1

Strength and Durability of Fly Ash-Based Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete in a Simulated

Marine Environment
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This research is aimed at investigating the corrosion durability of polyolefin fiberreinforced fly
ash-based geopolymer structural concrete (hereafter referred to as GPC, in contradistinction to
unreinforced geopolymer concrete referred to as simply geopolymer concrete), where cement is
completely replaced by fly ash, that is activated by alkalis, sodium hydroxide and sodium
silicate. The durability in a marine environment is tested through an electrochemical method for
accelerated corrosion. The GPC achieved compressive strengths in excess of 6,000 psi. Fiber
reinforced beams contained polyolefin fibers in the amounts of 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% by
volume. After being subjected to corrosion damage, the GPC beams were analyzed through a
method of crack scoring, steel mass loss, and residual flexural strength testing. Fiber reinforced
GPC beams showed greater resistance to corrosion damage with higher residual flexural
strength. This makes GPC an attractive material for use in submerged marine structures.
Martinez Rivera, Francisco Javier
2
Fire Resistance of Geopolymer Concretes.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
This project carried out fire testing of geopolymer concrete specimens and associated laboratory
testing. This report focuses on the outcomes of the series of pilot-scale tests on geopolymer
concrete panels, which were conducted on a single geopolymer con...
J. Provis
2010-01-01
3
RESISTANCE OF FLY ASH BASED GEOPOLYMER MORTARS IN SULFURIC ACID
Microsoft Academic Search
The present paper reports the experimental results of a study conducted to assess the resistance
of fly ash based Geopolymer mortar specimens in sulfuric acid. The program consisted
immersion of geopolymer mortar samples having percentage Na2O ranging from 5% to 8% of
fly ash in a 10% Sulfuric acid solution up to a period of 18 weeks and evaluation of

Suresh Thokchom; Partha Ghosh; Somnath Ghosh

4
Influence of alkali cation on the mechanical properties and durability of fly ash based
geopolymers.
PubMed
This research has provided information about the influence of alkali cations (Na+ and K+) on the
mechanical properties and durability of fly ash based geopolymers. The results have shown that
alkali cations have a strong influence on the mechanical properties of fly ash based geopolymers.
K-geopolymers generally reach a higher value of compressive strength in comparison to Nageopolymers. On the other hand, microstructure and phase composition of fly ash based
geopolymers are not influenced by the nature of alkali cations. The ratio of main gel structure
forming elements is practically not affected by the nature of alkali cations. Durability of fly ash
based geopolymers in different aquatic environments is greatly dependent on the choice of alkali
cations. Na- geopolymers are generally more resistant in water and aggressive environments than
the K-geopolymers. The best durability of fly ash based geopolymers was observed in sea water.
PMID:24169718
Nikoli?, Irena; Zejak, Radomir; Jankovi?-?astvan, Ivona; Karanovi?, Ljiljana; Radmilovi?, Vuk;
Radmilovi?, Velimir
2013-01-01
5
Effect of synthesis parameters on the mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
In this paper the effect of the water, sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate contents in the
synthesis of fly ash-based geopolymers on their compressive strength is investigated. X-ray
diffractograms of geopolymers indicated the existence of the major crystalline phases of fly ash,
as well as the formation of a new amorphous phase in the geopolymeric matrices. Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Dimitrios Panias; Ioanna P. Giannopoulou; Theodora Perraki
2007-01-01
6
Dielectric properties and temperature profile of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar

Microsoft Academic Search

In this paper, the fresh properties, dielectric properties and temperature profile of fly ash-based
geopolymer mortars are investigated to observe the effect of mixture proportions and time after
mixing. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) were used as the activators.
The results of fresh properties revealed that the added water could improve the workability of
geopolymer mortar. It is
Saysunee Jumrat; Burachat Chatveera; Phadungsak Rattanadecho
2011-01-01
7
Effect of the alkali metal activator on the properties of fly ash-based geopolymers
SciTech Connect
The alkali and alkali earth metal cations present during the formation of most known
aluminosilicate structures have a very significant effect on both the physical and chemical
properties of the final product. Geopolymers are no exception, although this effect has not been
thoroughly quantified and in the case of waste-based geopolymers it has not received any
significant attention. The present study investigates the effect of mainly Na{sup +} and K{sup
+} on the physical and chemical properties of fly ash-based geopolymeric binders both before
and after setting has occurred. A variety of tests were conducted, including rheological
measurements, various leaching tests, compressive strength testing, specific surface area
determinations, and infrared spectroscopy (IR). It is concluded that the alkali metal cation
controls and affects almost all stages of geopolymerization, from the ordering of ions and soluble
species during the dissolution process to playing a structure-directing role during gel hardening
and eventual crystal formation.
Jaarsveld, J.G.S. van; Deventer, J.S.J. van
1999-10-01
8
Stabilization/solidification of a municipal solid waste incineration residue using fly ash-based
geopolymers.
PubMed
The stabilization/solidification (S/S) of a municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash
containing hazardous metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn or Ba by means of geopolymerization
technology is described in this paper. Different reagents such as sodium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide, sodium silicate, potassium silicate, kaolin, metakaolin and ground blast furnace slag

