Manmohan Singh

For the lm director, see Manmohan Singh (director).

government faced a number of corruption chargesover

the organisation of the Commonwealth Games, the 2Gspectrum allocation and the allocation of coal blocks. After his term ended in 2014 he opted out from the race
to the oce of the Prime Minister of India during 2014
Indian general election.[3] Singh was never a member of
Lok Sabha but continues to serve as a member of the
Indian Parliament, representing the state of Assam in the
Rajya Sabha for the fth consecutive term since 1991.[4]

Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: [mnmon s]; born

26 September 1932) is an Indian economist who served
as the 14th[2] Prime Minister of India from 2004 to 2014.
The rst Sikh in oce, Singh was the rst prime minister
since Jawaharlal Nehru to be re-elected after completing
a full ve-year term.
Born in Gah (now in Punjab, Pakistan), Singhs family
migrated to India during its partition in 1947. After obtaining his doctorate in economics from Oxford, Singh
worked for the United Nations in 196669. He subsequently began his bureaucratic career when Lalit Narayan
Mishra hired him as an advisor in the Ministry of Foreign
Trade. Over the 70s and 80s, Singh held several key posts
in the Government of India, such as Chief Economic Advisor (197276), Reserve Bank governor (198285) and
Planning Commission head (198587).

1 Early life and education

Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on
26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a
Sikh family.[5] He lost his mother when he was very young
and was raised by his paternal grandmother, to whom he
was very close.
After the Partition of India, his family migrated to
Amritsar, India, where he studied at Hindu College.
He attended Panjab University, Chandigarh, then in
Hoshiarpur,[6][7][8] Punjab, studying Economics and got
his bachelors and masters degrees in 1952 and 1954,
respectively, standing rst throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at University
of Cambridge as he was a member of St Johns College
in 1957.[9]

In 1991, as India faced a severe economic crisis, newly

elected Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao surprisingly
inducted the apolitical Singh into his cabinet as Finance
Minister. Over the next few years, despite strong opposition, he as a Finance Minister carried out several
structural reforms that liberalised Indias economy. Although these measures proved successful in averting the
crisis, and enhanced Singhs reputation globally as a leading reform-minded economist, the incumbent Congress
party fared poorly in the 1996 general election. Subsequently, Singh served as Leader of the Opposition in the
Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indias Parliament) during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government of 19982004.

In a 2005 interview with the British journalist Mark Tully,

Singh said about his Cambridge days:
At (Cambridge) university I rst became
conscious of the creative role of politics in
shaping human aairs, and I owe that mostly
to my teachers Joan Robinson and Nicholas
Kaldor. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher,
but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very
few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the
unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the
state has to play more of a role if you really
want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor inuenced me even more; I found
him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan
Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian
analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could
be made to work.

In 2004, when the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power, its chairperson Sonia
Gandhi unexpectedly relinquished the premiership to
Manmohan Singh. This Singh-led UPA I government
executed several key legislations and projects, including the Rural Health Mission, Unique Identication Authority, Rural Employment Guarantee scheme and Right
to Information Act. In 2008, opposition to a historic
civil nuclear agreement with the United States nearly
caused Singhs government to fall after Left Front parties withdrew their support. Although Indias economy
grew rapidly under UPA I, its security was threatened by
several terrorist incidents (including the 2008 Mumbai
attacks) and the continuing Maoist insurgency.
The 2009 general election saw the UPA return with an increased mandate, with Singh retaining the oce of Prime
Minister. Over the next few years, Singhs UPA II

4 PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

After Cambridge, Singh returned to India to his teaching 3.1 Minister of Finance
position at Punjab University.[10]
In 1960, he went to the University of Oxford for the In 1991, Indias scal decit was close to 8.5 per cent
D.Phil where he was a member of Nueld College. His of the gross domestic product, the balance of payments
1962 doctoral thesis under supervision of IMD Little was decit was huge and the current account decit was close
[13]
titled Indias export performance, 19511960, export to 3.5 percent of Indias GDP. Indias foreign reserves
barely
amounted
to
US$1
billion,
enough to pay for a
prospects and policy implications, and was later the bafew
weeks
of
imports,
in
comparison
to US$283 billion
sis for his book Indias Export Trends and Prospects for
[14]
[11]
today.
Self-Sustained Growth.

