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THE LIBRARY
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THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
RIVERSIDE

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AFGHAN POETRY
CENTURY

SEYENTEENTII

SELECTIONS FROM
THE POEMS OF

HAL KHAN KHATAK.

KIIUSII

TEANSLATIONS AND GEAMMATICAL INTEODUCTIOX.

AND

EDITED

C.

E.

COliriLED

I!Y

BIDDULPH,
TRINITY COLL

LONDON
KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER &

Co.,

M.A.,

C'AMBRIDfiE.

Limited,

LS90.

57

and

59,

LUDGATE HILL,

E.C.

HERTFORD
I'UINTED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN

AND

SONS.

DEDICATED TO

GEORGE ANDERSON,

ESQ.,

FORMERLY OF KUMTOFL INDIGO FACTORY, DURBANGAII, TIRHOOT

IN

GRATEFUL RECOLLECTION OF

KINDNESS RECEIVED ON MY ARRIVAL IN INDIA.

INTRODUCTION.

It

with some diffidence

is

tliat

venture to approacli a subject which

lias

already met with such able handling at the hands of others far more masters
of the language

and

literature of wliich they

were treating than myself, and

do not imagine that the present work will be found

is

not already

has been to

may have

known

only object in compiling

commenced

yet

those as yet unacquainted with

it,

and

it,

enlist

to

it

on the part of such as

a further study of the language

facilitate

only as

My

the Pushtoo scholar.

to

anything that

to cont;iin

the interest

generally

whether in England

or India,

however bald and inadequate, of some of the more interesting

of-

by a rendering^
pieces which its

literature contains.
It

is

study

indeed strange to observe the apathy with which the

Pushtoo language

taken up even now-a-days, and

is

importance

increasing

purposes

professional

for

many

with this language to so

of our

daily

Anglo-Indian

acquaintance

thorough

of

the

of

that in spite of the

whether of the

officials,

Military or Civil Services, independently of the interest attaching to the study

of this language,

with which,

in

which
the

course

have ever been brought

acquaintance
episodes in

the

course

the

of

in

and connection

contact,

intercourse

this is true as regards the

to its literature,

extension

our

of

and of

the

fact

which are
but

the

language

tliis

itself,

country and

more

still

is

its
it

still

in

appreciate the interest attaching

and

extant

comparatively few

that

than by name with the works of

its

available

appear

to

for

be

their

our

length of
the

stirring

occur in

inhabitants

and

if

the case with regard

which could under any circumstances only be expected

extent as to be able to

indeed

of

we

territories,

which have occurred and may yet

with

under the notice of such as had pursued their studies

ductions

Oriental

with the land of their homes and

our national history

of our

most peculiar of the populations

that of one of the

is

Pushtoo
to

to

those of

perusal

acquainted

come

such an

to

its

there

hardly

proare

further

most famous authors, such as whose names

Pathan home, and whose compositions are in the

mouths of countless numbers of the Pathan population, many of them subjects

are household words in every

INTRODUCIIOX.

vi
of our

That

Government.

neglect

this

has

redeemed by

been

ex-

brilliant

ceptions in the case of those capable of an appreciation of the interest attaching

them, has been amplyto these works, and the beauties to be found in

Mr. Ilughes and others,

Bellew,

demonstrated by the valuable works of Dr.

The latter may

but by no means leastly those of Major Eaverty.
indeed be styled the Father of the study of the Afghan language and literature,
for more than thirty years ago he devoted himself to placing at the disposal
and

lastly

of the public the

of study

years

facilities

unique stores of information which he had in the course of

upon the

acquired

which he was thus able

and

subject,

to afford

the ordinary student of the present day

is

it

mainly owing

the

to

that his successors in the task and

indebted for any proficiency which

is

" Eaverty's Grammar," "Eaverty's Dictionary,"

he may attain in his pursuit.

" Eaverty's Gulshan-i-Eoh " or Selections of the

most interesting, characteristic

and beautiful extracts from Pushtoo literature, will ever be lasting memorials
of the conscientious and disinterested labour which this pioneer of the study
of the Pushtoo language and its literature bestowed upon a subject the interest
and importance of which was even

adequately undei'stood at the time that

less

he wrote than at the present time.

However much these works may be improved upon by a more extended
and

acquaintance with this population

its

language, they will ever remain the

respect

original foundation of whatever our further acquisitions in this

As

regards the present

to them,

work

and specially compiled

With

this

is

it

been as

far

which

merits

based

possible

as

beginner in Pushtoo.

for the benefit of tlie

are that as regards the vernacular portion of the

adopted has

be.

only to be regarded as being supplementary

the only

reservation

may

its

production

work the system

of spelling

claim for

upon the

latest

devised

of

rules

grammatical construction, such as a candidate for examination

orthography and

would now-a-days be required to pay attention to in the composition

It must be remembered tliat tlie Pushtoo can hardly be called
theme.

in Pushtoo
of his

a written language to any

which country

its

remarkable analogy,
taken a

moreover
cases

poetical

appreciable

characteristics
its

sole

less

population

of

literature

form more or

extent

may

of the

as

and

committed

to

Even where

writing.

the case of Scotland, to

national

traits

almost be said to be
cliaracter

been mostly handed down by oral

have

in

the

of ballads

tradition,

latter

has

afford

such as has

poems

these

and but

been

the

who

few

in
case,

as

might be expected amongst a rough and uneducated

as they consider them, effeminate accomplishments as reading and writing, but
people

little

attention has been paid

by the various transcribers

of spelling or of grammatical construction,

to

than upon any

otlier princii)les.

such,

any uniform system

the equivalents of the

having been probably as often as not committed to paper

scorn

words recited

upon phonetic rather

INTRODUCTION.
It

only

is

since the introduction of the printing-press into Peshawar,

liitoly,

demand

that a

for printed

poems has

copies of these

of course been almost exclusively

and quality of the

the nature

vii

confined to

article

the natives

with their expectation and requirements, but

have made the reading of

been

have

often

reader

vernacular

matter

such as

would meet
any European, except such as

to

literature

their

how

experience

of

country, and

the

of

has been

supplied

This demand has

arisen.

