Air Pollution:

The Dirty Truth

Reducing Air Pollution

Challenges and Opportunities

Iljas Iljazi

i.iljazi@seeu.edu.mk
February 28, 2010 Tetovo

Introduction
We could live about a month without food. We could
even live for several days without water. But without
air, we cannot live more than a few minutes.
We might foul the air so badly in some places that it
could become unfit to breath. In some areas, the air is
so bad that people become sick from breathing it, and
some even die because of it.
The World Health Organization estimates that a billion
people live in places where the air is substandard and
that air pollution kills 8,000 people a day worldwide.
About 90% of the deaths occur in developing
countries.
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Challenges
Atmosphere as a Resource
How can air pollution be
prevented?
By modifying human activity to
burn a smaller quantity of
fossil fuels.
What is something you
could do to reduce air
pollution?
Using less power, using cars
less frequently.
- Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
- Local controls
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Atmosphere as a Resource
Atmospheric Composition
- Nitrogen 78.08%
- Oxygen 20.95%
- Argon 0.93%
- Carbon dioxide 0.04%
Ecosystem services
- Blocks UV radiation
- Moderates the climate
- Redistributes water in the hydrologic cycle
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Air Pollution
What is it?
Any visible or invisible
particle or gas found in the
air that is not part of the
original, normal
composition.
Natural: forest fires,
pollen, dust storm.
Unnatural: man-made;
coal, wood and other fuels
used in cars, homes, and
factories for energy or
technology processes.

5 Major Pollutants:

Carbon Monoxide
Sulfur Dioxide SO2
Nitrogen Dioxide - NO2
Particulate Matter
PM10 (PM 2.5)

Ground Level Ozone

These 5 together form.....

SMOG

Particulate Matter:
- Particles of different sizes and
structures that are released into the
atmosphere
- Present in many sources including
fossil fuels, dust, smoke, fog, etc.
- Can build up in respiratory system
- Aggravates heart and lung disease;
increases risk of respiratory infection
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Types and Sources of Air Pollution

Two categories:
Primary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance that is
emitted directly into the
atmosphere.
Secondary Air Pollutant
Harmful substance formed in
the atmosphere when a
primary air pollutant reacts
with substances normally
found in the atmosphere or
with other air pollutants.
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Seasonal inversion result

So Where Does Our Air Pollution Come From?

- Automobile exhaust
- Industrial emissions
- Natural Pollution
Wildfires
Windblown dust
Volcanic eruptions
- Burning of fossil fuels
Local emissions in Cities
Reducing local emissions is very important.
Distinct types of transport
We must continue to adopt aggressive local
control measures to reduce the local
contribution.

Explanation - Burning of Coal

The coal has a high sulfur content, and emission
controls are often inadequate. As a result of burning
of coal, levels of sulfur dioxide and particulate
matter exceeds regular levels more than 10 times.
As China strives to become an industrial power, its
people are paying a heavy price in pollution. Coal
burning supplies about of Chinas commercial
energy needs.

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Burning used motor oil

Waste-derived liquid fuels, or waste oils, are defined as any
petroleum-based or synthetic oil that, through use or handling,
has become unsuitable for its original purpose due to the
presence of impurities or loss of original properties. Used
motor oil is an example of waste oil.
If you are one of the many people who change their own
motor oil, you too need to know how to properly dispose of
the used oil. Did you know that the used oil from one oil
change can contaminate 4 million liters of fresh water, a
years' supply for 50 people!

Environmental Recycling
It is illegal to burn waste oil!
Burning waste oil that contains hazardous
heavy metals or other pollutants.

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Burning used car tires

Tire fires exist in two forms: as fast-burning events, leading to
almost immediate loss of control, and as slow-burning
pyrolysis which can continue for over a decade.
Such fires produce much smoke, which often carries toxic
chemicals from the breakdown of rubber compounds while
burning.
The fire releases a dark, thick smoke that contains carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and products of butadiene and
styrene.
Scrap Tire Fuel Use by Industry.
Environmental Recycling vs Fuel Burning

Burning scrap tires contains hazardous heavy metals or other

pollutants and caused significant environmental damage.
It is illegal to burn Scrap Tires!

