Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
We are listing some of the very common topics based on different situations in RTR Transmission.
Its nearly impossible to cover all the situations but discussing some of the common topics.
In case, if question comes out of the topics discussed below. It is recommended for a candidate
to attend the question in examination by using standard phrases and standard
transmission technique. There are also few small situations which are discussed in
between of the topics listed below.
Disclaimer: The topic covered below is for RTR Transmission exams and
most of the situations are very different from the Real life transmission on-board an
aircraft. These notes are just to set a format in your mind and for standard practice for
RTR transmission examinations. In any case Author is not Responsible for any such
details given in this blog if quoted with any authority. And also it will not serve as a legal
document. Non of the charts, maps and other drawings given in this blog is for practical
purpose.All drawings, charts, maps are given as a sample for understanding.
However, these notes are prepared after the self-study done by author from different
government and non-government documents, books and other reading materials.
In any case readers are recommended to read content at there own risk.
Situations of RTR Transmission
1. Position Report
2. RVSM
a. Aircraft unable RVSM, in contact with ATC.
b. Aircraft flying on deviated track, no contact with ATC
c. Aircraft unable RVSM, re-established contact with ATC.
d. Non-RVSM approved aircraft, for RVSM Level.
3. Radio communication failure
4. Joining or crossing ATS Routes
5. AIRPROX on different situations
6. Traffic on reciprocal tracks, crossing each other climb or descend/
lateral separation/ longitudinal separation.
7. a. Weather deviation (In contact with ATC)
b. Weather deviation (no contact with ATC)
8. Wind shear report
9. Vehicle on Taxiway
10. Request to change ATS Route (Altering Route)
11. Urgency
12. Distress
a. Cabin decompression
b. Engine on fire
c. Aircraft entered in prohibited area.
13. Visual Approach
14. Standard Instrument Departures (SID`s charts)
15. Standard Terminal Arrival Route (STAR`s charts)
16. Holdings Over Fix or w.r.t. Fix.
1. Position Report
Example-
figure 1.1
-by ICA
Transmission Format
Station called
kings-way control
Station calling (with station freq.) Air India 131 on 118.1
Spoken word
POSITION
Reporting point time
ANR 1100
(Give fix name and then present time over that fix)
Flight level
FL330
EST. Next Reporting Point
EST. Blue Whale 1115
Reporting Point Ensuing
PM Next
Example-
figure 1.2
-by ICA
Distance
by
should
using
be
Example-
figure 1.3
- by ICA
when
aircraft
has
Nav-Aid
at
090
degrees
2. RVSM
(Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums)
RVSM Airspace is from FL290 to FL410
Requirements to Fly RVSM # Airspace should be approved as RVSM airspace
# Aircraft should be certified to Fly RVSM
# pilot should be approved to FLY RVSM
Following Equipment should be fully serviceable# Two Primary Altimeter Settings
# Automatic Altitude Keeping Device
# Altitude Alerting Device
# Transponder with MODE- C
Separation in RVSM
# Aircraft in same direction, separation is of 2000 feet
# Aircraft in opposite direction, separation is of 1000 feet
Situation (a)
Aircraft becomes Non-compliant to RVSM, due any of the mandatory
equipment failure. In contact with ATC
Transmission Format
1. Pan-pan pan-pan pan-pan
2. All aircraft All aircraft
3. In the vicinity of (DME DISTANCE, NAME OF FIX AND ROUTE)
4. Aircraft identification
5. Type of aircraft
6. Unable RVSM due (EQUIPMENT, SEVERE TURBULENCE etc.)
7. Position of aircraft (DME DISTANCE, FIX AND ROUTE)
8. Flight level
9. What action you are taking (TURNING RIGHT/LEFT BY 90 DEGREES
- FOR 15 NM - WILL FLY FL+500
OR FL-500 FEET ON DEVIATED TRACK)
10. All exterior lights switched ON
11. Keep a look out
figure 1.6
-by ICA
Situation (c.)