study,

special

discouraging

the

to

ordinary

the spectacle presented upon opening a book of this character in

is

usual type

much

so

so that in spite of his desire to penetrate its contents

make himself acquainted with

the

matters

of

which

interest

case with most Anglo-Indians,

more immediate object

his

agreeable and profitable employment of such leisure as he

the more serious business of

the

me

is

no running

is

placing one portion of a word upon

as

it,

is

the

Vernacidar Press.

distracting

I should

I have prefixed to the

is

the

is

the

upon which his maintenance depends, and

life

there

legible;

study

this

tlie

is

this

that

another,

into

or

with the remainder in the interval

line

custom

work, which

word

one

of

able to snatch from

is

to the only other merit which I claim for this

printing

above

in

tlie

and

contains,

it

perseverance in his object involves a hard struggle, the moi-e so that, as

leads

must

it

most of

in

the

productions

of the

add that the brief Grammatical Introduction which

accompanying Selections

a mere compilation of notes

is

taken by myself whilst studying for examinations from the mouth of vernacular
teachers and from the works of Major Eaverty and Professor Trumpp.
With
this apology for the appearance of the

remarks

work

at

the benefit of the English reader

for

as have not been brought

much

all,

I will proceed to

of such

or

Europeans in India

with a Pathan population.

in contact

Afghanistan has always been a country abounding

in

rustic

poets,

amongst a people absolutely devoid of any other form of literature

has, as

amongst most

of recording

any

forcible

moralistic description

present time there

free

is

and mountain

add a few

poetic

been ever the favourite mode

races,

impression whether

the

and

of

which may have occurred

sentimental,

composer

to the

historical

down

or

to the

no form of enjoyment more appreciated by even the most

wild and barbarous of the tribes inhabiting these regions than that afforded by
the recitation of their favourite
sufficiently
interest.

impressive

Amongst

Khan Zhatak,

all

ballads,

manner any

or

forcible

indeed

of any such as

incident

of

these productions of local talent the

or

individual

poems of Khush-hal

the famous chief and warrior, and Abd-ul-Eahman, the philosopher

and moralist, have ever held the foremost place in the

countrymen, so much so that

many even

have in the course of listening

of the

to repeated

no surer or readier mode of appealing

to

affections of their fellow

most ignorant amongst them

recitations of

bards acquired an acquaintance by rote with the best

is

national

relate in

tbeii-

them by

known

professional

of them, and there

sympathies or enlisting their

IXTRODUCTXOX.

A-IU

by the quotation

confidence than

of a few stanzas from the compositions of the

one or the other poet.

This

is

but natural, for these poems breathe of

Pathan delights

subjects in which every

tlie

they remind him of days of former grandeur and prowess and

they talk to him alike of love and warfare, which are the themes which must
ever appeal most readily to the untutored instincts

As they

and independent people.

clan and

arouse

clan

eyes

his

as they describe

and

flash

heaves with gentle sighs,

tell

of raid and

his

nostrils

of

contest between

with the passions they

quiver

and sentiment

the softer emotions of love

for

brave though savage

foray and

people in which exists a deeper fund of latent tenderness and gallantry

as he

little

didactic

may

he can

portions,

a country where
is

still

fully

in this

he

of the

appreciate the loftiness

is

by which the composers were surrounded.

nature

of bitter

valleys,

cold

and

scorching

heat,

the

for

and heavy snow

The only

in parts, in

summer

seasons

Afghanistan

share

too
;

fertile

of the

in winter biting

delights to dwell

is

that

intervening between the freezing blasts of winter and the burning heats of
hot season, while the general barrenness and sterility of his native land

brought home by his repeated recurrence to the simile

that
of

charming and

is

when he wishes

reader

to

delightful,

and which

is

scorching winds and fiery sunshine.

Afghan poet

period of the year on wliich the

the

of

most conflicting aspects;

ever exhibits herself in the

extremes visible in the physical characteristics of the country

frost

sentiments

country of lofty mountains and deep ravines, of arid plains and

again,

not singular amongst mankind.

would be expected, bear throughout the impress

as

natural influences

it

no

is

probably care to carry into practice the moral teaching of the

which they contain, and

The poems,

breast

his

rugged and brutal bearing there

in spite of

is

as

is

tlie

amply

typical of everything

one that he invariably makes use

bring in a comparison which shall touch the heart of his

of a " garden," to walk in which on a hot summer's day

is

the supremest

of his delights.

What wonder

then that, born and bred amongst

these scenes

and savage grandeur, the Pathan should breathe of the

his constant intercourse with

struggle

existence

for

them would

inspire

which the barrenness of

his

his

instincts

with

which

In the deadly

nature.

native

of sterility

land involves,

the

strong hand has ever been the only law recognised or to which an appeal would

be made,

and " Thou

every Pathan tribe as

old days

human

sj)read

around

of the

more

ness

of

it

want ere

ever was

But deeply

of yore.

instincts of

slialt

liim,

nature seem
tlieso

as

do "

lias

been

as

much

the motto

of

of the border clans of Scotland in the good

in

the case of the true

aff'cctcd

Pathan the

fiercer

by the scenes which Nature herself has

are accompanied by a simple

and

poetical appreciation

beautiful and softer features of the landscape, and a healthy manli-

tone

in

his

expression

of

tho

soutimcnlal

emotions,

which

aftbrd

IX

INTRODUCTION.

refreshing contrast to the maudlin or voluptuous treatment which such subjecta

meet

in his nature

which must on one point always appeal

European and make the

instinctive in every

with his other

his treatment of

is

contact.

am

It

weaker

the

understood

be

however,

must,

deal kindly

latter feel disposed to

that

speaking of the higher classes of Pathans

may

they

as

sex,

so

whom we

habits and customs of other Eastern nations with

in

to the chivalrous feelings

objectionable and contemptible

failings,

and that

our eyes;

It is this manliness of tone inherent

hands of most Oriental poets.

at the

appear in

from the

different

have been brought

throughout these remarks

amongst the populace their

women-kind probably meet with no better treatment than they do amongst the
To Englishmen

lower classes of Europeans.

