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Sundarban is one of the most beautiful, fascinating and the largest mangrove forests in the
world. But in recent years the forest is losing her beauty day by day due to human and natural
causes. More especially it is affected by deforestation as well as some big natural calamities,
like- Floods; SIDR; AILA etc. If the affected areas are identified by using ERDAS Imagine and
detect the changes at an interval of three date satellite pictures there would be take some
steps to protect the loses in future.
Location
Sundarban is an international mangrove forest. It is situated on the Southern part of
Bangladesh and India. But about 2/3 part of its total area is situated in Bangladesh.
Absolute location of the total area of Sundarban is 21o30N and 22o30N, and longitudes
89o00E and 89o55E and its total area is about 4,110 sq. km, of which about 1,700 sq. km is
occupied by water bodies. The forest consists of about 200 islands, separated by about 400
interconnected tidal rivers, creeks and canals.
(Source: http://wikimapia.org/1651148/The-Great-Sundarbans-Bangladesh-and-India).
(Source:http://www.210countries.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/sundarban_map.jpg)
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
Study Area
The study area of this project is the Sundarban in Bangladesh which is found in the satellite
image block of 137/45 and 138/45.
Absolute location of the study area of Sundarbans Bangladesh part is 21 56 0 N and 88 51
0 E (Source: Wikipedia) which is situated among the four districts- Satkhira, Khulna, Bagerhat
and Pirojpur which are in the South-West.
The main reason of selecting Sundarban of Bangladesh as the study are is to find out the
major changes after some big natural calamities like- SIDR in 2007, AILA in 2009 and also high
salinity intrusion. The changes from 1989 to 2009 the coverage and pattern of vegetation has
changed a lot in these two decades in this forest, the largest mangrove forest in the world.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
Image Properties:
Table- 1: Information of the images
Spatial
Satellite
Sensor
Sensor Mode
Date of Acquisition
Landsat 4
TM
SAM
12 January, 1989
30 Meter
137/45
Landsat 7
ETM +
SAM
08 November, 1999
30 Meter
137/45
Landsat 5
TM
BUMPER
11 November, 2009
30 Meter
137/45
Resolution
Path /Row
(Source: Author)
Satellite
Sensor
Sensor Mode
Date of Acquisition
Landsat 4
TM
SAM
19 January, 1989
30 Meter
138/45
Landsat 7
ETM +
SAM
15 November, 1999
30 Meter
138/45
Landsat 5
TM
BUMPER
02 November, 2009
30 Meter
138/45
Resolution
Path /Row
(Source: Author)
Methodology
This research work is based on Secondary Data. Satellite images are the main source of data
for this research.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
Workflow Diagram
A Workflow Diagram can define a clear view of the total working processes and methods of a
research work. A diagram is given in the next page that shows the processes and methods of
the total works and presentation of this research work.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
(Source: Author)
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
(Source: Author)
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
(Source: Author)
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
10
In 1989 there was dense vegetation almost in all parts of the Sundarban. A small portion of
moderate and sparse vegetation is also observed.
NDVI of the Vegetation Coverage in 1999:
(Source: Author)
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
11
Vegetation coverage intensity of Sundarban in 1999 shows the forest is strongly dominant by
dense vegetation.
NDVI of the Vegetation Coverage in 2009:
(Source: Author)
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
12
The calculation from the image shows the dense vegetation is the most dominant element of
the Sundarban.
Total Vegetation Coverage of Sundarban
4050
4040
4030
4020
4010
4000
3990
3980
3970
1989
1999
2009
(Source: Author)
4500
4000
3500
Sparse
Vegetation
3000
2500
Moderate
Vegetation
2000
1500
Dense
Vegetation
1000
500
0
1989
1999
(Source: Author)
2009
Figure- 12: Total vegetation coverage intensity of Sundarnban in 1989, 1999 and 2009.
The amount of dense vegetation coverage had increased from 1989 to 2009, but moderate
vegetation decreased consequently in these years.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
13
Figure- 13: Change Display of Sundarban vegetation coverage area by IMAGINE DeltaCue.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
14
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
15
The figure clearly shows that the afforestation rate is higher than the deforestation rate from
1989 to 1999.
Changes betwen 1989 and 1999
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Afforestation
Deforestation
(Source: Author)
Figure- 15: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1989 to 1999.
In between the year 1989 and 1999 the rate of afforestation is higher than the deforestation
rate. So it is the clear evidence of increasing of forest area coverage.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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540
530
520
510
500
490
480
470
Afforestation
Deforestation
(Source: Author)
Figure- 17: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1999 to 2009.