Aircraft on Deviated track, an ATC contact Re-established.
figure 1.7
-by ICA
Transmissiion
Pilot- Chennai control VT-RGT when 50 DME
distance from MMV P628*. Lost contact with you,
were unable RVSM due equipment.
Present position 15 nm deviated track
crossing radial 140, 80 DME from MMV FL315
Request to Resume Normal Navigation (RNN) AND
FL 270
Chennai control- VT-RGT, Clear to RNN. Clear to descend FL270
Pilot- Returning to P628*,
Leaving FL315 for FL 270, VT-RGT
*(P628 is an Airway)
Situation (d.)
Non RVSM approved aircraft for RVSM level
TransmissionPilot- Mumbai control VT-RJP, FL270
required FL310. Negative RVSM
Mumbai control- VT-RJP climb to FL310
Situation (e.)
Aircraft becomes non-compliant to RVSM, due severe turbulence. Fails
to get ATC clearance.
figure 1.8
-by ICA
Figure 1.9
-by ICA
Transmission Format
1. Station called
2. Station calling
3. Type of aircraft
4. Weather conditions (IMC or VMC)
5. Position, level
6. Est. of joining point
7. Level of joining point
8. Route
9. Landing aerodrome after joining
10. T.A.S.
11. Request joining clearance or Crossing clearance
5. Airprox
Word "AIRPROX" derived from Aircraft Proximity.
The situation classified by the level of Risks:
1. Risk of Collision - when there is a serious risk of collision has existed.
2. Safety not assured- when the safety of aircraft have been compromised.
3. No risk of collision- when there is no risk of collision has existed.
4. Risk not determined- when there is insufficient information available to determine
the risk involved, or in conclusion or conflicting evidence
precluded such determination.
figure 2.0
-by ICA
Transmission Format
Type of Incidence- Varanasi control " Airprox" Risk of collision
AI-131 Airbus Radial 290, 90 DME Distance TO BBN R594 TAS
480K FL330 Maintaining
Flying conditions- IMC/VMC
Time of Incidence- At Time 0315
Details- An Indian Air-force (IAF) fighter aircraft crossed flight
path by 3nm ahead in descending phase from left to right sighted
10 o` clock
Situation: You reached JAJB at 1815. An IAF Fighter aircraft crosses your flight
path from Left to Right in climbing phase approx. 3NM ahead. Transmit your
message
Transmission: NAGPUR CONTROL " AIRPROX " RISK OF COLLISION
VT-PXQ AIRBUS JJB1815 A791 TAS 360K FL350 IMC.
AT 1814 AN IAF FIGHTER AIRCRAFT CROSSED FLIGHT
PATH 3NM AHEAD IN CLIMBING
PHASE. SIGHTED 12 O`CLOCK.
figure 2.1
-by ICA
figure 2.2
-by ICA
7. Weather deviation
figure 2.3
-by ICA
preference while crossing thunderstorm to your right hand side or left hand side
(starboard or port) which depends upon hemisphere where you are flying. This is not an
important situation considered in Transmission exam up till date. But it is a very important
factor in Real life Transmission. Refer meteorology for more details on this.
figure 2.4
-by ICA
2. if flying easterly direction - While Turning left, fly off the ATS assigned
route and descend by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to descend
if you are taking diversion within 10nm.
3. if flying wasterly direction - While Turning right, fly off the ATS assigned
route and descend by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to descend
if you are taking diversion within 10nm.
4. if flying wasterly direction - While Turning left, fly off the ATS assigned
route and climb by 300 feet at 10nm from ATS route. No need to climb
if you are taking diversion within 10nm.
9. Vehicle on Taxiway
figure 2.5
-by ICA
11. Urgency
The situation which do not require immediate assistance/attention: can be defined as " a condition
concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight which do not
require immediate assistance"
These situation cannot be defined and it is Pilot who decides the severity
of situation and transmits message as an Urgency call.