trait

of

must

nations

all

ever appeal with peculiar force, for from what other Asiatic

whom we
rough as

have been brought

it

we have hoped

in contact could

redeeming

this

with

people

for the treatment,

was, which our fellow countrywomen met with at the hands of the

savage and vindictive Pathans

when they

into

fell

their

hands as prisoners at

the time of the disastrous evacuation of Cabul in 1842, and that too at a time
passions of their victors were at their

when the

flushed with victory and success;

some years

later fell

into the

far

and they were

pitch

hands of our own Sepoys and others,

whom had

mistake in dealing with

fiercest

were the experiences of such as

different

our only

been that we had treated them with too

much

Startling contrasts are, however, as

great confidence and generosity.

the

characteristics of the nature of the Patban as they are those of his country and

climate

its

he

is

capable of the most unexpected outbursts of generosity and

sentiment as of the most cold-blooded and calculating acts of treachery and sordid

greed and duplicity

or

whom

life,

his eyes

almost seem
It is

is

him than

dearer to

if

to

life,

attached

money, presents no value in

whose hands

have received any injury, more particularly

it

would

such should in any way be connected with him by blood.

which I have above referred that the Pathan love-songs are

portions indeed of the sentimental poetry are of that type so peculiar

Mahommedan compositions
sentiments of human love and

to

of devotion

tinguish

to

the Deity

of this

nature, in

passion are

that

in

the one from the other,

many

so

or separate

with the Divine Being.

The

special

which the expression of the

inextricably

cases

poet from the mystic yearnings of the devout

it

is

mingled with those

almost impossible to dis-

the outpourings

mind

of the

for absorption

distinction of the Pathan

respect, as contrasted with the ciirrent poetry of the East, is that

are

is

with the expression of such manly sentiments as were exemplified on

the occasion to

as

he

as of the most implacable resentment towards those at

he imagines himself

replete

whom

he considers to have a claim upon his gratitude, in comparison to which

what perhaps

or

of the deepest self-devotion to those to

the expressions of these sentiments in the

poems of

in

love-sick
or union

poetrj^ in

tliis

intermingled

this

description

INTEODUCTIOX.

X
there

nothing about them that need shock the ear

is

offend the sense of propriety of the devout reader, as

If the sonnets are read as simple

lover

refined

or

too frequently the case

is

commonly indulged

with the gross and material allusions

poets.

the

of

by most Oriental

in

love -songs tliey are full of beautiful

and picturesque comparisons such as would naturally occur

the

to

poet

rustic

pouring forth his feelings of sentiment towards his mistress amidst the recesses
of his native mountains;

they be regarded as the expression of the cravings

if

of the devout soul for a closer union with its Creator, there

by

that need prevent their perusal

many

in these love-songs are in

must have met

breeze which

eyes

tlie

of

of the perfume of the rose

its

he

The

composer.

again,

lover

like

is

sun derives

the

as

natural source, so the refulgence of her beauty

is

torrents of tears over the woes of separated lovers;

same

of burning prairies are

the

again,

companions in their
it

exhibits

to

the

the mountain

flight,

lends itself by

same purpose

his

its

distress

mistress

is

sun in

eyes for

some super;

snow

the

sympathetic

into

slopes covered

and lamentations

sighs

wounded heron, separated from and

a pine, in her stateliness of figure

in

of spring

of the

typical

all

is

upon him

reflected

in pursuit

glittering in

from

light

its

upon the mountain tops melts upon the approach

of the

dew which,

the

the

to

the

as

fancifully compared to countless eyes, he

the approach of his mistress;

with the smoke

mistress

his

which

compared

is

be distractedly wandering about

drawn towards

is

mid-day heat draws up the dew

the rays of the sun,

introduced

similes

cases as wild and fanciful as the scenes

the

fancifully supposed to

is

The

mind.

reverent

nothing in them

is

left

behind by

its

and the agitation which

compared

and graceful carriage,

to

her

face

which the red and white are cunningly mingled, her locks are

cypress,
to

to

tulip,

like hyacinth,

The appreciation of scenery and the beauties of nature which finds

such a frequent expression in these poems is a sentiment with which we
Europeans must sympathize most strongly, all the more so that a capacity for
such iBsthetic enjoyment is not by any means widely spread amongst Asiatics.
etc.,

etc.

To understand

appropriately the

historical portions of

characteristics

special

origin

this

poetry

of the

spirit

and character of the

would be necessary

it

amongst which

people

to

their

and

patriotic

review briefly
authors

took

tlie

their

and the scenes and conditions of society amongst which they were born

and brought up.

As

has

been before remarked the country of Afghanistan

social aspects a remarkable analogy

its

political condition

be had

and the national

to the Scotland of the

of the population

is

to

affords

in

its

that of Scotland, particularly as regards

traits of its inhabitants;

Middle Ages.

As

in Scotland the

that

is,

if

regard

Highland portion

found divided into various clans, distinguislied by patronymics

denoting the ancestors from which

they respectively claim their origin, each of

which, in former ages, under the feudal authority of

its

own

tribal chief,

whoso

INTRODUCTION.
personal influence was the only rule that

XI

members recognized

its

for their

guid-

ance, led a distinct and semi-independent political existence, neitlier recognizing

nor deferring

any claims on the part of

to

otlier clans of a collateral origin,

or

indeed of any supreme power except in so far as the head of the clan found
expedient or necessary to do

so,

bound

a separate political unit

in

the same

way each Afghan

by

to its individual chief

it

tribe constitutes

strictly feudal ties,

and

him except under compulsion by superior force.

Afghan origin, by no means form the exclusive

recognizing no authority beyond

The

however, of

tribes,

population of these regions;

various Moghal and Persian

the country in the train of

whom

with

are,

as

it

may be

is

found a con-

and Moghal descent, introduced into

of tribes of Persian

sprinkling

siderable

intermingled amongst them,

for,

invaders, their relations

imagined, none of the most cordial; for the latter

are evidently a comparatively recent accession to the population, and the tribes

Afghan

of

origin,

who

are the oldest inhabitants of the country of

whom we

have any record, could thus hardly be expected to look on them with other than
of jealousy and dislike as intruders and

feelings

interlopers.

