7.

3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 1

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Pulsed Neutron Logging

(TDT = Thermal Decay Tool)

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 2

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Oil
Water
Shale

Sandstone

True image Of Formation

Cube containing:
Sandstone, Shale and pores
filled with water and Oil

Equivalent Cube with the

various volumes made
for interpretation purpose

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 3

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Slog Equation
Slog =
Sw . f . Sw
+ So . f. (1- Sw)
+ Sshale. Vsh
+ Smatrix . (1 - f - Vsh)

Water
Oil
Shale
Matrix

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 4

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Values of S
for different
minerals
Mineral

CLAYS
Kaolinite:
Chlorite
Illite:
Montmorillonite

14
25
18
14

Evaporites
Anhydrite
Gypsum
Halite

12
19
754

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 5

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Values of S for
different
minerals

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 6

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Sw is controlled by:
Salinity
Temperature
Pressure
Salinity effect is the highest

WATER
Equivalent Water Salinity (Kppm NaCl)

Sw from
chart book

Sw

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 7

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Sh from chart book

Sg is controlled by:
Temperature
Pressure

GAS

So is controlled by:
GOR
API

Sg
So
OIL

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 8

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Classical S vs. f
linear plot.
The four pivot points
are defined:
Smatrix = Matrix
Capture crosssection
Sw = Water Capture
cross-section
So = Oil Capture
cross-section
Sg = Gas Capture
cross-section

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 9

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Water
100

Slog
220 kppm

80
160 kppm
60

110 kppm

40

Oil

20

Porosity: f

Matrix
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 10

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

60

50

Water

Slog

(Sw + Smatrix)/2

220 kppm

40

30

20

Oil

10

(So +
Smatrix)/2

Porosity: f

Matrix
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 11

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

TDT S Limitations
At Low porosities; Poor Resolution
At low water salinities: Sw is close to So ; No resolution

Slog is affected by shale:

Accurate Vsh evaluation is important

Sshale is also important- this depends on shale type

Often; there are a mixture of shales that may mask Sw values

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 12

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example-1:
Unusual sweep with water flooding the top.
The permeability on the top is 800 mD,
and at the bottom is 20 mD.
Time interval between the various logs is
approximately 2 years.

Pass-1: Additional Depletion over the

top, filtrate effect at the bottom.
Pass-2: Water flooding is moving
down- filtrate effect dissipating
Pass-3: An increase in the trend
observed by pass-2.
Filtrate Effect

1982
1

1984
2
1986

3
1989

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 13

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example 2:Another time-lapse TDT series
3 TDT passes spaced 3 years apart.
Pass-2 shows a rise in the Oil/Water contact
Pass-3 shows water fingering on the top, and a further rise in the Oil/water contact

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 14

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example-3: Log-Inject-Log Example
An example of a Log-Inject-log over an Open hole barefoot completion.
The example is used to estimate the residual Oil Saturation ( Sor )

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 15

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example-4
Gas Saturation
Gas Cap Expansion
An example of a time lapse TDT
log in a sandstone reservoir.
The interval is 7 years
There were Gas cap expansion as
well as gas fingering and
channelling down.

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 16

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example-5:
Gas Saturation
Evaluating Sg
The TDT S log and the
TDT porosity logs were
used to estimate the values
of Sw, So and Sg

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 17

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

RST Evaluation:
Water Injection
Breakthrough
T-1: Original Open
Hole Interpretations

T-2: C/O interpretation

of saturation. Large
depletion X140-X170.
A smaller depletion at
lower interval X190X250.
T-3: The S log was
used to obtain a
mixing of the two
water showing where
injection water
breakthrough.
Track-1

Track-2

Track-3

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 18

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Slog =
Sw . f . S w

Water

+ So . f. (1- Sw)

Oil

+ Sshale. Vsh

Shale

+ Smatrix . (1 - f - Vsh)

Matrix

Oil
Water
Shale

Oil
formation Water: Vform
Inj Water: Vinj

f. Sw

Matrix
2 Waters
No Shale

Slog =
Sw-inj .Vinj + Sw-form .Vform

2- Waters

+ So . f. (1- Sw)
+ Smatrix . (1 - f )

Matrix

Also:

f . Sw = Vinj + Vform

Vinj = { Slog So. f . (1-Sw) Smatrix . (1- f ) - Sw-form . f . Sw } / ( Sw-inj Sw-form )

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 19

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example-1
Swater= 110
Smatrix = 6.5
So = 21
Solve for Sw:
1-From Equation
2- From Chart

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 20

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

60
Water
50

(Sw + Smatrix)/2

Slog

40

30

20

Oil

10

(So +
Smatrix)/2

Porosity: f

Matrix
0

10

20

30

40

50

7.3-Reservoir Monitoring-TDT Page 21

PNL >>Pulsed Neutron Logging

Example-2

Sf-water =
Sw-inj =
Smatrix =
So =

120
75
7
22