Chemical Energetics

1. H = Hproducts Hreactants
2. Hr, standard enthalpy change of reaction is the enthalpy change
when molar quantities of reactants as stated in the equation react
together under standard conditions of 298 K and 1 atm
3. Heat change = mcT
4. Hf, standard enthalpy change of formation is the enthalpy change
when one mole of the substance is formed from its constituent
elements in their standard states at 298 K and 1 atm
5. Hr = mHf (pdts) nHf (rxts)
6. Hc, standard enthalpy change of combustion of a substance is the
heat energy evolved when one mole of the substance is completely
burned in oxygen at 298 K and 1 atm
7. Hr = mHc (rxts) Hc (pdts) (terbalik!)
8. Heat change = (mrcr + cvessel)T = (mwcw + cvessel)T
9. Hn, standard enthalpy change of neutralisation is the enthalpy
change when an acid and a base react under infinitely dilute conditions
to form one mole of water at 298 K and 1 atm
10. Hfus, standard enthalpy change of fusion is the heat energy required
when one mole of substance is converted from the solid state to the
liquid state without a change in temperature at 1 atm (always a positive
value)
11. Hvap, standard enthalpy change of vapourisation is the heat energy
required when one mole of a substance is converted from the liquid
state to the gaseous state without a change in temperature at 1 atm
(always a positive value)
12. Hsub,standard enthalpy change of sublimation is the heat energy
required when one mole of a substance is converted from the solid
state to the gaseous state without a change in temperature at 1 atm
13. Hatom, standard enthalpy change of atomisation is the enthalpy
change when one mole of free gaseous atoms is formed from the
element in its standard state at 298 K and 1 atm (always a positive
value)
14. Hess Law enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is the same
regardless of whether the reaction takes place in one step or severals
steps, provided that the initial states of the reactant and the final states
of the products are the same
15. Hr = enthalpy change for bond breaking (endothermic) + enthalpy
change for bond formation
16. Bond energy is the average energy required to break one mole of
covalent bond in the gas phase into constituent gaseous atoms under
standard conditions (goes both ways)
17. Average bond energies can be used to calculate standard enthalpy
changes of reactions
18. Bond Energies: Extent of atomic orbital overlap and number of bonding
electrons

19. First ionisation energy of an element is the minimum energy required

to completely remove one mole of valence electrons from one mole of
ground state atoms in the gaseous state
20. The first electron affinity is the enthalpy change when one mole of
gaseous atoms acquires one mole of electrons to form one mole of
gaseous singly-charged anions
21. Hlatt, lattice energy is the heat energy evolved when one mole of
solid ionic compound is formed from its constituent gaseous ions at
298 K and 1 atm (goes both ways)
22. Hhyd, standard enthalpy change of hydration of an ion is the heat
energy evolved when one mole of the free gaseous ions is hydrated by
water molecules at 298 K and 1 atm (aka hydration energy and always
exothermic)
23. Hsol, standard enthalpy change of solution is the enthalpy change
when one mole of solute is completely dissolved in a solvent to form an
infinitely dilute solution at 298 K and 1 atm
24. Hsol = Hhyd Hlatt
25. G = H - TS