have been used. Mixtures of MSWI waste with these kinds of geopolymeric materials and class F
coal fly ash used as silica and alumina source have been processed to study the potential of
geopolymers as waste immobilizing agents. To this end, the effects of curing conditions and
composition have been tested. S/S solids are submitted to compressive strength and leaching
tests to assess the results obtained and to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment. Compressive
strength values in the range 1-9 MPa were easily obtained at 7 and 28 days. Concentrations of
the metals leached from S/S products were strongly pH dependent, showing that the leachate pH
was the most important variable for the immobilization of metals. Comparison of fly ash-based
geopolymer systems with classical Portland cement stabilization methods has also been
accomplished. PMID:20943314
Luna Galiano, Y; Fernndez Pereira, C; Vale, J
2011-01-15
9
Effect of the alkali metal activator on the properties of fly ash-based geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
The alkali and alkali earth metal cations present during the formation of most known
aluminosilicate structures have a very significant effect on both the physical and chemical
properties of the final product. Geopolymers are no exception, although this effect has not been
thoroughly quantified and in the case of waste-based geopolymers it has not received any
significant attention. The present
J. G. S. van Jaarsveld; J. S. J. van Deventer
1999-01-01
10
The characterisation of source materials in fly ash-based geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
In recent years geopolymers have emerged as novel materials having unique and highly desirable
chemical and mechanical properties. The technology of geopolymerisation is gaining commercial
interest because it has been demonstrated that, in certain cases, the properties of geopolymeric
materials are superior to existing cementitious systems. Source materials used during the
synthesis of geopolymers from industrial by-products such as fly
J. G. S. van Jaarsveld; J. S. J. van Deventer; G. C. Lukey
2003-01-01

11
Geopolymer concretes: a green construction technology rising from the ash
SciTech Connect
Researchers at Louisiana Tech University have embarked on a multi-year research initiative to
develop applications for inorganic polymer concrete, or geopolymer concrete, in the area of civil
construction, and to bring solve of these applications to market. One objective was to produce a
spray-on coating for use in the harsh environment of wastewater conveyance and treatment
facilities. Another project is to establish relationships between fly ash composition and particle
size distribution and the mechanical attributes and workability of the resulting geopolymer
concrete. A third project is to develop a 'smart' geopolymer concrete whose response to a given
electric current can be correlated to the stress level to which the structure is subjected. 1 fig., 6
photos.
Allouche, E. [Louisiana Tech University, LA (United States)
2009-07-01
12
[An FTIR and XPS study of immobilization of chromium with fly ash based geopolymers].
PubMed
Immobilization of Cr3+ with fly ash geopolymers was investigated by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) techniques. The chromium
sludge, as Cr(OH)3, was prepared with chemical precipitation method. The amounts of
aluminum and silicon leached before and after the chromium sludge addition were measured
using ICP-AES. The results suggested that the amounts of silicon and aluminum leached were
reduced for the fly ash geopolymers after chromium sludge was incorporated. The decrease of
silicon leaching was more pronounced than aluminum. FTIR results showed that the intensity of
the main peak shifted into lower and the wave number of Si--O--Si and Al--O--Si became higher.
The XPS results indicated that the O(1s) bind energy decreased, Si(2p) and Cr(2p) bind energy
increased, while Al(2p) bind energy remained unchanged due to Cr3+ addition. It was also
confirmed that the chromium is easily incorporated into the fly ash geopolymers paste, and
polymerized with silicate units. The immobilization of Cr3+ using fly ash geopolymers is
attributed not only to physical encapsulation, but also to chemical reaction. PMID:18422121
Liu, Si-Feng; Wang, Pei-Ming; Li, Zong-Jin; Lo, Irene M C
2008-01-01
13

Immobilisation of lead smelting slag within spent aluminate-fly ash based geopolymers.
PubMed
This study presents the solidification/stabilisation and immobilisation of lead smelting slag
(LSS) by its incorporation in coal fly ash - blast furnace slag based geopolymers. It also explores
the use of a spent aluminium etching solution (AES) as geopolymer activator instead of the
commonly used silicate solutions. The compressive strength of the geopolymers produced with
the AES was lower than when applying a K-silicate solution as activator (100MPa versus 80MPa
after 28 days). Compressive strength was not affected when up to 10% of the FA was replaced by
LSS. NEN 12457-4, TCLP, SPLP and NEN 7375 leaching tests indicated that mobile Pb from
LSS was highly immobilised. The diffusion leaching test NEN 7375 revealed exceeding of the
Dutch Soil Quality Regulation threshold limits only for Se and Sb. On the condition that the
remaining excess leaching can be reduced by further refinement of the mixture recipes, the
proposed process will have the potential of producing waste-based construction materials that
may be applied under controlled conditions in specific situations. PMID:23339881
Ogundiran, M B; Nugteren, H W; Witkamp, G J
2013-03-15
14
The influence of calcium content on the structure and thermal performance of fly ash based
geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
The influence of calcium and its content on the structure formation, hardening, and performance
of fly ash based geopolymeric\\u000a binder was the objective of our investigation. Calcium
hydroxide was added to fly ash in different amounts. Since it is known\\u000a that the formed
structure determines certain properties of the material, the coherence between different types and
various\\u000a ratios of the
K. Dombrowski; A. Buchwald; M. Weil
2007-01-01
15
Evaluation of Geopolymer Concrete for Rocket Test Facility Flame Deflectors
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
The current paper presents results from a combined research effort by Louisiana Tech University
(LTU) and NASA Stennis Space Center (SSC) to develop a new alumina-silicate based

