. Kunt Atalk
Outline
Introduction to Nanofluids
Literature
Mathematical Models
Single-phase Approach
Two-phase Approach
Conclusion
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
03.07.2013
Sinan GKTEPE
Sinan GKTEPE
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Nanofluid Modeling
Micro Models
Macro Models
Essential for design of engineering systems
Single-phase: Nanofluid is a single continuum
Homogeneous model
non-Homogeneous model
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Flow Regime
Flow
B.C.
Prop.
Model
Geo.
Laminar/ Turbulent
FD
CHF
Const.
SP
Tube
Laminar
FD
CHF/CWT
Temp.
Dep.
SP-D
Tube
Laminar
FD
CWT
Const.
SP/TP
Tube
Laminar
Entry
CHF
Temp.
Dep.
SP/EE/M/
VOF
Tube
Laminar
Entry
CHF
Const.
EE
Micro
Ch.
Laminar
Entry
CHF
Temp.
Dep.
SP/EE
Tube
Laminar
Entry
CHF
Const.
SP/EE/M
Tube
Laminar
Entry
CHF
Const.
SP-D
Tube
Moraveji et al.(2011)
Laminar
Entry
CHF
Const.
SP
Tube
There is no complete study comparing, state-of-the art and recently proposed models
No comparison of computational efficiency of models and coupling algorithms
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
14.11.2012
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Objective
Objective of this study is:
To compare accuracies and computational efficiencies of recent
state-of-the-art nanofluid models.
To introduce a new viscosity model to increase accuracy of singlephase models.
Compare two-different coupling algorithms for Eulerian-Eulerian
two-phase model.
Provide data for forced convection of hBN nanofluid.
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Mathematical Models
Single-phase models
Two-phase models
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10
non-Homogeneous Models:
Nanofluid is represented by its effective properties.
Effect of particle-fluid, and particle-particle interactions are included in the
effective properties.
Calibration of models with respect to experimental data is required.
Can be regarded as advanced homogeneous models.
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
03.07.2013
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11
= 0
Momentum Eq.
nf = + 2
Energy Eq.
nf , = ( )
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Nanofluid Properties
Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity
Hamilton and Crosser, (1962) (no Temp. Depend.):
=
+ 1 1
+ 1 +
= 1 + 64.7 0.7460
Pr =
Nanofluid Viscosity:
Einstein equation (1906):
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Re =
0.3690
0.7476
=
2
3
bf
Pr 0.9955 1.2321
= 10/()
= 1 + 2.5
13
br = 5
104 ,
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br = 5
104
=
= 2 p
,
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Viscosity Model(s)
HSPM
Hamilton et al.
Einstein
HSPM-TD
Chon et al.
Einstein
SPD1
Chon et al.
Xuan et al.
Einstein
SPD2
Chon et al.
Mokmeli et al.
Einstein
DVM
Chon et al.
Mokmeli et al.
Einstein
From Mokmeli
Prbr=Prnf = 6.97
SPBM
Hamilton et al.
Koo et al.
Einstein
BVM
Hamilton et al.
Koo et al.
Einstein
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Base fluid and nanoparticles can have different velocity and temperature fields.
Two phase models are suggested for applications where interaction between
phases are not well defined
Two common two-phase models:
Eulerian Eulerian
Each phase is considered as different continuum, and phase equations are
coupled using interphase equations
Eulerian Mixture
Equations are solved for mixture phase , and phase velocities are related by
empirical correlations.
Coupling schemes:
Phase Coupled Semi Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (PCSIMPLE)
Full Multiphase Coupled (FMC)
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
03.07.2013
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Mixture Model
For incompressible nanofluid at steady state:
m = 0
Continuity Equation:
+ 1
=
= 1 +
Momentum Equation:
= + +
( , , , , )
Drift Velocity:
Particle phase: , =
++
Mixture Viscosity: =
Energy Equation:
+ + +
= +
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
14.11.2012
18
Eulerian-Eulerian Model
For incompressible nanofluid at steady state:
Continuity Equation:
Liquid phase: + = 0
Particle phase: + = 0
x Momentum Equation:
Particle phase:
+
=
+
+
+
=
+
+
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Eulerian-Eulerian Model
Fd (Drag force):
= ( )
Kalteh et al. (2011) showed that and are negligible. Therefore both
forces are neglected in our model.
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
03.07.2013
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Eulerian-Eulerian Model
Steady State Energy Equation:
Base fluid Phase:
, +
=
,
+ ( ,
) ( )
Particle Phase:
, +
=
,
+
,
+ ( )
hp is defined by Wakao
and Kagei (1982) as;
=
= 2 + 1.10.6 1/3
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Problem domain
Numeric methods
Boundary conditions
Model validation
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x=0
Boundary conditions:
Uniform inlet velocity
no-slip boundary condition at walls
Constant heat flux at wall
Domain discretization
Quadrilateral elements
Uniform structured grid
15 x 2000 elements
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Nux
Fluid: Water
Re: 1050
Shah Eq. Used in this study is;
G1 - 6 x 1000
G2 - 10 x 1000
G3 - 15 x 2000
Exp.