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Causes of Air Pollution

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14

Effects of Air Pollution

Air pollution can cause health problems

including burning eyes and nose, itchy
irritated throat, and breathing problems.
Some chemicals found in polluted air can
cause cancer, birth defects, brain and nerve
damage, and long-term injury to the lungs
and breathing passages in certain
circumstances. Above certain concentrations
and durations, certain air pollutants are
extremely dangerous and can cause severe
injury or death.
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Effects
Air pollution can also damage the
environment and property. Trees, lakes,
and animals have been harmed by air
pollution. Air pollution has thinned the
protective ozone layer above the Earth.
Air pollution can damage buildings,
monuments, statues, and other
structures.

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So, What can We do?

Controlling Air Pollution
Smokestacks with
electrostatic precipitator

Without
Electrostatic
precipitator

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So, What can We do?

Controlling Air Pollution
Smokestacks with
electrostatic precipitator

With
Electrostatic
precipitator

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Our big problem: Ferro Silicon Industry

"Jugohrom Ferroalloys" LTD Jegunovce
The history of "Jugohrom Ferroalloys" LTD - Jegunovce dates back in June, 1952. The Government of the
Republic of Macedonia made a decision to build a company under the name "Factory for chromium
products and ferroalloys" in Jegunovce. In 1953 began the first phase with the building of the plant for
production of chromium compounds. In the following 1954 began the construction of the ferroalloys plant
the production for the market started 1957.
In 2003 the ferrosilicon production was restarted under the name "Silmak, in the beginning of 2012 it
withdrew the assets to the company "Metalinvest EFT". In July 2012 in the company "Metalinvest EFT" as a
dominant investor entered in "Camelot Group, brought back the old name in its legal commerce and its
market functions as "Jugohrom Ferroalloys".

Source: http://jugohrom.mk

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Ferrosilicon
Ferrosilicon is a ferroalloy, an alloy of iron and silicon with an
average silicon content between 15 and 90 weight percent.
Ferrosilicon's with higher silicon
content are made in electric arc
furnaces. This electro-metallurgical
process involves the reduction of
quartz with coke. The usual
formulations on the market are
ferrosilicon's with 15%, 45%, 75%, and
90% silicon. The remainder is iron.
- Ferro-silicon: silicon content of less than 96 %
- Si-metal: silicon content of above 96 %
Ferrosilicon is used as a source of silicon to reduce metals from
their oxides and to deoxidize steel and other ferrous alloys.

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Ferroalloy Production
The raw materials that are commonly used for the production
of ferro-silicon and silicon metal:

Limestone - gur glqeror

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Ferroalloy Production
Consumption of raw material and energy by producing one
metric tone ferro-silicon:

Reducing agent, in this region is mainly coal (Lignite - brown coal)

approximately 7.8 kWh/kg coal, Sulfur 0.5-3%
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Ferroalloy Production

Ferro-alloy production flow diagram showing potential points of air emissions

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Emissions from Ferroalloy Production

Ferroalloys are most commonly produced by electric
submerged arc furnaces with graphite electrodes or
consumable Sderberg electrodes.
Typical reducing agents consumption producing FeSi 75%,
and calculation of CO2 emission factor:

Source: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ferroalloy Production,

T. Lindstad, S.E. Olsen, G. Tranell, T. Frden and J. Lubetsky (NTU and SFT)

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Emissions to air when producing FeSi alloy

Emission factors are expressed as kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy produced:

Dioxins (PCDD-F) are a group of polychlorobenzodioxins (PCDDs) and

polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDFs).
PAHs - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A number of PAHs have caused tumors in
laboratory animals that were exposed to PAHs them.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids.
VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse
health effects.
Source: 226 Nordic Report 2008

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Emissions to air when producing FeSi alloy

The main environmental impacts of storage and handling of these
materials are diffuse dust emissions and the contamination of surface
water and soil caused by wash out from rainwater.
Particulate is generated from several activities during ferroalloy
production, including raw material handling, smelting, tapping, and
product handling. Organic materials are generated almost exclusively
from the smelting operation. The furnaces are the largest potential
sources of particulate and organic emissions.
Emission factors are expressed as kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy
produced:
Product : FeSi (75%) (SCC 3-03-006-02)
Furnace Type:
Open
158 kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy produced
Covered
103 kg of pollutant/metric tone alloy produced
Source: Level I Environmental Assessment Of Electric Submerged Arc Furnaces
Producing Ferroalloys, EPA-600/2-81-038

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Emissions to air when producing FeSi alloy

Installed power of Jugohrom is 120MWh, for 70MWh (60% of capacity)
electricity demand of electric arc furnaces, we can calculate approximately:
- Daily electricity consumption is arrond 1,500MWh
- Production of FeSi alloy 160mt
- Consumption of quartz (SiO2) 290mt
- Coke - 190mt
- Particulate is generated during this amount of ferroalloy production
25mt daily
- Organic materials are generated almost exclusively from the smelting
operation.