cementitious binder capable of acting as a high performance refractory material with low heat
ablation rate and high early mechanical strength. Such a binder would represent a significant
contribution to NASA's efforts to develop a new generation of refractory 'hot face' liners for
liquid or solid rocket plume environments. This project was developed as a continuation of ongoing collaborations between LTU and SSC, where test sections of a formulation of high
temperature geopolymer binder were cast in the floor and walls of Test Stand E-1 Cell 3, an
active rocket engine test stand flame trench. Additionally, geopolymer concrete panels were
tested using the NASA-SSC Diagnostic Test Facility (DTF) thruster, where supersonic plume
environments were generated on a 1ft wide x 2ft long x 6 inch deep refractory panel. The DTF
operates on LOX/GH2 propellants producing a nominal thrust of 1,200 lbf and the combustion
chamber conditions are Pc=625psig, O/F=6.0. Data collected included high speed video of
plume/panel area and surface profiles (depth) of the test panels measured on a 1-inch by 1-inch
giving localized erosion rates during the test. Louisiana Tech conducted a microstructure analysis
of the geopolymer binder after the testing program to identify phase changes in the material.
Allgood, Daniel C.; Montes, Carlos; Islam, Rashedul; Allouche, Erez
2014-01-01
16
Comparative study between structural and electrical properties of geopolymers applied to a green
concrete
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This work shows a comparative analysis of geopolymers obtained by alkaline activation of two
aluminosilicates: bentonite and metakaolin. With the goal of to replace some cement percentage,
both aluminosilicates were added in several proportions (10, 20 and 30%) to concrete mixes.
Portland Type I cement was used to prepare the reference concrete (without geopolymer). X-ray
diffraction of geopolymers allowed to find new crystallographic phases that was not present in
precursor's minerals. To evaluate mechanical properties of concrete prepared with geopolymers,
test tubes with 7, 14, 28 and 90 days as setting time were used. Chemical resistance and
Electrical impedance of concrete mixes were also measured. Results shows that cementitious
material obtained from metakaolin exhibit the best compressive strength. On the other hand,
those materials derived from bentonite, have a high electrical resistance so that, they protected
reinforced concrete better that Portland does.
Montao, A. M.; Gonzlez, C. P.; Prez, J.; Royero, C.; Sandoval, D.; Gutirrez, J.
2013-11-01
17
Geopolymers

Microsoft Academic Search

Spectacular technological progress has been made in the last few years through the development
of new materials such as geopolymers, and new techniques, such as sol-gel. New state-of-theart materials designed with the help of geopolymerization reactions are opening up new
applications and procedures and transforming ideas that have been taken for granted in inorganic
chemistry. High temperature techniques are no
J. Davidovits
1991-01-01
18
Study on the factors of affecting the immobilization of heavy metals in fly ash-based
geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
Internationally, geopolymerisation technique has gradually been one of the most popular
methods to dispose wastes due to effective immobilization of toxic metals. However, few studies
were conducted on the wastes containing many different heavy metals and determined the factors
affecting the immobilization of these heavy metals. In this paper, a series of fly ash-based
geopolymeric matrices containing Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II)
J. Z. Xu; Y. L. Zhou; Q. Chang; H. Q. Qu
2006-01-01
19
Comparative performance of geopolymers made with metakaolin and fly ash after exposure to
elevated temperatures
SciTech Connect
This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of elevated temperatures on geopolymers
manufactured using metakaolin and fly ash of various mixture proportions. Both types of
geopolymers (metakaolin and fly ash) were synthesized with sodium silicate and potassium
hydroxide solutions. The strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer increased after exposure to
elevated temperatures (800 deg. C). However, the strength of the corresponding metakaolinbased geopolymer decreased after similar exposure. Both types of geopolymers were subjected
to thermogravimetric, scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry tests.
The paper concludes that the fly ash-based geopolymers have large numbers of small pores
which facilitate the escape of moisture when heated, thus causing minimal damage to the
geopolymer matrix. On the other hand, metakaolin geopolymers do not possess such pore

distribution structures. The strength increase in fly ash geopolymers is also partly attributed to
the sintering reactions of un-reacted fly ash particles.
Kong, Daniel L.Y. [Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800
(Australia); Sanjayan, Jay G. [Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton,
Victoria 3800 (Australia)], E-mail: jay.sanjayan@eng.monash.edu.au; Sagoe-Crentsil, Kwesi
[CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology, Highett, Victoria 3190 (Australia)
2007-12-15
20
Alkali-Activated Geopolymers: A Literature Review.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
Information presented in this report is organized along specific issues such as the advantages and
disadvantages of using geopolymer concrete for industrial applications, the benefits and risks
associated with binder variables (alkaline concentration, poz...
A. Saeed J. C. Petermann M. I. Hammons
2010-01-01
21
Comparative performance of geopolymers made with metakaolin and fly ash after exposure to
elevated temperatures
Microsoft Academic Search
This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of elevated temperatures on geopolymers
manufactured using metakaolin and fly ash of various mixture proportions. Both types of
geopolymers (metakaolin and fly ash) were synthesized with sodium silicate and potassium
hydroxide solutions.The strength of the fly ash-based geopolymer increased after exposure to
elevated temperatures (800 C). However, the strength of
Daniel L. Y. Kong; Jay G. Sanjayan; Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil
2007-01-01
22
Bulk modulus of basic sodalite, Na{sub 8}[AlSiO{sub 4}]{sub 6}(OH){sub 2}.2H{sub 2}O, a
possible zeolitic precursor in coal-fly-ash-based geopolymers