Early career

Evidently, India was facing an economic crisis. At this

point, the government of India sought relief from the
supranational International Monetary Fund, which, while
assisting India nancially, imposed several conditions regarding Indias economic policy. In eect, IMF-dictated
policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be
dismantled, and Indias attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end. Accordingly, Singh, who had thus far
been one of the most inuential architects of Indias socialist economy, slowly opened the Indian economy to
foreign investment and business competition.[13][15]

After completing his D.Phil, Singh returned to India until

1966 when he went to work for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from
19661969.[9] Later, he was appointed as an advisor to
the Ministry of Foreign Trade by Lalit Narayan Mishra,
in recognition of Singhs talent as an economist.
Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the
In 1969, Singh became a Professor of International Trade economy and change Indias socialist economy to a more
capitalistic one, in the process dismantling the Licence
at the Delhi School of Economics.[9]
Raj, a system that inhibited the prosperity of private busiIn 1972, Singh was Chief Economic Adviser in the Min- nesses. They removed many obstacles standing in the
istry of Finance and in 1976 he was Secretary in the Fi- way of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and initiated the
nance Ministry.[9] In 19801982 he was at the Planning process of the privatisation of public sector companies.
Commission, and in 1982, he was appointed Governor However, in spite of these reforms, Raos government was
of the Reserve Bank of India under then Finance Minis- voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government
ter Pranab Mukherjee and held the post until 1985.[9] He in other areas. In praise of Singhs work that pushed Inwent on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning dia towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minCommission of India from 1985 to 1987.[5] Following ister P. Chidambaram has referred to Singh as the Deng
his tenure at the Planning Commission, he was Secre- Xiaoping of India.[16]
tary General of the South Commission, an independent
economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva, In 1993, Singh oered his resignation from the post of
Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation reSwitzerland from 1987 to November 1990.[12]
port criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate
Singh returned to India from Geneva in November 1990 a US$1.8 billion securities scandal. Prime Minister Rao
and held the post as the Advisor to Prime Minister of refused Singhs resignation, instead promising to punish
India on Economic Aairs during the tenure of V. P. the individuals directly accused in the report.[17]
Singh.[9] In March 1991, he became Chairman of the
University Grants Commission.[9]

3.2 Leader of Opposition in Rajya Sabha

Political career

In June 1991, Indias Prime Minister at the time, P.V.

Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his Finance Minister. Singh told Mark Tully the British journalist in 2005
""On the day (Rao) was formulating his cabinet, he sent
his Principal Secretary to me saying, 'The PM would like
you to become the Minister of Finance'. I didn't take it
seriously. He eventually tracked me down the next morning, rather angry, and demanded that I get dressed up and
come to Rashtrapati Bhavan for the swearing in. So thats
how I started in politics.[10]

Singh was rst elected to the upper house of Parliament,

the Rajya Sabha, in 1991[18] by the legislature of the state
of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001, 2007[5] and
2013.[19] From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata
Party was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he contested for the
Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the
seat.[20]

4 Prime Minister of India

4.1

4.1

14th Lok Sabha

14th Lok Sabha

tors, as well as public sector companies.[28] The Finance

ministry has been working towards relieving farmers of
their debt and has been working towards pro-industry
See also: First Manmohan Singh Ministry
After the 2004 general elections, the Indian National policies.[29] In 2005, Singhs government introduced the
value added tax, replacing sales tax. In 2007 and early
2008, the global problem of ination impacted India.[30]
4.1.2 Healthcare and education

A renowned economist,[21] Singh is shown here with Indian delegation at the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm.

Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance (NDA) tenure by becoming the political party with
the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha.
It formed United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with allies and staked claim to form government. In a surprise move, Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat, as the UPA candidate for
the Prime Ministership. Despite the fact that Singh had
never won a Lok Sabha seat, according to the BBC, he
has enjoyed massive popular support, not least because
he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by
the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian
administrations.[22] He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004.[23][24]
4.1.1

Economic policy

Following the advice of International Monetary Fund in

1991, Singh as Finance Minister, freed India from the Licence Raj, source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades. He liberalised
the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development
dramatically. During his term as Prime Minister, Singh
continued to encourage growth in the Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along
with the former Finance Minister, P. Chidambaram, have
presided over a period where the Indian economy has
grown with an 89% economic growth rate. In 2007,
India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and
became the second fastest growing major economy in the
world.[25][26]
Singhs government has continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was
initiated by Vajpayee's government.[27] Singh has also
been working on reforming the banking and nancial sec-