There

is

strong

reason to believe that the Afghans themselves are a tribe of Western origin,

who have

taken refuge in the regions in which they are

successful invasions of their

and

own homes

immigration into these regions.

of Jewish extraction, and there
in their descent
it

but their descent

is

to the

is

no doubt that

by some supposed

lost

in obscurity,

immediate cause of their

this strange traditionary belief

firmly implanted in their breasts

allusions to the same.

is

the

Curiously enough, they themselves claim to be

was more than two centuries

are

even to make a suggestion as

difficult

is

it

now found from

ago,

it

is

no weaker

now than

poetry of which period abounds

the

in

Certain of the words, moreover, found in their lancuafre,

be remotely connected with the Hebrew, and thus to

to

give some shadow of reason to the advancement of this strange claim on their
part

all,

however, that

is

certain about

the majority of the inhabitants and

them

is,

that at present they constitute

speak a variety of dialects of a

common

This similarity of language, however, appears to constitute locally no

language.

bond of union between the members of the various tribes into which this population
is divided, which each exist apart with entirely distinct customs and interests,
and on terms of mutual distrust and suspicion, if not of actual open hostility.
Following out, then, the analogy that has been suggested to the condition

we must endeavour to imagine the Highland

and Lowland sections of the population inextricably intermingled as regards
of Scotland in the Middle Ages,

their local position in adjacent counties, as

distinct tracts of countrj',
social relations.

it

were, instead of inhabiting perfectly

though equally distinct from one another in

The Afghan would thus

suihciently

all

and adequately represent

the Highlanders, or the more ancient inhabitants of the country, while the
landers,

or

the

mixed and

alien

races,

comprised

their

of the

relics

Low-

of successive

XU

INTRODUCTION.

invading elements from the South, would be represented by the various races
of a distinct extraction from

them, but the difference of whose origin

tlien

in

is

immediately proclaimed by

Scotland the Highland portion of the population, whilst living

on terms of perpetual

Lowland neighbours, was

hostility with its

were bound internally with the

distrust,

Afghan

case of the tribes of

itself

divided

though regarding one another

into clans constituting different communities which,

with a jealous

their

and manners.

ajjpearance, language,

As

which are found scattered amongst

the Afghans,

origin are their respective

so

in the

members equally

jealous

closest

tics,

of their tribal rights and privileges, while at the same time living collectively

upon terms of the

bitterest

with the races of a different extraction

hostility

years of intercourse, or at any rate of contact,

been

how much more must

have

it

two centuries ago, when the Moghals were supreme in Hindustan and

so

the dominant race in Afghanistan

itself,

and obstinate resistance on the part of

of the feeling towards

them on the

in their poetry of that period,

between

conflicts

the

rival

slaughtered Moghals.
to

now-a-days, after years and

If this latter be the case

residing in their midst.

and that

most determined

in spite of the

Afghan inhabitants

its

Of

the bitterness

abundant evidence

part of the latter there is

which abounds with descriptions of sanguinary

races

and

bloodthirsty

Sucli portions of this poetry

pa3ans

over hecatombs

of

are full of peculiar interest

us in the present state of our relations with the country as denoting the

terms upon which our predecessors in the sovereignty of Hindustan were upon

with these savage and determined opposers to their

they eventually adopted

among

disunion

time

these

the confederate

dynasty

up

this

till

Cabul

then,

and indeed

more than the headquarters

province of which

it

itself

must be remembered that

the

of the

ever been
for

and the means which

and

It

tribes.

rule,

opposition and introduce distrust

poems were written no such a personage

neither had

existed,

overcome

to

many

the seat

as

an Amir of Cabul

of a

national

years subsequently,

Government of a

was the chief town happened

it

or

this province

other

never formed

local Satrapy, according as the

to constitute for the

time being

a dependency of some Central Asian Dynasty or of the throne of Delhi.

under these circumstances

at

nominally stretched as

far as

Tiiough

Ghazni on

the south and to the confines of the present district of Peshawar on the east,

tlio

actual rule of the Governor of Cabul does not appear to have extended beyond

the Cabul valley itself and those immediately accessible froui

way
and

it.

In the same

the district of Peshawar was a remote dependency of the throne of Delhi,

its

chief

town the headquarters

sway extended over

all

of another provincial Governor,

whose nomiiuil

the tribes scattered throughout the surrounding country.

The degree of recognition, however, accorded to the rule of these respective

governors by the tribes inhabiting the mountains extending from Jellalabad to
the

neighbourhood of Peshawar,

such

as

the

Afridis,

Mobnuuids, Shinwaris,


XIU

INTRODUCTION.
Kliataks,

etc.,

description

appears

etc.,

now

as tliat

to

accorded by these same tribes to

The Moghal Emperors appear

occur

have been of almost as vague and shadowy a

to

of Cabul.

have tried every expedient that coukl possibly

them, whether through the

to

Amir

tlie

medium

of force or

diplomacy, to reduce

these tribes to a position of subordination to their rule, but equally witliout success.

They remained a set

only to be won over
whenever

of incorrigible and uncompromising robbers and banditti,

to

an inoffensive attitude by a lavish expenditure of gold,

neutrality or good

their

services

Many

were required.

the strength and independence of their position was demonstrated

years later

by the

that Nadir Shah, the great conqueror, on his return from Ilindustan,

fact

was com-

pelled to submit to pay a heavy black mail to these predatory tribes to secure

a safe passage

through the Xhaibar Pass for the treasure which he brought

with him.

The poems

of one of

middle to the end of

tlie

the authors of

by

am

speaking date from the

seventeenth century, and so extend through the period

during which the Emperor Aurangzeb

policy initiated

whom

his predecessor

reversing

the tolerant

and temporizing

Akbar, and carried out by the

latter's

mediate successors Jehangir and Shah Jehan, which had done so much

im-

extend

to

Moghal supremacy throughout the continent of Hindustan

was endeavouring, by a resort to violent and oppressive measures, to reduce the
and

solidify

the

many

heterogeneous races comprised within his empire, over

little

enterprise in which, after years

most signally, but by

which he aroused

his failure

and years of warfare, he not only

and the feelings of

laid the seeds of the

dissatisfaction

he held

tribes inhabiting

an

failed himself

and opposition

subsequent downfall of his dynasty.