SciTech Connect
Synthetic basic sodalite, Na{sub 8}[AlSiO{sub 4}]{sub 6}(OH){sub 2}.2H{sub 2}O, cubic,
P43n, (also known as hydroxysodalite hydrate) was prepared by the alkaline activation of
amorphous aluminosilicate glass, obtained from the phase separation of Class F fly ash. The
sample was subjected to a process similar to geopolymerization, using high concentrations of a
NaOH solution at 90 {sup o}C for 24 hours. Basic sodalite was chosen as a representative
analogue of the zeolite precursor existing in Na-based Class F fly ash geopolymers. To determine
its bulk modulus, high-pressure synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction was applied using a
diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to a pressure of 4.5 GPa. A curve-fit with a truncated third-order
Birch-Murnaghan equation of state with a fixed K'{sub o} = 4 to pressure-normalized volume
data yielded the isothermal bulk modulus, K{sub o} = 43 {+-} 4 GPa, indicating that basic
sodalite is more compressible than sodalite, possibly due to a difference in interactions between
the framework host and the guest molecules.
Oh, Jae Eun; Moon, Juhyuk; Mancio, Mauricio [Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Clark, Simon M.
[Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 20015 (United
States); Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA
94720 (United States); Monteiro, Paulo J.M., E-mail: monteiro@berkeley.ed [Department of
Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United
States)
2011-01-15
23
Investigation of the use of fly-ash based autoclaved cellular concrete blocks in coal mines for air
duct work. Final report, January 25, 1993--December 31, 1994
SciTech Connect
Coal mines are required to provide ventilation to occupied portions of underground mines.
Concrete block is used in this process to construct air duct walls. However, normal concrete
block is heavy and not easy to work with and eventually fails dramatically after being loaded due
to mine ceiling convergence and/or floor heave. Autoclaved cellular concrete block made from
(70{plus_minus}%) coal fly ash is lightweight and less rigid when loaded. It is lighter and easier
to use than regular concrete block for underground mine applications. It has also been used in
surface construction around the world for over 40 years. Ohio Edison along with eight other
electric utility companies, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and North American
Cellular Concrete constructed a mobile demonstration plant to produce autoclaved cellular
concrete block from utility fly ash. To apply this research in Ohio, Ohio Edison also worked with
the Ohio Coal Development Office and CONSOL Inc. to produce autoclaved cellular concrete
block not only from coal ash but also from LIMB ash, SNRB ash, and PFBC ash from various
clean coal technology projects sponsored by the Ohio Coal Development Office. The purpose of

this project was to demonstrate the potential for beneficial use of fly ash and clean coal
technology by-products in the production of lightweight block.
Horvath, M.L. [Ohio Edison Co., Akron, OH (United States)
1995-06-19
24
Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer pastes
Microsoft Academic Search
The influence of calcium compounds (CaO and Ca(OH)2) on the mechanical properties of fly
ash based geopolymers has been studied. Calcium compounds were substituted in fly ash at 1, 2
and 3wt%, respectively. Curing of the geopolymers was performed at ambient temperature
(20C) and 70C. Addition of calcium compounds as a fly ash substitute improved mechanical
properties for the ambient
J. Temuujin; A. van Riessen; R. Williams
2009-01-01
25
Erosion of a geopolymer.
SciTech Connect
Solid-particle erosion studies were conducted on a representative geopolymer. The test
conditions were normal impact of 390-{micro}m angular Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} erodent particles
moving at 50, 70, or 100 m/s. Steady-state erosion rates were obtained and the material-loss
mechanism was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The geopolymer responded as a classic
brittle material. Elastic-plastic indentation events led to formation of brittle cleavage cracks that
resulted in spallation of material. The erosion rate was proportional to erodent velocity to the 2.3
power. The erosion rate and mechanism for the geopolymer were nearly identical to what has
been observed for erosion of Si single crystals.
Goretta, K. C.; Chen, N.; Routbort, J. L.; Lukey, G. C.; van Deventer, J. S. J.
2002-07-02
26
Geopolymers for Structural Ceramic Applications.

National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Geopolymers show promise in a variety of structural ceramic based application including
refractory adhesives for ceramics and metals, thermal shock resistant molds, fiber reinforced
composites, and as a precursor in the formation of pure ceramic phases su...
D. C. Comrie
2006-01-01
27
Effect of silica fume on the characterization of the geopolymer materials
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The influence of silica fume (SF) addition on properties of geopolymer materials produced from
alkaline activation of alumino-silicates metakaolin and waste concrete produced from demolition
works has been studied through the measurement of compressive strength, Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis.
Alumino-silicate materials are coarse aggregate included waste concrete and fired kaolin
(metakaolin) at 800C for 3 h, both passing a sieve of 90 ?m. Mix specimens containing silica
fume were prepared at water/binder ratios in a range of 0.30 under water curing. The used
activators are an equal mix of sodium hydroxide and silicate in the ratio of 3:3 wt.%. The control
geopolymer mix is composed of metakaolin and waste concrete in an equal mix (50:50, wt.%).
Waste concrete was partially replaced by silica fume by 1 to 10 wt.%. The results indicated that
compressive strengths of geopolymer mixes incorporating SF increased up to 7% substitution
and then decreased up to 10% but still higher than that of the control mix. Results indicated that
compressive strengths of geopolymer mixes incorporating SF increases up to 7% substitution and
then decreases up to 10% but still higher than the control mix, where 7% SF-digested calcium
hydroxide (CH) crystals, decreased the orientation of CH crystals, reduced the crystal size of CH
gathered at the interface, and improved the interface more effectively.
Khater, Hisham M.
2013-12-01
28
Waste stabilization\\/solidification of an electric arc furnace dust using fly ash-based
geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
The stabilization\\/solidification (S\\/S) of a carbon steel electric arc furnace (EAF) dust
containing hazardous metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr or Zn using geopolymerization technology is

