What are the monomers or building blocks of carbohydrates?

Provide an example.
Monosaccharides ex: glucose, fructose, maltose)
What makes the cell membrane?
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
What is the barrel shaped organelles that organise
microtubules in a miotic spindle during cellular division?
The centrioles
What is the plasma membrane made of?
A lipid bilayer
Name three components of cytoskeleton.
Microfilaments,intermediate filaments,microtubules.
What is surrounded by a double layer of membranes with
pores?
the nucleus
In the cell, what breaks down fatty acids?
Peroxiosomes
On you or another person (except your neighboor in the bus),
point to where the following are: Right iliac region, brachial,
patellar, sacrum, tarsal.
...
True or False, the heart is lateral to the arm?
False. He his medial to the arm.
What separates the thoracic cavity to the abdominal cavity?
The diaphragm
To expose the lung for a transplent operation, the surgeon
would have to cut through what cavity?
The pleural cavity
Name two things that are distal to the ankle
The tarsal,metatarsal

Name an organ from the following cavities:

dorsal,pelvic,thoracic
Spinal cord,bladder,lungs
If someone were standing straight under a guillotine and it
were to fall straight on them, that would cut them into what
type of plane
frontal
Name five of the body areas (using the latin terms) in each the
appendicular and axial regions.
Appendicular:
Antebrachial,antecubital,brachial,femoral,popliteal
Axal: cervical,gluteal,lumbar,thoracic,inguinal
True or False. The wrist is proximal to the hand.
True
T or F. The trachea is posterior to the spine.
False
T or F. The brain is inferior to the spinal cord
False
Name two structures that are in the following cavities: Thoracic
pleural, Mediastinum, Abdominal, Pelvic
Thoracic pleural: lungs,bronchioles
Mediastinum: Esophagus,trachea
Abdominal: gall bladder.ureter
Pelvic: uterus, urethra
A person in university decides he wants to study the functions
of the body and how various part work. What science is this
person studying?
Physiology
Name the six levels of organization of living things from
smallest to largest.
Chemical level,cellular level,organ level,systemic level, organism
level.
What are the four organic compounds?
Protein,Carbohydrates,Nucleic acid,Lipids

Steroids come from what organic compound and give example

of type of steroid.
They are lipids. e.g. hormones or cholesterol
Is sucrose a polysaccharide or a monosaccharide?
Sike! They are a disaccharide
Name two polysaccharides that are used for energy storage and
where they can be found in.
Starch can be found in plants and glycogen can be found in
animals and humans
Name 1 part of three that nucleotides are made of.
5 carbon sugars,phosphate groups,nitrogen base
Give two examples of protein
Hemoglobin,enzymes
Name the three particles found inside an atom and describe the
electrical charge of each.
electrons(-),protons(+),neutrons
When the atom donates an electron and the other accepts it
what type of bond is this?
an ionic bond
What % of water is in the human body?
60-80%
Name 11 organ systems
N: Nervous D: Digestive
I: Integumentary-Immune R: Reproductive
C: Cardiovascular U: Urinary
E: Endocrine M: Muscular
R: Respiratory S: Skeletal
Describe the process of hemostasis.
Fast response localized and controlled involving vascular
spasm,platelet plug formation,and coagulation
Give example of a negative and positive feedback loop.
Negative: Body temperature,blood pressure,etc.
Positive: hormonal cycles

Name the five properties that make water important to life.

1. High heat capacity 2. High heat of vapourization 3. SolubillityPolarity 4. Reactivity 5. Cushioning
How many carbons are in a chain of lipids?
14-17
What's RNA?
RiboNucleic Acid, is the transmission of info, can be from the
nucleus into the cytoplasm in cells or in nerves.
How many different types of Amino acid are there?
20
Name 2 protein functions and give an example
Catalysis: making and breaking things into monomers
Regulation: hormones
Name four organelles with a membrane inside an animal cell
Mitochondria,nucleus,Rough ER, lysosomes
Name the four kinds of body membranes and where you can
find them.
Mucous membrane-respiratory tract or digestive tract
Serous membrane-lines internal ventral body cavities and covers
their organs.
Cutaneous membrane-That'S the skin.
Synovial membrane-lines the cavities of synovial joints.
What's the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?
Cytosol is the grey stuff that surround organelles and cytoplasm
is in the cytosol and the organelles inside of the plasma
membrane.
Name the three types of endocytosis and give a brief
description of it.
Phagocytosis-cell eating,the plasma membrane creates a dent in
itself to receive the solid that it wasn't to ingest.
Pinocytosis- cell drinking, cell creates a dent in the PM where it
wants to ingest a liquid or a solid in a liquid.
Receptor Mediated ENdocytosis-the PM have little seats for a
specific type of molecule they want to ingest.
What do melanocytes do?