Shah Eq.
3 10
5 3
+ 1
= 1 + 115.2
0.5 3 5
= 5.364 1 + 220 10 9
15
2 3
10
= 1 + ( 0.0207)
= 1 + 220 10
5
0
3 10
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
( )
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0.09
0.085
Friction factor ( f )
Fluid: Water
Re: 1050
Darcy friction factor used here;
G1 - 6 x 1000
G2 - 10 x 1000
G3 - 15 x 2000
Theoretical - Water
0.095
0.08
0.075
0.07
8
2
0.065
0.06
0.055
0.05
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
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Results
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BVM:
2
0. 16
br = 5 104 ,
0. 15
0. 14
0. 13
0. 12
0. 11
0. 1
0. 09
0. 08
400
Pr
, br
Prbr = 1
DVM:
HSPM
DVM Pr =1
is = 2
br
500
Pr
Prbr = 6.97
, br
Calibration point: = 178
=
BVM
EEM
EMM
Water
Exp. Hw ang et al.
450
550
600
650
Reynolds Number
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0. 22
Friction Factor
(f )
br
0. 2
Water
= 8
2
0. 18
0. 16
Re = 501
0. 14
0. 12
Nanofluid: 0.3%Al2O3-water
0
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
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2500
hx [W/m2 K]
SPD 1:
EMM
Exp. Wen and Ding
EMM by Akbari et al.
EEM
HSPM
HSPM-TD
SPD2
SPD1
SPBM
2000
= 1
SPD2:
= 2
SPBM:
1500
br = 5 104 ,
1000
Re = 1050
0
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
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Accuracy of Models
30
EEM 1.6%
EEM 0.6%
SPD2 1.6%
SPD2 0.6%
SPBM 1.6%
SPBM 0.6%
HSPM 1.6%
HSPM 0.6%
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
SPD2:
-40
-50
20
40
60
80
100
x/D
120
= 2
140
160
180
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2000
1800
1.6% Exp.
1% Exp.
0.6% Exp.
Wate r
1.6%, EEM
1%, EEM
0.6%, EEM
hx [W/m2K]
1600
1400
1.6% Exp.
1% Exp.
0.6% Exp.
Water
1.6% SPD2
1% SPD2
0.6% SPD2
1600
1200
1400
1200
Calibration point
1000
1000
800
800
600
1800
hx [W/m2K]
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
600
0
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
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1.6%, Exp.
1.6%, SPD1
1.6%, SPD2
1.6%, EMM
1.6%, EEM
1.6% BVM
Nusselt Number:
Nux
8
7
6
5
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Reynolds Number
1800
2000
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PC - SIMPLE
FCM
h [W/m K]
5000
E.Eulerian
4000
3000
2000
1000
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
E.Mixture
S.Phase
[%]
PCSIMPLE
FMC
0.6
157.14
82.19
552.80
77.64
158.62
89.81
572.71
78.05
1.6
163.79
111.69
566.50
81.68
SIMPLE
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Orthotropic properties
Basal plane
Covalent bonds
Di-electric
Density
Specific heat
Thermal conductivity
Al2O3
3984 kg/m3
755 J/Kg K
33 W/mK
hBN
2300 kg/m3
800 J/Kg K
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hBN-water Results
4000
1500
Water
1.6% hBN-water
1% hBN-water
0.6% hBN-water
1400
1300
Water
1.6% hBN-water
1% hBN-water
0.6% hBN-water
3500
3000
hx(x) [W/m K]
1100
2500
hx(x) [W/m K]
1200
1000
900
2000
1500
800
1000
700
500
600
500
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
50
100
150
x/D
200
250
300
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1125
1. 6% hBN-w ater
1115
h (x) [W/m K]
1120
1110
1105
1100
Re=1050
1095
1090
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Even for the worst case scenario, use of hBN particles yields higher heat transfer
coefficient.
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
03.07.2013
Sinan GKTEPE
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Conclusion
Single Phase Models:
Fails to represent change in friction coefficient at fully developed
region.
With thermal dispersion, single phase model can be used as an
effective method at entry region if experimental data is available for
calibration.
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Cont. Conclusion
Two Phase Models:
Eulerian-Eulerian model is effective in predicting friction and
convective heat transfer coefficients at entry region.
Eulerian-Eulerian model is suggested if there are no experimental
data.
For Eulerian-Eulerian model, computational time can be reduced
up to 50% by implementation of Full Multiphase Coupled
Scheme.
hBN:
Assessment of effective thermal conductivity models is required.
Experimental results are needed to compare numeric models.
For fixed pressure drop, hx enhancement is higher than that of
Al2O3.
Boazii University Department of Mechanical Engineering
03.07.2013
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank to my supervisors Dr. Atalk and Dr. Ertrk for their guidance
during my academic study.
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Questions
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