described in this paper. Different reagents such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide,
sodium silicate, potassium silicate, kaolinite, metakaolinite and blast furnace slag have been
used. Mixtures of EAF waste with these geopolymeric materials and
C. Fernndez Pereira; Y. Luna; X. Querol; D. Antenucci; J. Vale
2009-01-01
29
Immobilization of a metallurgical waste using fly ash-based geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
The stabilization\\/solidification (S\\/S) of electric arc furnace (EAF) dust containing hazardous
metals such as Pb, Cd, Cr or Zn by means of geopolymerization technology is described in this
paper. Firstly, different samples of geopolymeric material has been prepared using a class F coal
fly ash and different reagents as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium silicate and
kaolinite. After that, mixtures
Y. Luna; X. Querol; D. Antenucci; El-Aid Jdid; C. Fernndez
30
MICROSTRUCTURE AND MICROCHEMISTRY OF FULLY-REACTED GEOPOLYMERS
AND GEOPOLYMER MATRIX COMPOSITES
Microsoft Academic Search
The processing, intrinsic microstructure and properties of geopolymer materials and geopolymer
composites made with basalt fibers (chopped and fiber weaves) have been investigated. Curing
of geopolymers was achieved by one of three routes, viz., pressureless curing, warm pressing,
and curing in a high pressure autoclave. The materials were fabricated at ambient temperatures
up to (40-80C). Using fiber reinforcement, the bending
Waltraud M. Kriven; Jonathon L. Bell; Matthew Gordon
31
An investigation of waste glass-based geopolymers supplemented with alumina
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
An increased consideration of sustainability throughout society has resulted in a surge of
research investigating sustainable alternatives to existing construction materials. A new binder
system, called a geopolymer, is being investigated to supplement ordinary portland cement

(OPC) concrete, which has come under scrutiny because of the CO2 emissions inherent in its
production. Geopolymers are produced from the alkali activation of a powdered aluminosilicate
source by an alkaline solution, which results in a dense three-dimensional matrix of tetrahedrally
linked aluminosilicates. Geopolymers have shown great potential as a building construction
material, offering similar mechanical and durability properties to OPC. Additionally,
geopolymers have the added value of a considerably smaller carbon footprint than OPC. This
research considered the compressive strength, microstructure and composition of geopolymers
made from two types of waste glass with varying aluminum contents. Waste glass shows great
potential for mainstream use in geopolymers due to its chemical and physical homogeneity as
well as its high content of amorphous silica, which could eliminate the need for sodium silicate.
However, the lack of aluminum is thought to negatively affect the mechanical performance and
alkali stability of the geopolymer system. 39 Mortars were designed using various combinations
of glass and metakaolin or fly ash to supplement the aluminum in the system. Mortar made from
the high-Al glass (12% Al2O3) reached over 10,000 psi at six months. Mortar made from the
low-Al glass (<1% Al2O3) did not perform as well and remained sticky even after several weeks
of curing, most likely due to the lack of Al which is believed to cause hardening in geopolymers.
A moderate metakaolin replacement (25-38% by mass) was found to positively affect the
compressive strength of mortars made with either type of glass. Though the microstructure of the
mortar was quite indicative of mechanical performance, composition was also found to be
important. The initial stoichiometry of the bulk mixture was maintained fairly closely, especially
in mixtures made with fine glass. This research has shown that glass has great potential for use in
geopolymers, when care is given to consider the compositional and physical properties of the
glass in mixture design.
Christiansen, Mary U.
32
Geopolymer formation and its unique properties
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The characteristic property of naturally-occurring geopolymers is a high content of humic
materials that are recognized by the nitrogen function. Through a simulated geopolymerization,
biopolymers with non-nitrogen function, such as xanthan gum, were found to have the
characteristics of humic acid by means of UV Vis spectrometry. This fact ascertains that any kind
of biopolymer may naturally transform to a geopolymer. A geopolymer is a type of crosslinked
long-chain compound, built in three-dimensional structures whose property is immune to
microbial degradation. A crosslinked biopolymer was shown to have the same characterization as
a geopolymer that has a long life due to its crosslinking capacity and anti-microbial properties. In
this study, the formation of petroleum-based geopolymers (e.g., kerogen) was introduced. This
study may elucidate the structure of geomacromolecules and the mechanism of their formation,
closely related with crosslink reaction between inorganic and organic molecules. This will
further change the conventional definition of geopolymer that involves only the inorganic
geopolymer.

Kim, Daeik; Lai, Hsuan-Ting; Chilingar, George V.; Yen, Teh Fu

2006-10-01
33
Geopolymer formation and its unique properties
Microsoft Academic Search
The characteristic property of naturally-occurring geopolymers is a high content of humic
materials that are recognized by the nitrogen function. Through a simulated geopolymerization,
biopolymers with non-nitrogen function, such as xanthan gum, were found to have the
characteristics of humic acid by means of UVVis spectrometry. This fact ascertains that any
kind of biopolymer may naturally transform to a geopolymer.
Daeik Kim; Hsuan-Ting Lai; George V. Chilingar; Teh Fu Yen
2006-01-01
34
Fire-resistant geopolymer produced by granulated blast furnace slag
Microsoft Academic Search
This paper describes research into the use of granulated blast furnace slag as an active filler in
the making of geopolymers. During this work it was found that geopolymer setting time
correlates well with temperature, potassium hydroxide concentration, metakaolinite and sodium
silicate addition. The physical and mechanical properties of the geopolymer also correlated well
with the concentration of alkaline solution
T. W. Cheng; J. P. Chiu
2003-01-01
35
Synthesis and heavy metal immobilization behaviors of slag based geopolymer
Microsoft Academic Search
In this paper, two aspects of studies are carried out: (1) synthesis of geopolymer by using slag
and metakaolin; (2) immobilization behaviors of slag based geopolymer in a presence of Pb and
Cu ions. As for the synthesis of slag based geopolymer, four different slag content (10%, 30%,
50%, 70%) and three types of curing regimes (standard curing, steam curing