Source:
- A Nordic contribution concerning of the IPPC Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the Non Ferrous Metals
Industries, IVL report B1916, 2008
- Level I Environmental Assessment Of Electric Submerged Arc Furnaces Producing Ferroalloys, EPA-600/2-81-038

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Production of ferrosilicon in Polog

"Jugohrom Ferroalloys" LTD Jegunovce
The main products of the company are ferroalloys that contain silicon:
ferrosilicon FeSi 65, FeSi 75, Si metal.

Estimated production of ferrosilicon increased by 422%.

Source 2010 Minerals Yearbook U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MACEDONIA

Source 2010, 2012 Minerals Yearbook U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey MACEDONIA

Source: http://jugohrom.mk

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A map of the European ferrosilicon industry

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Europe now only represents 12% of world FeSi

consumption and 8% of production

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Producing FeSi alloy with filters

A baghouse (BH, B/H) or fabric filter (FF) is an air pollution control device that
removes particulates out of air or gas released from commercial processes or
combustion for electricity generation.

Melting point (C) 1320

Particulate matter (also
referred to as soot or fly ash)
can capture as much as 99%
of the particulates.
About 80 to 90 percent of fly
ash, bottom ash and boiler slag
is non-radioactive minerals,
typically silicon, aluminum, iron
and calcium.

Source: A Nordic contribution concerning of the IPPC

Reference Document on Best Available Techniques in the
Non Ferrous Metals Industries, IVL report B1916, 2008

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Producing FeSi alloy with new plant

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Producing FeSi alloy with new plant

Capacity: 80mt/day, annual 29,000mt
- Consist of two electric-arc furnaces, which have a designed power
of a total of 48 MVA (2 X 24 MVA) and associated infrastructure
- facility would have an area of 2250 m2
720,000
- The electric reduction furnace 48 MW
4,600,000
- facility for crushing, grading
1,740,000
- Gas filtering system
2.750.000
- Works on the installation of furnace
325,000
- Project supervision
200,000
Total investment value:10,335,000
Number of employees 100
Ferrosilicon price 2015/02 75%
1,180Euro/mt
Silicon metal price 2015/02 98%
2,000Euro/mt

Income Statement
Success Balance
Sheet
1.Total Revenue
2.Total Expendirute
3.PROFIT

Amount [Euros]
(KM)
40.000.000
22.000.000
18.000.000

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Producing FeSi alloy with new plant

Landscape of
factory
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Soon?.Laboratory for Air Quality.....

Air Quality (AirQ), environmental, Lab (will be established soon?) and will offer a
wide range of advanced laboratory platforms to meet the most challenging
environmental missions with stacionar and mobile modular units that are easily
deployed to every site.
The AirQ Laboratory will be a part of the Institute for Environment and Health, at
the SEE University located in Tetovo.
The three main aspects of AirQ Lab activities will be:
Comprehensive characterisation of outdoor air, including emission sources;
Integrated health and environmental risk assessments; and
Strategies for controlling and managing air pollutants.
Founding Staff:
- Acad. Alajdin Abazi
- Professor Murtezan Ismaili
- Iljas Iljazi Dipl. Ing

Will be based on Competitive Grants (Granted and Applied)

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Laboratory for Air Quality.....

Collaboration with WHO (World Health Organization)
Target of activities in start:
- Urban Air Pollution: trends and challenges
- Spatial variation of air pollutants
- Particle Emissions from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels,
biofuel, and biomass - Looking beyond Black Carbon Emissions.
Monitoring of the stationary source emissions is essential for a number
of industries to meet resource consent obligations and evaluate the
efficiency of exhaust stream clean up processes.

Will be based on Competitive Grants (Granted and Applied)

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Deaths from air pollution

Urban air pollution deaths/1 million population

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We only have one world.....

Do you want it like this?

or this?

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.......

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