Against no people did he make more strenuous and

Afghan

the

whom

of

but a nominal sway, to a condition of abject subjugation to his rule;

the regions

adjoining

futile efforts

the

than against

North-Western

frontier

of the Punjaub.

The importance
Hindustan

Emperor

of keeping open a free current

and Central Asia had

of communication

always been recognized

of Delhi as being the only

means by which

ments of their countrymen could be obtained, and

it

by

every

between

Moghal

fresh influxes of reinforce-

was

to

the failure of this

supply of fresh and renovating national material, in consequence of the closing

of this
rule
to

means of

access, that the gradually increasing

was subsequently due

weakness of the Moghal

but whereas previous Emperors had been content

secure the freedom of this means of communication with the

homes of

their

race from the wild and warlike tribes, in whose hands the route by Cabul lay,

by
at

a mixture of force

and cajolery and

to

purchase the immunity they required

the cheap expense of an occasional expedition against an individual offender

and a few bribes and honorary

wishes, without, however, for a

titles

bestowed upon such as submitted

moment dreaming

of

to

their

any attempt upon the freedom

INTRODUCTIOX.

XIV
of the mass,

was one

it

In

the

against

the

in

position

For

Malirattas.

amongst these mountain

expended

to

submission to his rule.

of absolute

however, he failed as signally as he did in his later under-

this enterprise,

takings

ambitious schemes to reduce the entire

of Aiirangzeb's

inhabitants of these regions

fastnesses,

were his armies encamped

j'ears

and countless were the

with the

warfare

guerilla

two

and treasures

hardy Afghans which

and

fierce

lives lost

ensued, the leader amongst whom was the famous chief, warrior and poet,
Khushhal Khan Khatak, of Avliom Elphinstone in his History of India appro-

" This

priately remarks,

by one

preserved

war derives additional

of the

principal

They

translations

they

originals,

them

peruse

may
in

the

now

at

yet be

some

of

original,

their

spirit

and

fire

interest

only

if

It

of
is

give a few selections, and feeble as will

compared with the

as

for

unlike the usual character of Asiatics."

so

from these amongst others that

my

and ardent tone, and

high

their

for

patriotism and independence,

be

poems written

several

left

purpose of exciting the national enthusiasm of his countrymen.

remarkable

are

it

Khushhal Khan, the Khan of the

actors,

Khataks, Mho was a voluminous author and has

this time for the

from the picture of

interest

and vigour

spirit

reader

the general

to

on account of

of

the

unable to

matter which they

the

contain.

Khushhal Khan was,

as has been before remarked, the chief of the Khataks,

a powerful and warlike tribe inhabiting the neighbourhood of the Khaibar Pass,

He was

born in the early part of the seventeenth century, and died in a ripe

old age towards

Charles

the

its close

Second

and

he was thus the contemporary of Charles the

James

the

Second

lived through a portion of the reign of the

amongst

our

First,

Sovereigns,

Emperor Jehangir, the whole

and

of that

of Shah Jehan, and the greater part of that of Aurangzeb, amongst the Moghal

Emperors of Delhi.
he arrived

at the

It

was during the reign of the Emperor Shah Jehan that

age of manhood, and his

been fully recognized by

this

Sovereign,

abilities

and influence appear

to

have

who, with the diplomacy which was

then the policy of the Moghal Emperors, supported him in every way, and entrusted
line of

name

is

him with various responsible duties connect (k1 with the protection of the
communication between Hindustan and Cabul. Wherever this Emperor's
mentioned in his poems, he

in terms of the greatest esteem

is

Khan

spoken of by Khushhal

and respect, very

in tlieir

diff(;rent

tliroughout

tone

from

those in which he refers to his successor Aurangzeb, who, as has been described,

reversed the temporizing policy whicli hud been

tliat

of

liis

predecessors in

tlieir

relations with these mountain tribes, and made a bitter enemy of Khushlial
Khan by treacherously imprisoning him in Hindustan for many years in con-

sequence of some supposed contempt of his

authority.

from this imprisonment to his native country, where, as

became the rallying-point of the

opposition

offered

by

He
may
his

escaped, however,

be imagined, he

fellow-countrymen

INTRODUCTION.
to

the attempted

As

aggressions of the Mugliiils.

Afghan

opposition on the part of the

that,

XV

known from

is

history,

this

was of so determined a character

though the Emperor Aurangzeb himself took command of the forces, lie was
tribes

unable to accomplisli his object, and obliged, after several years of a disastrous

and desultory warfare, carried on

to

at the

Avithdraw his troops to Hindustan.

cajolery a great part of that

expenditure in the

way

expense of many

treasure,

Later on he succeeded in effecting by

which he had

failed to

and douceurs

of bribes

and much

lives

do by

and by a

force,

liberal

the leaders of other tribes,

to

succeeded in detaching these from their confederation with the Ivhataks, a subject
to

which many are the

Khan, who appears never

towards the Moghals

by

of his enemies

have abated from the hostility of his demeanour

to

worn out and broken-spirited, betrayed

till,

own

his

and contemptuous allusions made by Khushhal

bitter

he seems in his old age

sou,

have

to

hands

into the

at times

felt

the hopelessness of contending against such influences, or of inducing the other

combine with him in the defence of the national inHis feelings towards Aurangzeb, however, never changed, and he

the face of

tribes in

dependence.

never alludes to hira

and never

loses

The poems

of

regards the

to

it

except

terms of the

in

Khan

Ivhushhal

subjects of

nature, contests with the

of

are

which they

accomplished

sentiment.