Zhang Yunsheng; Sun Wei; Chen Qianli; Chen Lin

2007-01-01
36
The effect of ionic contaminants on the early-age properties of alkali-activated fly ash-based
cements
Microsoft Academic Search
Alkali-activated fly ash-based cements are concrete binders that utilise fly ash as their major
solid raw material. The solid particles are activated using concentrated silicate and hydroxide
solution to produce high-strength products. Due to the highly alkaline nature of the solution,
precipitation of the reactive species, both from the solids and from the solution, proceeds at a
very fast rate.
W. K. W. Lee; J. S. J. van Deventer
2002-01-01
37
The composition range of aluminosilicate geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
Aluminosilicate geopolymers with SiO2\\/Al2O3 ratios ranging from 0.5 to 300 have been
prepared from mixtures of dehydroxylated kaolinite with either ?-Al2O3 or fine Aerosil SiO2,
with the ratios Na2O\\/SiO2 and H2O\\/SiO2 kept constant throughout the series. All the
compositions hardened at ambient temperature, but the high-alumina compositions were of low
strength and did not display typical XRD and NMR geopolymer
Ross A. Fletcher; Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie; Catherine L. Nicholson; Shiro Shimada
2005-01-01
38
Synthesis of ferronickel slag-based geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
This paper deals with the synthesis of geopolymers utilizing ferronickel slag as raw material. The
utilized slag is produced in the Greek plant LARCO during the pyrometallurgical treatment of
laterites for the production of ferronickel, specifically at the step of the reductive smelting in

electric arc furnaces. The performed work includes the optimization of the slag-based
geopolymeric system through the
Ioannis Maragkos; Ioanna P. Giannopoulou; Dimitrios Panias
2009-01-01
39
Development of Geopolymers Supported by Systems Analysis
Microsoft Academic Search
Up to now, economic and ecological assessments have been carried out mainly after the
development of materials. At that point of time, however, there is only a small degree of freedom
to change the composition or process and to optimize the materials. The present paper shall focus
on a new approach to materials development, illustrated by the example of geopolymers.
M. Weil; K. Dombrowski; A. Buchwald
40
Factors affecting the shrinkage of fly ash geopolymers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
The shrinkage of fly ash geopolymers was studied in the present study. Fly ash was used as the
source material for making the geopolymers. The effects of the concentration of NaOH, sodium
silicate-to-NaOH ratio, liquid-to-ash ratio, curing temperature, and curing time on shrinkage
were investigated. The geopolymers were cured at 25, 40, and 60C, respectively. The results
indicate that the shrinkage of geopolymers is strongly dependent on curing temperature and
liquid-to-ash ratio. The increase in shrinkage is associated with the low strength development of
geopolymers. It is also found that NaOH concentration and sodium silicate-to-NaOH ratio also
affect the shrinkage of geopolymers but to a lesser extent.
Ridtirud, Charoenchai; Chindaprasirt, Prinya; Pimraksa, Kedsarin
2011-02-01
44
Properties of wastepaper sludge in geopolymer mortars for masonry applications.
PubMed

This paper presents the results of an investigation into the use of wastepaper sludge in
geopolymer mortar systems for manufacturing construction products. The investigation was
driven by the increasing demand for reuse options in paper-recycling industry. Both fresh and
hardened geopolymer mortar properties are evaluated for samples incorporating dry wastepaper
sludge, and the results indicate potential end-use benefits in building product manufacture.
Addition of wastepaper sludge to geopolymer mortar reduces flow properties, primarily due to
dry sludge absorbing water from the binder mix. The average 91-day compressive strength of
mortar samples incorporating 2.5 wt% and 10 wt% wastepaper sludge respectively retained 92%
and 52% of the reference mortar strength. However, contrary to the normal trend of increasing
drying shrinkage with increasing paper sludge addition to Portland cement matrices, the
corresponding geopolymer drying shrinkage decreased by 34% and 64%. Equally important, the
water absorption of hardened geopolymer mortar decreased with increasing paper sludge content
at ambient temperatures, providing good prospects of overall potential for wastepaper sludge
incorporation in the production of building and masonry elements. The results indicate that,
despite its high moisture absorbance due to the organic matter and residual cellulose fibre
content, wastepaper sludge appears compatible with geopolymer chemistry, and hence serves as
a potential supplementary additive to geopolymer cementitious masonry products.
PMID:22868380
Yan, Shiqin; Sagoe-Crentsil, Kwesi
2012-12-15
45
Influence of gamma ray irradiation on metakaolin based sodium geopolymer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Effects of gamma irradiation on metakaolin based Na-geopolymer have been investigated by
external irradiation. The experiments were carried out in a gamma irradiator with 60Co sources
up to 1000 kGy. Various Na-geopolymer with three H2O/Na2O ratios have been studied in terms
of hydrogen radiolytic yield. The results show that hydrogen production increases linearly with
water content. Gamma irradiation effects on Na-geopolymer microstructure have been
investigated with porosity measurements and X-ray pair distribution function analysis. A change
of pore size distribution and a structural relaxation have been found after gamma ray irradiation.
Lambertin, D.; Boher, C.; Dannoux-Papin, A.; Galliez, K.; Rooses, A.; Frizon, F.
2013-11-01
46
Influence of curing schedule on the integrity of geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search