In 2005, Prime Minister Singh and his governments

health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission, which has mobilised half a million community
health workers. This rural health initiative was praised
by the American economist Jerey Sachs.[31] In 2006, his
Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of
seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS),
Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions
of higher education for Other Backward Classes which
led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.
Eight more IITs were opened in the states of Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya
Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.[32] The Singh
government also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
programme. The programme includes the introduction
and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of
schools all over India, especially in rural areas, to ght
illiteracy.[33]
4.1.3 Security and Home Aairs
Singhs government has been instrumental in strengthening anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). National Investigation
Agency (India) (NIA) was also created soon after the Nov
2008 Mumbai terror attacks, as need for a central agency
to combat terrorism was realised. Also, Unique Identication Authority of India was established in February
2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating egovernance.
Singhs administration initiated a massive reconstruction
eort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some
period of success, insurgent inltration and terrorism
in Kashmir has increased since 2009.[34] However, the
Singh administration has been successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.[34]
4.1.4 Legislations
The important National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act (NREGA) and the Right to Information Act were
passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure.
While the eectiveness of the NREGA has been success-

4 PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA

ful at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manproved crucial in Indias ght against corruption.[35]
mohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan
schools, health clinics, inThe The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in for the development of more
[46]
Under the leadership of
frastructure,
and
defence.
Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act,
Singh,
India
has
emerged
as
one
of the single largest aid
2013 was passed on 29 August 2013 in the Lok Sabha
[46]
donors
to
Afghanistan.
(lower house of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Indian parliament). The bill received the assent of the President of
India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013.[36] The
Act came into force from 1 January 2014.[37][38][39]
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education
Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the
modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution.[40] India became one
of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right
of every child when the act came into force on 1 April
2010.[41][42][43]
4.1.5

Foreign policy

Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the

White House. Singh is known to be a pro-US leader and has
contributed substantially in cementing the ties between the two
countries.

Manmohan Singh has continued the pragmatic foreign

policy that was started by P.V. Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
Singh has continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange
of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries
have highlighted his tenure. Eorts have been made during Singhs tenure to end the border dispute with Peoples Republic of China. In November 2006, Chinese
President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by
Singhs visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of
the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than
four decades. As of 2010, the Peoples Republic of China
is the second biggest trade partner of India.[44]

Singhs government has worked towards stronger ties with

the United States. He visited the United States in July
2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This was followed by George W. Bush's
successful visit to India in March 2006, during which the
declaration over the nuclear agreement was made, giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology
while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil
nuclear reactors. After more than two years for more negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, Nuclear
Suppliers Group and the US Congress, India and the US
signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab
Mukherjee representing India.[47]
Singh had the rst ocial state visit to the White
House during the administration of US President Barack
Obama. The visit took place in November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade and nuclear
power.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh seen here with Dmitry

Medvedev, Hu Jintao, Dilma Rousse and Jacob Zuma at the
3rd 2011 BRICS Summit in Sanya, China.

Relations have improved with Japan and European Union

countries, like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have
taken place. New Delhi hosted an IndiaAfrica Summit
in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15
African states.[48] Relations have improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa.
Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the Brasilia Declaration in 2003 and the
IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.[49]

Singhs government has also been especially keen on

expanding ties with Israel. Since 2003, the two counRelations with Afghanistan have also improved con- tries have made signicant investments in each other[50]
siderably, with India now becoming the largest re- and Israel now rivals Russia to become Indias defence
gional donor to Afghanistan.[45] During Afghan President partner.[51] Though there have been a few diplomatic

5
glitches between India and Russia, especially over the
delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to
be delivered to India,[52] relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence, nuclear energy and space cooperation.[53]