If there is an Urgency Situation, Transmit you message to the station with " PAN-PAN" call,
Time
Repeated Three
Transmission Format
Pan-Pan Pan-Pan Pan-Pan
Station called Station calling (on frequency)
Type of aircraftNature of emergencyPositionIntentionUseful information- (Total person on board= passenger on board +
crew+yourself,
-Fuel on board or endurance in Hour/Minutes)
12. Distress
The situation which require immediate assistance/attention: can be defined as " a condition of
being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance "
These situation cannot be defined and it is Pilot who decides the severity
of situation and transmits message as an Urgency call.
some of the situation given below should be treated as Distress situation:
1. Cabin Pressure reduces.
2. Aircraft structural damage.
3. Aircraft enters in prohibited area.
4. Engine on fire ...etc
If there is a Distress Situation, Transmit you message to the station with " MAY-DAY" call, Repeated Three
Time
Transmission Format
May-Day May-Day May-Day
Station called Station calling (on frequency)
Type of aircraftNature of emergencyPositionIntentionUseful information- (Total person on board= passenger on board +
crew+yourself,
-Fuel on board or endurance in Hour/Minutes)
Important : In case of distress/urgency, transmit your message on the frequency
which is in use instead of emergency freq. 121.5mhz. switch to 121.5mhz only if
asked by Station.
- That you are 80nm to VIJP, your left engine catches fire, you
decided to land at VIJP
Transmission-Engine on fire
Pilot: May-Day May-Day May-Day
DELHI CONTROL VT-LMC ON 123.9 AIRBIUS
ENGINE NO. 1 ON FIRE POSITION 80DME DISTANCE
TO JJP FL340 WILL MAKE FORCE LANDING
AT JAIPUR
EST. JAIPUR IN 10 MINUTES
REQUEST DESCEND LEVELS
PERSON ON BOARD 105
ENDURANCE 3 HOURS 45 MINUTES
13.
Visual Approach
SID 1.1
Example- Route: ALI 1E RWY 28 (refer chart given above for route- SID 1.1)
TransmissionPilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON 118.1
5 DME DISTANCE (DPN) TURNING LEFT TRACK 175
Delhi Twr- ROGER
MABER
Example- Route: PUMOT 1A RWY28 (Refer chart given above for route- SID 1.1)
TransmissionPilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON 118.1 5DME DISTANCE (DPN)
TURNING LEFT TRACK 175 TO SOMAX
Delhi Twr- ROGER, DELHI TOWER
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ON TRACK 175 DEGREES TO SOMAX
Delhi Twr- ROGER
Pilot- DELHI TOWER VT-RMC CROSSING R233 DPN
TURNING LEFT TO INTERCEPT R299 ALI
Delhi Twr- ROGER
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ESTABLISHED ON R299 ALI TO RADOM
Delhi Twr- DELHI TOWER
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC 61.5 DME DISTANCE ALI TURNING TO ESTABLISH
R260 SSB
Delhi Twr- VT-RMC ROGER, DELHI TWR
Pilot- DELHI TWR VT-RMC ESTABLISH ON R260 (SSB) 112.4 DME DISTANCE
TO SSB FOR PUMOT
STAR 1.2
MHA-6000 ft msl
230: KIAS
6001-14000 ft msl
265: KIAS
ATC holding Instructions and Transmission for Holding at POINT (a.) given in chart
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
Pilot-CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC AT MMV 1350Z 3000 FEET
FOR VOR HOLDING R269
Twr-CHENNAI TWR
Pilot-CHENNAI TOWER VT-LMC
ON OUTBOUND LEG HOLDING MMV 3000 FEET
Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING
[ REPORT WHILE TURNING TO ESTABLISH OR AFTER ESTABLISHED
ON INBOUND LEG ]
Twr-CONTINUE HOLDING
[ REPORT ONLY FOR FIRST HOLD AT INBOUND AND OUTBOUND
LATER REPORT ONLY AT INBOUND OR OVER THE FIX OR 30-40
SECONDS BEFORE THE TIME, IF TIME FOR HOLD IS GIVEN BY ATC ]
Pilot- CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC AT IAF 20D MMV FOR VOR HOLDING
R091 AT FL60 1350Z
Chennai Twr- CONTINUE HOLDING
Pilot- CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC ON OUTBOUND R091MMV HOLDING
Chennai Twr- CONTINUE HOLDING
Pilot- CHENNAI TWR AI-131 TURNING FOR INBOUND HOLDING
20 DME MMV
Chennai Twr- CONTINUE HOLD
Pilot- CHENNAI TWR VT-LMC HOLDING 091, 20DME MMV
( no further inbound/outbound reported after one inbound and one out bound report,
now report should be over the fix or on inbound leg just before reaching over the fix )
ohm`s law: ohm`s law states that the current flowing through an electrical circuit is directly
proportional to the EMF and inversely proportional to its resistance at a constant
temperature.