He

and

versatile

tribal feuds, sports

chief,

appears to have been indeed a

ordinarily

discuss.

ciation

occur to a

human

Such a development of

obloquy.

of various descriptions,

man

being, not a

religion,

and

most extraordinary

of the

there

morality,

no subject which

is

specialist,

which he does not

and power of observation and appreof the gravity and profoundness of the problems affecting human life as

are exhibited in his works are

intellect

all

his career, the age he lived in,

social

and

have been the ftwourite amusement

conviviality,

vigour of mind and exceptional versatility of talent;

could

derision

they deal with those of a patriotic

especially that of hawking, Avhich appears to

of this

with

most heterogeneous description as

the

treat,

Moghals and

hatred and contempt,

bitterest

an opportunity of covering him

the more astonishing to us

and the almost utter

when we

state of barbarism of the

surroundings amidst which he spent the best part of his

that the greater portion of his

poems appears

to

consider

It

life.

is

true

have been written after he had

passed the prime of his manhood, and subsequently to the period of his imprisonment in India by Aurangzeb, to which frequent references are made, though
some of them were evidently written during the time of this confinement, fur

they contain the most pathetic lamentations over the restraint he was subjected

and expressions of home-sickness and pinings after the free

mountains and streams of his native country. It is probable that
to,

course

of this

confinement,

and

in

that of his

Emperor Shah Jehan, with whom he appears

previous

life
it

and the

was

intercourse

in the

with the

to have been on the most friendly

and confidential terms, that he acquired and developed the taste for refined

XYl

INTRODUCTION.

and

and philosophical enquiries and reflections which was then

literary pursuits

the characteristic of the Moghal court, to which

age had,

There

the time

since

of

the

no question that he was a

is

man

both of mind and body, nor that, had his

more

in a

civilized

As

celebrit}'.

mountain

it

sphere, he

being

was,

the

his existence

of

and energy

talents

and

field

a position of considerable

to

resort.

to

been placed in a wider

lot

chief

and he died

circumstances,

precarious

the Oriental literati of the

of exceptional

would have risen

only

tribe of Afghanistan,

all

Emperor Akbar, been encouraged

comparatively

insignificant

depended throughout on the most

an obscure old age unnoticed and

in

unconsidered by his fellow-countrymen and contemporaries.

His poems are characteristic of the national character and the circumstances
of his

life

they contain the most extraordinary mixture of warlike, not to say

bloodthirsty sentiments,
nature.

and those of a

pliilosophical,

religious,

sentimental

or

In the same poems almost one may find the simple and most charming

expressions of his appreciation of the beauties of nature and the benefits of the
Creator, the

when

most sanguinary rejoicings over the discomfiture of his

these are of his

own countrymen, and

which show the amount of thought he had bestowed upon such

Such of these poems as

relate

to

even

foes,

reflections of a moralizing description

patriotic subjects,

subjects.

the

encounters,

tribal

struggles between the Afghans and the Moghals, are those the recitation of which
is

most popular amongst his fellow-countrymen of the present day, as they are

those of more special interest to ourselves

for reproduction in the present work, but

may

be

noted that though, in speaking of

term

is

it

is

of the interest attaching

indicative

I have done so

they are collectively far too numerous

hoped that the samples produced

to

the remainder.

It

this section of the population of

should be

Afghanistan,

under the modern and conventional designation of Afghans,

rarely used in these works, in

which Ivhushhal Khan almost invariably

refers to his fellow countrymen of the various tribes under their

common

national

The term Afghan is, however, used

evidently synonymous with Pathan.

designation in the East as Pathans.

sionally,

but then only as

Some

of the

are, as

has been

said,

most touching in their nature and in

the terms in which he gives vent to his pinings after his

amongst which

his life

had been spent.

attach itself to the inanimate surroundings of his

deepest

devotion,

such as

resent,

witli

sentiments

almost in the light of sacrilege, the ind'usion

infidel,

native

country and

Their expression

strikingly characteristic of the strange patriotism of the

to

occa-

poems written during the period of Khushhal Khan's im-

prisonment in India

the scenes

this

home with
of

also

is

Afghan, which appears

utter

feelings of the

abhorrence

and

amongst these of the stranger and

while at the same lime completely devoid apparently of any sonfiinental

regard or even interest in his fellow-countrymen and neighbours harboured amongst

these scenes beyond the narrow circle of his immediate relations and friends.

INTRODUCTION.

remarked that many of the

It will of course bo

what

in

great

is

now

rule was recognized but

Governor

The

it

more than

little

in

very far from

unaccustomed

and the

commend

to

its

rhythm),

are thoroughly poetical.

be the subject treated

name by

spirit

contained

of most Oriental poets

itself to or

whose

JJelhi,

Moghal

the presence of a

the

in

Were the
many instances

originals.

still

the sentiments contained in these productions

when

forced and artificial effusions

tlie

dealing with the same themes.

Mahommedan

for the expression of the

devotion

of

framework, however,

is

Puslitoo,

populations of the East the

more refined sentiments,

and those relating

pure

written,

is

with Persian and Arabic words, the former

language being considered amongst the

that of terms

not of

be appreciated by European readers

regards the constitution of the language in which the poetry

medium

is

Whether War or the Emotions, Ecligion or Philosophy,

of, its mode of handling is true poetry, and
that of a

abounds, as might be expected,

special

time, however,

that

the case (and in

is

simple and natural character, far different from

it

At

tribe lay.

which a

limits of

being anything of the kind, thougli the metre

course such as would

As

tlic

and give but a very feeble idea of the

translations are almost literal,

of expression of the latter ruder than

is

within

Peshawar.

of conception

fineness

mode

at

Khatak

local references are to places

was merely a remote dependency of the throne of

district

this

the British district of Peshawar,

the territories of the

part of

XVll

and

its

to

the

mode

with that of the Pushtoo spoken in the present day.

arts

and

as the latter is

of expression
It

The

sciences.

may be

is

identical

of interest to

remark that out of 2000 words taken consecutively from the pages of these poems
there were found to be 500 whose origin could not apparently be traced to any
Persian or Arabic source, and
verbs, pronouns, particles,

etc.,

these,

as

might be

expected, consisted, besides

principally of words expressive of primitive ideas,

such as in every language form the most lasting traces of the

source

amongst these were many evidently of Sanskrit origin.

number of the following poems have already been far more ably translated

from which

original

it

is

derived

by Major Eaverty

in his " Selections from the Poetry of the Afghans,"

merely reproduced in their present form in

this

work

and are

for the assistance

of the

student.
C. E. B.

**

great portion of this Introduction has been reproduced from the Jan., IS90, Xuniber of

Review, " by the kind permission of the proprietors.

tlie

"Asiatic Quarterly

GRAMMATICAL INTEODUCTION.