The curing at ambient and controlled relative humidity (RH) with mild heating (4060C) of a
metakaolinite-based geopolymer\\u000a of molar ratios Si\\/Al and Na\\/Al of 2 and 1
respectively was studied. To obtain these geopolymers in a crack-free state, rapid\\u000a drying
during curing should be avoided. Curing at a lower RH (e.g. 30%) is preferable to that at a higher
RH
D. S. Perera; O. Uchida; E. R. Vance; K. S. Finnie
2007-01-01
47
Encapsulation of aluminium in geopolymers produced from metakaolin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Magnox swarf contaminated with trace levels of Al metal is an important UK legacy waste
originated from the fuel rod cladding system used in Magnox nuclear power stations. Composite
cements made from Portland cement and blast furnace slag form a potential encapsulation
matrix. However the high pH of this system causes the Al metal to corrode causing durability
issues. Geopolymers derived from metakaolin are being investigated as an alternative
encapsulation matrix for Magnox swarf waste and the corrosion kinetics and surface interactions
of Al with metakaolin geopolymer are reported in this paper. It is shown that the pH of the
geopolymer paste can be controlled by the selection of metakaolin and the sodium silicate
solution used to form the geopolymer. A decrease in pH of the activation solution reduces
corrosion of the Al metal and increases the stability of bayerite and gibbsite layers formed on the
Al surface. The bayerite and gibbsite act as a passivation layer which inhibits further corrosion
and mitigates H2 generation. The research shows that optimised metakaolin geopolymers have
potential to be used to encapsulate legacy Magnox swarf wastes.
Kuenzel, C.; Neville, T. P.; Omakowski, T.; Vandeperre, L.; Boccaccini, A. R.; Bensted, J.;
Simons, S. J. R.; Cheeseman, C. R.
2014-04-01
48
Nanoindentation Study of Na-Geopolymers Exposed to High Temperatures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
This paper reports the usefulness of nanoindentation as a characterization and monitoring tool for
studying thermal behaviour of Geopolymer materials. The influence of the manufacturing
process of Na-Geopolymers in their micro-mechanical properties and thermal behaviour has
been studied. Two types of metakaolin-based geopolymer panels with almost identical
composition were prepared by injection and pouring methods. Micro-mechanical properties of

the two samples exposed to high temperatures up to 1000 C were studied by nanoindentation
technique, supplemented by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Microscopy. Remarkable differences in micromechanical properties and thermal behaviour between the two samples were found. Statistical
nanoindentation has been successfully used to provide information about the micro-mechanical
properties of different phases in the material and their volume distributions.
Belea, I.; Zhu, W.
49
Experimental Study in the Mechanical Response of Polymer Modified Geopolymers.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight of Poly Ethylene
Glycol (PEG), Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) on metakaolin and F type fly ash sodium based
geopolymers in their mechanical response. It was found that adding...
B. Valera
2012-01-01
50
Solid-state NMR study of geopolymer prepared by sol-gel chemistry
SciTech Connect
Geopolymers are a new class of materials formed by the condensation of aluminosilicates and
silicates obtained from natural minerals or industrial wastes. In this work, the sol-gel method is
used to synthesize precursor materials for the preparation of geopolymers. The geopolymer
samples prepared by our synthetic route have been characterized by a series of physical
techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, and multinuclear solid-state
NMR. The results are very similar to those obtained for the geopolymers prepared from natural
kaolinite. We believe that our synthetic approach can offer a good opportunity for the medical
applications of geopolymer. -- Graphical abstract: Geopolymer prepared by the sol-gel route has
the same spectroscopic properties as the sample prepared from the natural kaolinite. Display
Omitted
Tsai, Yi-Ling [Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt
Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROC (China); Hanna, John V. [Department of Physics, The
University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL (United Kingdom); Lee, Yuan-Ling, E-mail:
yuanlinglee@ntu.edu.t [Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, National Taiwan University and
Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei 10048, Taiwan ROC (China); Smith, Mark E., E-mail:
M.E.Smith.1@warwick.ac.u [Department of Physics, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4

7AL (United Kingdom); Chan, Jerry C.C., E-mail: chanjcc@ntu.edu.t [Department of Chemistry,
National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan ROC (China)
2010-12-15
51
Factors affecting the performance of metakaolin geopolymers exposed to elevated temperatures
Microsoft Academic Search
The effects of geopolymer binder systems exposed to elevated temperatures are examined.
Geopolymers investigated were synthesized\\u000a from metakaolin, activated by combinations
of sodium\\/potassium silicate and sodium\\/potassium hydroxide. The specimens were\\u000a
then exposed to temperatures of 800 C. The factors studied were: (1) calcining temperatures of
kaolin; (2) Si\\/Al ratio of\\u000a the geopolymer; (3) activator\\/metakaolin ratio; (4) curing
temperature; and (5) alkali
Daniel L. Y. Kong; Jay G. Sanjayan; Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil
2008-01-01
52
Geopolymer - room-temperature ceramic matrix for composites
SciTech Connect
The semiamorphous three-dimensional networks of polymeric Na, K, Li, and Mg
aluminosilicates of both poly(sialate) and poly(sialate-siloxo) type, collectively known as
geopolymers, harden at 20-120 C and are similar to thermoset resins, but are stable at up to
1200-1400 C without shrinkage. A wide variety of alkaline-resistant inorganic reinforcements,
notably SiC fibers, have been combined with geopolymer matrices to yield nonburning,
nonsmoking high-temperature composites. An SiC fiber-reinforced K-poly(sialate-siloxo) matrix,
shaped and hardened at 70 C for 1.5 hr, develops flexural mean strengths of the order of 380
MPa that are retained after firing at up to 900 C. 16 references.
Davidovits, J.; Davidovics, M.
1988-08-01
53
Adhesion of Geopolymer Bonded Joints Considering Surface Treatments
Microsoft Academic Search