Produce melanin a pigment of the skin that can be brownish or

black.
What is the difference between thin and thick skin?
Thick skin have layers and it is on your palms,soles of your feet
and fingertips.
Thin skin if fouded everywhere else in the body and only has 4
layers.
Define tissues
Are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a
common related function.
Name the four types of tissue.
Epithelial,Connective,Muscle,and Nervous
Give an example of where in the human body you would find
columnar epithelium.
Digestive tract
Name two types of muscle that are notvoluntary.
cardiac muscle and smooth muscle
If a word ends in ''blast'', what's is it's function?
It builds whatever its prefix is. e.g. osteoblasts build bone.
What are the two tyoes of sweat glands?
Eccrine and Apocrine glands
Define a dynamic equilibrium.
A dynamic equilibrium is when there is a constant coming snd
going of particles through a substance where it tries to keep and
equal balance of all molecules.
Give a hypothesis why cells are so small.
Because it's easier to provide a small quantity to many cells than
a large quantity of food to few cells.
Describe phospholipids and give an example of where they can
be found.
Phosphilipids are mainly found in the PM and are
amphipatic,they are both hydropobic and hydrophilic. Like a
jellyfish,the head is hydrophilic and loves water while the
tenticles hates the water. Well, the PM is full of phopholipids.

Name the three different type of cell connections and describe

them.
Desmosomes: anchored by intermediate filaments and are found
primarly in the skin
Gap junctions: form gaps or tunnels where they can
communicate together and can be found in the heart
Tight jucntion: molecules cannot penetrate through the cracks of
the cells and are in lining or digestive tract
What endocrine glands produce?
hormones
What exocrine glands produce?
substances that go outside of the body
What are the types of tissue that cover and line things?
Simple squamous,Simple cuboidal,Simple
Columnar,Pseudostratified columnar,Stratified
cuboidal,Stratified transitional
Where is it possible to finnd Simple columnar tissue?
goblet cells in respiratory tract or digestive tract
Where is it possible to find stratified transitional tissue in the
body?
Bladder
In the four different type of tissue, which is the most
prominent and least prominent?
Muscle is the most prominent,nervous is the leat.
What is responsible for fingerprints? Where is it located and
what is it called?
It's found in the reticular layer of the dermis and it's called
friction ridges
Name the main component of the nails
Root of the nail,nail matrix,lunule,cuticle,nail body,nail bed,free
edge of nail
What kind of cuticle are find in humans and almost look like
shingling?
Petal like cuticles

Is the medulla present in all hairs?

No the medulla may be present or not
Describe the difference between parietal and visceral.
There's a covering around each organ.That covering has two side
to it,the side touching the organ is the visceral side and the one
outside is the parietal side.
What is the difference between an acute disease and chronic
disease?
Acute disease dosn't last as long as a chronic disease.
Name the four kingdoms of Eukarya and give an example of
each
Protista: malaria Plantae: trees Fungi: albicans Animalia: bees
What are the four most common elements of body matter?
Oxygen,Carbon,Nitrogen,Hydrogen
Give two examples of structural multicellular exocrine glands
and where you can find them.
Simple tubular: intestine Compound tubular: small intestine
In order of quantity,going from largest amount to least, what is
the order of leukocytes in the blood?
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes,
Eosinophils, Basophils)
What's the hematocrit and how do you find it?
The hematocrit is the % of RBCs. It is found by drawing blood
from a vein putting it into a test tube and centrifuging it until the
parts in the blood separate.
Name the formed elements in the blood.
Platelets,the leukocytes, the buffy coat and the erythrocytes.
What is the function of blood?
Transfer matter through the body.

What do RBC look like and give their general function.

They look like mini doughnuts with no hole and are filled with
hemoglobin that helps oxygen and carbon dioxide stick to it to
help the breathing of cells.
Each hemoglobin molecule can form bonds with how many
oxygen molecules?
Four because it has four protein chains that each have a heme
group which can grab onto one oxygen molecule each.
What is erythropoesis?
is the production of RBCs.
How erythropoeisis work?
The kidneys filter the blood and notice that there are low levels of
oxygen in the blood and release EPO and that stimulates the red
bone marrow to produce erythrocytes.
How many days it takes to a red bne marrow to produce a
RBC?
2 days before it goes in the blood stream.
What's the lifespan of a RBC?
105-120 days (or 4 months)
How are RBC disposed and what are the waste products?
After their life cycle RBC are phagotized by macrophage ad their
waste product are bilirubin amino acids and iron.
How do people get jaudice?
by a deposit of bilirubin in the skin.
Is having polycythemia a good thing? Why or why not?
It's a bad thing because it's usually a sign of cancer of the red
bone marrow. It can cause hypertension coagulation
problems,excessive distension of blodd vessels and
hemorrhaging
Name one reason why someone could have polycythemia and
not have any cancer
When athletes train in high altitudes, their body gets use to the
thin air and they produce more red blood cells than they would
nees at sea level.
What are the signs and symptoms of anemia?