I=E/R
where,
Volt: The S.I.* unit of EMF. The Difference of potential that would carry one ampere of current
against one ohm resistance.
*SI UNITS: Systme International d'Units
Ampere: It is a unit of current. one ampere of current represents one coulomb of electric charge
EMF: The rate at which energy is drawn from the source when unit current flows
through the circuit measured in unit, Volts.
" e.m.f is not a force in classic physics sense because it is measured in Volts & not in Newton "
* For aircraft requiring a battery of 12v, 6 cells are connected in series. When the cells are connected in
parallel, the voltage of the battery remains the same as the single cell. however, the amount of current
that can be drawn from the battery will multiply depending upon number of cells in parallel.
Resistance: The force that oppose the flow of electron current in a conductor.
unit of resistance is ohm.
When resistance are connected in series, the total resistance of the circuit is equal to
Total Resistance, Rt = r1 + r2 + r3
When more than one resistance are connected in parallel (in circuit ), the total resistance
of the circuit is equal to :
Total Resistance: 1/R = 1/r1 + 1/r2 + 1/r3
C = capacitance in farad
Q = charge in coulomb
V = voltage (potential difference)
Eddy Current: An electric current induced within the body of a conductor when conductor
either moves through a non-uniform magnetic magnetic field or in the region
where there is a change in magnetic flux. It is sometimes called Foucault current.
Eddy current cause heat and electromagnetic force in current.
Eddy current is superficial phenomenon.
"In cell, The EMF is close circuit & voltage at the terminal of cell that is
neither charging nor discharging is called the open circuit voltage and equals
the emf of the cell"
Kirchhoff`s law
Kirchhoff`s first law: The algebraic sum of current in network of conductors meeting at a point is zero.
(figure 1.)
In figure 1. given above, i1 + i4 = i2 + i3 (according to Kirchhoff circuit law)
Kirchhoff`s second law: The directed sum of the electronic potential differences
(voltage) around any close circuit is zero.
(figure 2.)
In figure 2. given above, V1 + V2 + V3 + V4 = 0
Transformers
Transformers is a device used in A.C. circuit either to step up or step down the voltage. It works on the principle of
mutual induction.
facts:
* A.C. supply is 50 to 60 times per second and is called 50 hz/ 60 hz A.C.
*In order to reduce the size of transformers/chokes etc in an aircraft. the A.C. supply is 400hz.
Generators/motors
"a machine which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called Generators whereas,
a machine which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy is called Motors"
A.C. GENERATOR - a generator designed to produce A.C. current is called A.C. generators or an alternator
D.C.GENERATOR - a generator producing D.C. energy is called D.C. generators. Both type (A.C. & D.C.) of
generators operated by inducing an A.C. voltage with the help of commutator the A.C. energy can be converted in to
D.C.
CHOKE
A choke is a coil of insulated wire often wound on a magnetic core, used as a passive inductor which blocks higher
frequency A.C. in an electric circuit while allowing to pass low frequency and direct current by having an impedance
largely determined by reactance.
IN SIMPLE WORDS: " CHOKE " MEANS BLOCKING.
Uses: Chokes are used in Radio Circuits are divided into two class 1. Designed to use with power and audio frequency.
2. For Radio frequency.