The Pushtoo Language

to the letters

written in the Persian character, but contains, in addition

comprised in the Persian Alpliabet, several denoting sounds peculiar

or derived from the Sanscrit.

is

to itself

"

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

2
to

Persia,

wliich

lias

the effect of softening

liad

CENTURY.

ITth

sounds, for

tlie

naturally a harsh and guttural one, for example, the letters

in

Northern Afghanistan, as "gey"' and " khey," while

tlie

language

Piislitoo

and (^ are pronounced

is

liard

Southern Afghanistan they are

in

pronounced as "zhey" and " shey."

Though

the sounds conveyed by the letter i are both represented

they must be carefully distinguished in practice.

are incorporated in

"dz"

It will

by the same

letter

such words as

be noted that in

Pushtoo from Persian the sound "ts" represents the Persian

and

_, as:

the Persian

Push. i,lA= tsrira= Pers.

There are three sounds of
1.

"w"

as ijJj

3.

"o"

as

Push. ,..'^= dzan

j.ls-.

= Pers.

,.,U-.

= wawra=Snow.

2.

"u"

as

,^

= lilr=

Daughter.

= wror= Brother.

,j,j

This latter sound

distinguished by the sign -^ placed over the vowel.

is

THE PARTS OF SPEECH.

The
"

Article does not exist in Pushtoo,

it

is

by

either expressed

Numeral

the indefinite

one" or by the Demonstrative Pronouns.

The Noun

is

Numbers, Singular and Plural, and of two Genders, Masculine

of two

and Feminine.

The Cases

are formed

of the following particles

Gen. "of" 3.

by the pre- or post-position

Dat.

"to"

<>.],

no alteration

in

ij,

iJ

.,

^.

the inflected

the termination of the

Case Singular or Plural as the case

Adjectives

tlie

Noun

slate

in its inflected

The Accus. and Agent are simply

flection there is

to

may

Abl.

"from" ^

form of the Noun

Noun from

beyond

that of the

aI

this in-

Nominative

be.

always precede their Nouns and agree with them

in

Gender,

Number,

and Person.

The Genders and

Inflexions

of the

Noun

can only be learnt by a careful study of

the termination of the Nominative Case Singular.

Feminine Nouns arc formed from Masculine Nouns on the same principles as the
Feminine of the Adjective

is

formed.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

GENDERS AND INFLECTIONS OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES WITH

EXAMPLES OF EACH.
Masculine Terminations.

I.

TKKMINATION.
I,

NOM. SINO.

INFLECT. SINO.

lEM. .VOM.

.SINO.

Consonant.

unchanged

(a)

^,

adds

<0j

(j1;^

^if9
adds

(6)

adds

adds

ir

Jj

J^
(C)

adds

witli

vowel cliange
vowel lengthened

shortened

aj^U.

<oU
changes

ij into

into

or

L^-

a;

unchano;ed

(a)

changes

to s

((XvLJa

unclianji'ed

(6)

drop

add ^',

and
<U\, AJj

iyi

i_jj

^j

iij

unchanged

adds ^\

unchanged

unchanged
S?

^j,^

chano-es to

adds ^\

adds

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

6.

17th CEi'JTURY.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
Tall


AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

IVth CExnTURY.

Adjectives,

Handsome

O^AM-J

^VJwu^'

VaI)

VaaJ

i^.U

So also
Nouns.
Grass

cKJ^j

Marriage

Villainy

jtiJ

Bird

ijl^

Flour

i^jl

Breath

jL)

Food

i.l

li'^

Adjectives.

Apparent

i^lCs.

Loose

<djl

Both

Preferable

ij^i

Extraordinary i^:JL

Asleep

Angry

<ui.

So much

As much

^v-'jJ

iJjl

^y>

All

*lV

Masculine Abstract Suffixes.

TERMINATIOX.

ABSTRACT

ROOT.

LZJ

great

t_fJ

greatness

^'p

separate

J^

separation

NOUN'.

^-'^'

'ii^'i

red

1^,1^^

iJi-'
j_ylj

^J-!^_5

II. Feminine Terminations.

TERMINATION.
1.

SING.

NO 51.

Consonant

Eoad

Day

Maid-servant
3.

J
Girl

4.

Word
5.

T
Weeping

6.

o-

Bride
7.

^3
Brar

V'

u^

ABSTRACT NODlf.

ROOT.

TERJII.VATION.

^^:.)'

NFLECT. STNG.

manliness
redness

-i^j-'
i/^^ijy-'

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
House

TERMINATION.
1-

Consonant
(a)

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

IVth

CE.nTURY.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

Declination of Adjectives.

Consonant

3.

4,

5.
G.
7.

10

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

17th

CENTURY.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

11

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

12
ForAxi
the former

lie,

Plural of both forms

or

more

tliis,

When

is |_>^J

the forms L> and

Nom.

only used in the

is

form of Lv

<UJ

it,

CENTURY.

17th

^J

are frequently substituted respectively,

Sing.; the inflected form Sing, of the latter

There

intlectedjjjJ.

is

is

rarely iJct are used instead of *, J,

The

form (Jj used rarely as the inflected

also a

intended to place special emphasis upon the Agent the forms

it is

ij.

L,

\j,

ij

^_.

Pronouns.

^la.

= his

J->:^

Fern. il^~^

etc. etc. as *-j

Intl.

l)?^

lJ"?^

'

also used for " self"

is

my,

or

Nom. Masc.

own

etc.,

and frequently combined with

From

self.

ovm,

J-s^- is derived the

self

J-ri- for emphasis, as i^U.

Adv. <d-a^=of

his,

my,

etc.,

J^
own

accord, spontaneously.

Nom.

fiL

U-

Inflect.

Nom.

^a.

"^
Inflect,

y^

for botli

of "
)

for

who?" but
,

= who?

genders

in the sense of

or someone, there

both genders

,,

is

no Plur.

for this

form

someone the following Plural form

some ones

,.<(,.
or
certam ones

is

in the sense

used.

>,

ia.

-is.

some

others

This form must not be confounded with the preposition

i.i,

Nom.

(i.:.:^^

j.^

Fem.

^'ji

Inflect.,.^

^a. = "from"

or "from, her, it," as

ask him, her, them

<tj>

Plur. ^^i

^.'^

y4

Fem,

^^
\4

The Auxiliary Verb.