Fatigue,weakness,skin pallor,headache faintness

Name the different types anemia
Aplastic,Pernicous,Folate,Hemorrhagic, Iron
deficiency,Hemolytic
What's the condition when there are too many or too little
WBC?
Too many=leukocytosis
Too little=leukopenia
Discuss the different types of leukocytes
Granular and agranular. In the granulocytes the are
Neutrophils,Eosinophils,and Basophils. In the agranulocyes
there are Monocyes and Lymphocytes.
What's the function of platelets?
They play a key role in hemostasis and blood coagulation and
sealing off to prevent scabs.
How are platelets made?
Hemocytoblasts break down into smaller and smaller pieces to
become platelets.
Name the three plasma proteins and what they do.
Albumin: maintains osmotic blood pressure
Globulins: antibodies Clotting proteins: clotting factors
What are antigens?
are glycoproteins on the outside of erythrocytes that tell the wbc
that they're part of the body and not intruder, as like an ID tag.
Why is it dangerous to have blood transfusion from a different
blood type?
Because if you have the antibody againt that type of blood they
will agglutinate those RBC and make blood clot. That can cause
an embolism.
What's special to AB and O type blood?
Type AB is the universal acceptor and type O is the universal
donnor.
Are you born with antibodies?
No they appear around 2 motnhs old.

How do antibodies fit with the antigens?

The shape of the antigens fit with the antibodies so they stick
together.
What's another name for epicardium?
The visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
Which leukocytes are agranulocytes and granulocytes
Neutrophils,Eosinophils and basophils are granulocytes.
Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranulocytes.
How many oxygen molecules can one hemoglobin carry?
4
What is erythropoietin?
The hormone released by the kidneys when the blood is low in
oxygen.
What cells can a hemocytoblasts produce?
Erythrocytes,leukocytes and platelets.
If you are deficient in folic acid, what is it called?
Folate deficiency anemia
B+ blood can receive from who?
B+,B-,O+,OWhat is thrombocytopenia?
Reduced platelet count cause by destruction of red bone marrow
What are the three phase of coagulation?
1. Two pathways(intrinsic,extrinsic) 2. prothrombin-)thrombin
3. thrombin-)fibrinogen-)fibrin.
Name the steps of blood flow throught the different blood
vessels.
Heart-elastic-arteries-artetioles-metaarterioles-capillariesveinules-veins-heart
What are the irregularities of the systemic circulation?
The hepatic portal system, the vascular anastomoses and the
arteriovenous anatomoses.

What are the layers of veins from exterior to interior?

Tunica Externa, Tunica media, Tunica intima
What do you use if you want to visualize the arteries of the
heart?
An angiogram
What is the scientific name for the contraction and relaxation
of the heart?
Systole: contraction
Diastole: relaxation
Name the two coverings of the heart
Serous pericardium,fibrous pericardium
List the layers of the heart walls.
-Epicardium
-Myocardium
-Endocardium
WHat is SIDS?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome which occurs when an infant
suddenly dies without any concrete explanation
Name a way to prevent SIDS
Penatal care
Name three signs & symptoms of an asthma attack
Shortness of breath, difficulty talking, blue lips or fingernails
Name two treatments for asthma
Rescue inhalers or long term routinely airway inflammation
prevention
What is tuberculosis?
Medical condition caused by myobacteria that can be dormant or
active
Name three risk factors of TB
HIV,malnourishment,smoking or alcohol
Signs ad Symptoms of tuberculosis are...?

Cough,excessive sweating,difficulty breathing,chest

pain,fatigue,weight loss
Diagnostic for TB?
Biopsy,bronchoscopy,ct scan,x ray, PPD test
What is an MI?
a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION OR HEART ATTACK
wHAT IS LEUKEMIA?
Uncontrolled rapid cell division of leukocytes that crowd bone
marrow and don't have enough room for the formation of other
blood cells
Name the organs that are part of the upper respiratory system.
Nose,palatine bones,nasal cavity,paranasal
sinuses,pharynx,larynx
Name some organs that are part of the lower respiratory tract.
Trachea,bronchi,bronchioles,alveoli.
Name one disease that can occur in the respiratory system
Lung cancer
What is pneumonia?
Common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the
lungs caused by bacteria,viruses,and fungi.