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In Dobereiners triad, the atomic weight of the middle element is very close to the arithmetic mean of
the other two elements. This relationship is known as law of triads.
3. Because Dobereiners law of triads worked only for few elements, it was dismissed.
4. John Newland arranged the elements in increasing order of atomic weight and noted that the
properties of every eighth element are similar to the first one. This relationship is known as law of
octaves.
5. Lothar Meyer proposed that when elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic weights,
similarities appear at a regular interval in physical and chemical properties.
6. According to Mendeleevs periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic
functions of their atomic weights.
7. Merits of Mendeleevs periodic table
o Mendeleevs periodic table helped in correcting the atomic masses of some of the elements such
as gold, beryllium and platinum based on their positions in the periodic table.
o Mendeleev could predict the properties of some undiscovered elements such as scandium, gallium
and germanium and left gaps for these undiscovered elements in his periodic table.
8. Demerits of Mendeleevs periodic table
o Position of hydrogen is not correctly defined in the periodic table. It is placed in group 1 though it
resembles both group 1 and 17.
o In certain pairs of elements, increasing order of atomic masses was not obeyed.
o Isotopes were not given separate places in the periodic table although Mendeleevs classification is
based on the atomic masses.
o Some similar elements are separated, while dissimilar elements are grouped together.
o Mendeleev did not explain the cause of periodicity among the elements.
o Lanthanoids and actinoids were not given a separate position in the table.
9. Moseley performed experiments and studied frequencies of the X-rays emitted from the elements.
With these experiments, he concluded that atomic number is essentially the fundamental property of
an element than its atomic mass.
10. After Moseleys experimental results, Mendeleevs periodic law was modified to the modern periodic
law.
11. According to the modern periodic law, the physical and chemical properties of the elements are
periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
12. Modern periodic table is also referred to as the long form of the periodic table.
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Name
Nil
Un
Bi
Tri
Quad
Pent
Hex
Sept
Oct
Enn
Abbreviation
N
U
B
T
Q
P
H
S
O
E
21. The distribution of electrons into the orbitals of an atom is called its electronic configuration.
22. The electrons in an orbital are filled according to the n + l rule.
23. The number of elements in each period is twice the number of atomic orbitals available in the energy
level that is being filled.
24. On moving down a group in the periodic table, the number of shell increases from 1 to 7.
25. Value of the principal quantum number for the valence or outermost shell gives the period.
26. The first period has the principal quantum number n = 1, contains two elements and corresponds to
the K-shell.
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57. Elements in lanthanoid and actinoid series are called the inner transition series.
58. Metals comprise more than 78% of all known elements and appear on the left-hand side of the
periodic table.
59. Non-metals are placed on the right-hand side of the periodic table.
60. The cause of periodicity of properties of elements is because of the repetition of similar electronic
configuration of their atoms in the outermost energy shell after certain regular intervals.
61. Covalent radius for a homonuclear molecule is defined as half of the distance between the centres of
the nuclei of two similar atoms bonded by a single covalent bond.
62. For a heteronuclear molecule, covalent radius may be defined as the distance between the centre of
the nucleus of atom and mean position of the shared pair of electrons between the bonded atoms.
63. Metallic radius is defined as half of the internuclear distance between two neighbouring atoms of a
metal in a metallic lattice.
64. For simplicity, the term atomic radius is used for both covalent and metallic radius depending on
whether the element is a non-metal or metal.
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