The year from 1999 to 2009 the rate of afforestation had fallen down as well as deforestation
rate increased significantly, so the forest lost its vegetation.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
18
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
19
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Afforestation
Deforestation
(Source: Author)
Figure- 19: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1989 to 2009.
Afforestation increased in 2009 rather than in comparison of 1989, where afforestation
increased expressively than deforestation.
1200
1000
Afforestation
800
Deforestation
600
400
200
0
1989-1999
1999-2009
1989-2009
(Source: Author)
Figure- 20: Changes in forest area coverage (in sq. km) in 1989 to 2009.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
20
In between the year of 1999 and 2009, afforestation rate about 12% which decreased
whereas deforestation rate about 13.7% increased consequently in the comparison of three
dates forestation coverage observation in Sundarban. In these years there was some big
natural calamities like floods in 1998, SIDR in 2007 and AILA in 2009 could be the reason on
behind this low afforestation rate than the rate of deforestation. The year between 1989 and
2009 the rate of afforestation raised up significantly as well as deforestation rate fallen down.
So the forest went back to its past phase in the year of 1989-1999 period, where the
afforestation rate was well and good enough for country like ours.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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Conclusion
Sundarban is the largest mangrove forest in the world beside it was one of the main
competitors in the New Natural Seven Wonders of the world. It is also marked as a World
Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999. It is a biggest natural green barrier in the world as well as
ours. About 200 years ago, Sundarban was originally measured about 16,700 sq. km. But now
it has squeezed into about one-third of its original size.
This research work was conducted to identify the changes, what changes were happened and
how much forestation has been lost in two decades- one from 1989 to 1999 and other is 1999
to 2009 with the help of three dates satellite pictures of 1989, 1999 and 2009 also their
different processing techniques in ERDAS IMAGINE 2010. The observed calculations of the
images show that the high population growth and natural calamities like SIDR in 2007; AILA in
2009 and also the high intrusion of saline water affected huge loss of the vegetation coverage
and its area of Sundarban.
Among those observed data of the images, the great loss was in 1999 and 2009. In these
times there were three big natural disaster happened, and they were Cyclonic Storm SIDR in
2007 and finally the big Cyclone AILA in 2009. The significant matter of those natural disaster
was, all of them directly affected the Sundarban and there after it lost its vegetation
coverage. But Sundarban is still alive with its own pride and protecting our South-West
Coastal belt as a wall. So it is high time to take proper measure to stop further big loss in
future.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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References
1. http://glovis.usgs.gov.
2. http://www.gadm.org.
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundarbans.
4. http://wikimapia.org/1651148/The-Great-Sundarbans-Bangladesh-and-India.
5. http://www.210countries.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/sundarban_map.jpg
6. Banglapedia WWW.S S_0602.HTM.
7. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Dhaka, D Prain, Bengal Plants, 2 vols, Calcutta, 1903.
8. D Prain, Flora of Sundarbans Records of the Botanical Survey of India. New Delhi;
1903.
9. Khasru Choudhury et al The Bangladesh Sundarbans, IUCN- The World Conservation
Union, Dhaka, 2001.
10. Field guide of ERDAS IMAGINE 2010.
11. Field guide of ArcMap 10.0.
12. NA Siddiqi, Mangrove Forestry in Bangladesh, IFES, Uni. Chittagong, 2001.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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Appendix
Layer Stack
Image Mosaic
Multispectral Image
Thematic Image
Multi-temporal
NDVI
Geometric Correction
: Cut from a big area into a small area or the study area
from a block sorting out by ArcGIS 10. Its a ArcGIS 10
tool.
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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Recode
DeltaCue
Tables:
1. Total Vegetation Coverage.
Year
Vegetation in Sq. Km
1989
4021.61
1999
3996.91
2009
4038.15
Moderate
Vegetation
497.23
442.26
138.19
Dense
Vegetation
3479.35
3502.42
3861.19
3. Change in 1989-1999.
Change Type
Afforestation
Deforestation
1989-1999
1417.89 sq. km
445.61 sq.km
4. Change in 1999-2009.
Change Type
Afforestation
Deforestation
1999-2009
502.29 sq. km
563.44 sq.km
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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5. Change in 1989-2009.
Change Type
Afforestation
Deforestation
1989-2009
1349.03 sq. km
434.72 sq.km
1989-1999
1417.89
445.61
1999-2009
502.29
563.44
1989-2009
1349.03
434.72
Change Detection in the Forest Area Coverage of Sundarban: Mangrove Forest of Bangladesh
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