man of uncommon decency and grace, noting that he

drives a Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best
prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than
Jawaharlal Nehru. He mentions an incident in his book
Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and
Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok
Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the 2 lakh
4.2 15th Lok Sabha
(US$3,200) he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity,
India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in Khushwant Singh stated, When people talk of integrity,
ve phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009. I say the best example is the man who occupies the counThe results of the election were announced on 16 May trys highest oce.[65]
2009.[54] Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan,
In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognised him as a world
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar
leader who is respected by other heads of state, describing
Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance (UPA)
him as the leader other leaders love. The article quoted
form the new government under the incumbent Singh,
Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is the
who became the rst prime minister since Jawaharlal
model of what a political leader should be.[66] Singh is
Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full
number 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the worlds most
ve-year term.[55] The Congress and its allies were able
powerful people.[67] Forbes magazine described Singh as
to put together a comfortable majority with support from
being universally praised as Indias best prime minis322 members out of 543 members of the House. These
ter since Nehru.[68] Australian journalist Greg Sheridan
included those of the UPA and the external support from
praised Singh as one of the greatest statesmen in Asian
the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP),
history.[69]
Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD)
Time magazines Asia edition for 1017 July 2012
and other minor parties.[56]
week, on its cover remarked that Singh was an
On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the
underachiever.[70] It stated that Singh appears unPrime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati
willing to stick his neck out on reforms that will put
Bhavan.[57][58] The 2009 Indian general election was the
the country back on growth path. Congress spokesperlargest democratic election in the world held to date, with
son, Manish Tiwari rebutted the charges. UPA ally
an eligible electorate of 714 million.
Lalu Prasad Yadav took issue with the magazines stateThe 2012 report led by the CAG in Parliament of In- ments. Praising the government, Prasad said UPA
dia states that due to allocation of coal blocks to certain projects [were] doing well and asked, What will America
private companies without bidding process the nation suf- say as their own economy is shattered?".[71]
fered estimated loss of Rs 1.85 lakh crore between 2005
Political opponents including L.K Advani have claimed
to 2009 in which Manmohan Singh was the coal minister
that Singh is a weak Prime Minister. Advani declared
of India.[59][60]
He is weak. What do I call a person who can't take
Manmohan Singh declined to appear before a Joint Par- his decisions until 10 Janpath gives instruction.[72][73][74]
liamentary Committee (JPC) in April 2013 when called The Independent, a British daily also claimed that Singh
upon by one of the members of JPC Yashwant Sinha for did not have genuine political power.[75]
his alleged involvement of in 2G scam.[61]
Singhs public image has been tarnished with his government having been accused of various corruption scandals
since the start of its second term in 2009.[76] Opposition
4.3 16th Lok Sabha
demanded his resignation for his alleged role in 2G spec[77]
[78]
Singh did not contest the 2014 general election for the trum scam and Indian coal allocation scam. Senior
MP
of
the
Communist
Party
of
India
Gurudas
Dasgupta
16th Lok Sabha and resigned his post as prime minister
accused
Manmohan
Singh
of
"Dereliction
of
duty",
alat the end of his term on 17 May 2014. He served as the
leging
that
he
(the
PM)
was
fully
aware
of
irregularities
acting prime minister till 25 May 2014, when Narendra
[79]
Modi was sworn in as the new prime minister.[62][63][64] in dispensing of 2G telecom licences.

Public image

Singh was perceived as a man of clean background. He is

seen as a man of few words. The Independent described
him as one of the worlds most revered leaders and a

He has been largely viewed as accepting the role as seat

warmer for Rahul Gandhi; this was felt to have undercut
the institution of the prime minister.[80]

9 SEE ALSO

Family and personal life

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They have

three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.[81] Upinder Singh is a professor of history at
Delhi University. She has written six books, including
Ancient Delhi (1999) and A History of Ancient and Early
Medieval India (2008).[82] Daman Singh is a graduate of
St. Stephens College, Delhi and Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, and author of The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by
Nine,[83] she is married to an I.P.S ocial Ashok Patnaik who is on deputation to Intelligence Bureau. Amrit
Singh is a sta attorney at the American Civil Liberties
Union.[84]
Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries,
the most recent of which took place in January 2009.[85]
Singhs personal assets amount to ve crore rupees (approx 1 million USD). He has property worth Rs 1.8 crore,
a Rs 90 lakh house in Chandigarh and a Rs 88 lakh apartment in Vasant Kunj in Delhi. His bank deposits amount
to Rs 3.2 crore.[86]

Degrees and posts held

BA (Hons) in Economics 1952; MA First Class
in Economics, 1954 Panjab University, Chandigarh
(then in Hoshiarpur, Punjab), India
Honours degree in Economics, University of Cambridge St Johns College (1957)

Director, Industrial Development Bank of India

(19761980)
Secretary, Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Aairs), Government of India, (19771980)
Governor, Reserve Bank of India (19821985)
Deputy chairman, Planning Commission of India,
(19851987)
Secretary General, South Commission, Geneva
(19871990)
Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic
Aairs (19901991)
Chairman, University Grants Commission (15
March 1991 20 June 1991)[5]
Finance Minister of India, (21 June 1991 15 May
1996)
Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (1998
2004)
Prime Minister of India (22 May 2004 26 May
2014)