In this study the adhesion properties of a geopolymer-based adhesive on metallic substrates are
investigated, considering different surface conditions. Mechanical treatments (grit-blasting and
sand-blasting) and chemical treatments (nitro-phosphoric acid and silanization) were performed
on steel and aluminium plates. Single lap joint specimens were tested in order to access the
influence of these pretreatments on the shear bond strength. The surfaces
S. De Barros; J. R. De Souza; K. C. Gomes; E. M. Sampaio; N. P. Barbosa; S. M. Torres
2012-01-01
54
Reaction mechanism, kinetics and high temperature transformations of geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
The reaction kinetics and mechanism of geopolymers are studied. The dissolved silicate
concentration decreases from the beginning\\u000a of the reaction. A characteristic time
t\\u000a 0,vit for the setting of the reaction mixture is derived from isothermal Dynamic
Mechanical Analysis experiments. t\\u000a 0,vit increases with SiO2\\/R2O but goes through a
minimum for increasing water content. The reaction is slower for K
H. Rahier; J. Wastiels; M. Biesemans; R. Willlem; G. Van Assche; B. Van Mele
2007-01-01
55
Synthesis and mechanical properties of metakaolinite-based geopolymer
Microsoft Academic Search
Metakaolinite-based geopolymer has been synthesized at about 20C from metakaolinite under
activation of NaOH solution (412mol\\/L) and sodium silicate solution. The reaction product
was compressed at 4MPa in mould and then cured at 65C in oven for 10h. Flexural strength,
compressive strength and apparent density of the material were systematically measured. The
effect of concentration of NaOH solution on the
Hongling Wang; Haihong Li; Fengyuan Yan
2005-01-01
56
Synthesis and tribological behavior of metakaolinite-based geopolymer composites

Microsoft Academic Search

Metakaolinite-based geopolymer composites containing 5%30% (volume fraction) scalelike
graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), respectively, were
synthesized in the presence of a compound activator composed of aqueous NaOH and sodium
silicate at room temperature. The tribological behaviors of the resulting composites sliding
against AISI-1045 steel were investigated on an MM-200 friction and wear tester, and the
bending strength and
Hongling Wang; Haihong Li; Fengyuan Yan
2005-01-01
57
Effects of aluminates on the formation of geopolymers
Microsoft Academic Search
The mechanisms of Al speciation and hydrolysis in geopolymer systems are investigated based
on the partial charge model together with preliminary experimental validation. Calculation of the
partial charges of species discloses that the positive partial charge of the Al atom is always
higher than that of Si atom under conditions of similar pH values, suggesting greater tendency of
[Al(OH)4]? tetrahedra
Luqian Weng; Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil; Trevor Brown; Shenhua Song
2005-01-01
58
Workability and strength of lignite bottom ash geopolymer mortar
Microsoft Academic Search
In this paper, the waste lignite bottom ash from power station was used as a source material for
making geopolymer. Sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) were used as liquid for the
mixture and heat curing was used to activate the geopolymerization. The fineness of bottom ash,
the liquid alkaline\\/ash ratio, the sodium silicate\\/NaOH ratio and the NaOH concentration were
Apha Sathonsaowaphak; Prinya Chindaprasirt; Kedsarin Pimraksa
2009-01-01
59

Synthesis and thermal behaviour of potassium sialate geopolymers

Microsoft Academic Search
The geopolymers potassium polysialate (K-PS) and potassium sialate disiloxo (K-PSDS) have
been found to possess extremely good thermal stability. K-PS shows little sign of melting up to
1400 C, its amorphous structure being replaced by the crystalline feldspars leucite and kalsilite
at 1000 C. 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR confirm the ease of this thermal reaction which involves
only slight
Valeria F. F. Barbosa; Kenneth J. D. MacKenzie
2003-01-01
60
Effect of mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of geopolymer cured at ambient
temperature
Microsoft Academic Search
The effect of the mechanical activation of fly ash on the properties of the geopolymers cured at
ambient temperature has been studied. Mechanical activation of the fly ash results in particle size
and morphology changes with concomitant increase in reactivity with alkaline liquid. Addition of
free water in the reaction mix decreases mechanical properties of the geopolymer samples. After
28
J. Temuujin; R. P. Williams; A. van Riessen
2009-01-01

Olivia, M. and Nikraz, H. 2010. Corrosion Performance of Embedded Steel in Fly Ash
Geopolymer Concrete by Impressed Voltage Method, in Fragomeni, S. and Venkatesan, S. and
Lam, N.T.K. and Sentuge, S. (ed), 21st Australian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures
and Materials, Dec 7 2010, pp. 781-786. Melbourne, VIC: CRC Press/Baklema.
Access Status

file restricted - metadata only

Author

Olivia, Monita
Nikraz, Hamid

Title

Corrosion Performance of Embedded Steel in

Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete by Impressed
Voltage Method

Date

2010

Abstract

The present paper covers a study of the

corrosion performance of embedded steel in
fly ash geopolymer concrete by an accelerated
corrosion test set up. Concrete specimens
were exposed to a constant impressed voltage
of 5V and 30V. Two optimized fly ash
geopolymer concrete mixtures were compared
with a control mix (OPC concrete) at an
equivalent strength grade. Alkalinity
reduction by phenolphthalein spray, chloride
penetration by AgNO3 spray and half cell
potential measurement were also investigated.
The accele-rated corrosion test was carried
out for 28 days. Results indicate that the
geopolymer concrete displayed a smaller
recorded current and higher electrical
resistance than the corresponding control mix.
Small cracks were observed in the fly ash
geopolymer samples. It can be concluded that
the fly ash geopolymer concrete had good
corrosion performance and yielded longer
time to failure than the OPC concrete.

Department

Department of Civil Engineering