8 Honours, awards and international recognition

In March 1983, Panjab University, Chandigarh awarded

him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr. Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department.[87] In
Reader (19591963)
1997, the University of Alberta awarded him an Hon Professor (19631965)
orary Doctor of Law degree.[88] The University of Ox Professor of International Trade (19691971) ford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law de[89]
and in October 2006, the Univer DPhil in Economics, University of Oxford gree in July 2005,
sity
of
Cambridge
followed
with the same honour.[90] St.
Nueld College (1962)
Johns College further honoured him by naming a PhD
Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi
Scholarship after him, the Dr. Manmohan Singh Scholarship.[91] In 2008, he was awarded honorary Doctor of
Honorary Professor (1966)
Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University[92] and later
an honorary doctorate degree by
Chief, Financing for Trade Section, UNCTAD, that year he was awarded
[93]
In 2010, he was awarded honUnited Nations Secretariat, Manhattan, New York University of Madras.
orary doctorate degree by King Saud University.[94]
1966 : Economic Aairs Ocer 1966
Senior Lecturer, Economics (19571959)

Economic Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Trade, India

(19711972)
Chief Economic Advisor, Ministry of Finance, India, (19721976)

9 See also
Dr Manmohan Singh Scholarship at the University
of Cambridge

Honorary Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University,

New Delhi (1976)

Economic reforms under Manmohan Singh

Director, Reserve Bank of India (19761980)

The Accidental Prime Minister

10

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right now. The Hindu.

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[42] India launches childrens right to education. BBC News.

1 April 2010.

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[43] India joins list of 135 countries in making education a

right. The Hindu News. 2 April 2010.

[64] Manmohan Singh resigns bringing to an end his 10-year

tenure - The Times of India

[44] China becomes Indias 2nd largest trade partner

[65] PM Manmohan Singh is the best example of integrity:

Khushwant Singh date= 17 August 2010 publisher Times
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[45] Bajoria, Jayshree (23 October 2008). India-Afghanistan

Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 11
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[66] Christopher Dickey (16 August 2010). Go to the Head

of the Class. Newsweek. Retrieved 15 February 2011.

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Daily. 11 October 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.

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AU says. African Press International. 28 March 2008.
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The great seduction. Hindustan Times. Retrieved 11 December 2008.

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India and Israel Grows. The New York Times. Retrieved
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[80] victor promises stron India
[81] Dr. Manmohan Singh: Personal Prole. Prime Ministers Oce, Government of India. Retrieved 4 April
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[61] 2G scam: Disappointed over Manmohan Singhs refusal

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[82] Raote, Rrishi (10 October 2008). This Singh is King of

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[62] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Resigns After 10 Years

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[84] Rajghatta, Chidanand (21 December 2007). PMs

daughter puts White House in the dock. The Times of
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[85] One graft successfully performed on Manmohan Singh.
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[89] Oxford University confers doctorate degree on Manmohan Singh.
[90] Roy, Amit (15 October 2006). Cambridge University
confers doctorate degree on Manmohan Singh. The Telegraph.
[91] to apply for a Manmohan Singh Undergraduate Scholarship., Applicants to the University from India may be eligible. Manmohan Singh Scholarships for applicants from
India. study.cam.ac.uk.
[92] Manmohan Singh awarded honorary doctorate degree by
BHU. The Times of India. 15 March 2008.
[93] Manmohan Singh conferred honorary doctorate degree
by Madras University.
[94] Manmohan conferred honorary doctorate by King Saud
University. The Hindu (Chennai, India). 1 March 2010.
[95] PTI (3 November 2014). Manmohan Singh chosen for
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2014.
[96] PTI (23 September 2010). Manmohan Singh honoured
with 2010 World Statesman Award. Hindustan Times.
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[97] Sen, Amartya (18 April 2005). Manmohan Singh: The
2005 TIME 100. Time. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
[98] Indian Parliamentary Group. p. 1. Retrieved 13 June
2013.

11

External links

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at the Wayback

Machine (archived May 14, 2014) ocial website
Prole and Curriculum Vitae at the Wayback Machine (archived April 29, 2011)
List of current Union Ministers

10

12

12
12.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Manmohan Singh Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Singh?oldid=663605123 Contributors: Arvindn, Vanderesch,

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12.2

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Sqizcm, Seinfeld72, Human3015, KasparBot and Anonymous: 879

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File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

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