1.

Infinitive Obsolete.

PRESENT.
PLURAL.

SINGULAR.
*.>

ic^l>

am

ij

i.'}

Thou

i-.-Jy
art

tijj tU> lie or

^_j-;

it is

'^i.L.s-^

,
ii-i ,.o <u& blie IS
.

The two forms

emphasis, as (Jj

icJ^

are

-tij)

They

Ye

''^^^

^^id

are

of the 3rd Pers. Sing, and Plur. are sometimes combined for the sake of
i.!>Jt

= \\e

(certainly)

PAST TENSE.

^^

^l^'

^^^

<u

Thou wast

j ijcb

He

ij iJct

She was

or

it

was

is.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

13

FUTURE.
*j aj i

_j dj

1^^

<u

<0'

<Ua

I sliall

Thou

He

bo

slialt

_jj

be

or she will be

ij

Jsyt

We

ij

y^\j

Ye

<Ui>

Li^

Ax>, ij, ij

SUBJUNCTIVE.
<j

i-.

^J

<u

<0'

Thou wouldst be

<!j

Iiifimtbe.

would be

*j

ij (0

2.

will be

cy will be

OPTATIVE.

2'J

will be

<Ua lie would be

<Ui She would be

^ =

were

I,

thou, he, etc.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

J4

ITth

CENTURY.

PAST PARTICIPLE.

^JyJ ^sJ

ijl having been

tenses are wanting in

The following

having become

Jj-^

PERFECT.
ffj^

^yL

ij

have been

SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT.

= I may

j <o ,J-i> ij

or

have been or become

sliall

PLUPERFECT.

ij^^

^')

^ ^'^"^

hecn or become

SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT.
C;

iJj-^ ^\

should have been or become

CONDITIONAL PLUPERFECT.
ij^i

(0 ij ^i

ij.^

= Had

I, tliou, etc.,

been or become

IMPERATIVE.
<ti,

ji. be \e

be thou

<ijta

^-

J^, J .Ui let

him be

<-i);

^^'

^^

The Auxiliary Verb Jii when joined with

let

them be

(^*^

tlie

Past. Part, of another Verb has a

twofold meaning.

forms the Passive Voice of

It

1.

all

tenses if the

Verb be Intransitive, and of

all

but

(I) 1

am

the Past Tenses if the Verb be Transitive.

2.

formsthe Potential

It

Mood

of

all

Verbs, as

^ ^^>

ij

would mean either

tied or (2) I can tie.

The Verb Jw\-^ conveys

the

meaning of

more continuing

state of things than

which means simply " to be."

4. Infnitive.

Jjwjl

= to

be or to exist, to remain.

PRESENT.

IMPERFECT

FUTURE.

HABITUAL IMPERFECT.

*-.j\

<Jj

ij

will

be

(>V-J^

*J

I i^'sed to

bo

CONDITIONAL IMPERFECT.

IMPERATIVE.
t-jl

lUjl
,

''^

lOia

'IAa

<0'

4j

.1$^

<Jjk-.wjl

Were
etc., to

I,

thou,

lie,

be or remain

Jji

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
This verb convej'S

Tenses

it is

15

idea of a contiiinoiis state of tiling, consequently in

tlio

of" remain,

restricted to the meaning'

its

Past

exist."

PERFECT.
Jji-_jl

*j

=1

i\

have remained, stayed,

etc.

SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT.
J

*j aj

ji-._jl

*j

= I ^y

'^'^

shall

have remained

PLUPERFECT.

^^^j\

ij

=I

iJ^'^r^i^ ^j

*^

had remained

SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT.

I*}

would have remained

CONDITIONAL PLUPERFECT.

^^

j;

dj.-.-.jl

ii'

= IIad

remained

ACTIVE PARTICIPLE.
^SjjA^^j\

= remaining,

one who remains an inhabitant

iS-^^[j

PAST PARTICIPLE.

= having

cis^^ji

remained.

The Verb.
Observations mi the construction of the Past Tenses of the Transitive Verb.

There are

no Past Tenses in the Active Voice of the Transitive Verb

in reality

in

Pushtoo, the Tenses which are usually denominated as such are in fact the Past Tenses of the
Passive Voice.

mode

In Pushtoo in consequence such a

I

beat him

You

He
the

meaning

is

beat

beat

me

>

you

does not exist

rendered by

He was
I

beaten by

me

was beaten by you

You were
in

of expression as

beaten by him

which the Verb agrees with the Subject

in

\
>

etc., etc.

Number and

Person, while the Agent

Instrumental Case, the above sentences being rendered thus

i.ii\^

*1a_;

Jjij

According

to all

tU

J jb tJ

fi-ict

jj

= He by me was beaten
= by thee was beaten

iki

=Thou by him

i^kSi

J*

(^_

wast beaten

analogy those sentences should mean respectively.

He me
I

beat

thou beat

Tliou

him beat.

is

put in

tlie

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

18
PAST.
C^'

17th

CENTURY.

GKAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
The forms^j and
Jlil^,
is

viz.,

j^ can be substituted for

\j

only

in

tlie

19
following tenses of the Verb

Present, Future, Aoriat, Imperfect, Habitual Imperfect;

so intimately associated with the verb

The forms^J,
and Past, which require

,j,

and

\j

may

i^\j, <Ojj,

and

Jli

that

it

be added to

in

Ihc other

all tenses

of the verb JJj, except the Future

The Primitive Verb.

Intransitive.

INFINITIVE.
Jjojj=-

= to

move.

j;;i-

= to

move.

PRESENT.

icj.ji'^ iUi

,>;^^ ixn

FUTURE.
ryJi^-J

<0 a; etc.

AORIST.
|.;j5^_,jetc.

IMPERFECT.

'=^

HABITUAL IMPERFECT.
*jij ;^ri- <u a: etc.

CONDITIONAL IMPERFECT.

^Jj jl=-

<Ua

ij

<lj'

A'i

PAST.

CONDITIONAL PAST.

PERFECT.

SUBJUNCTIVE PERFECT.

PLUPERFEC r.

J^Ji^

'J

SUBJUNCTIVE PLUPERFECT.

li**

it

is inseparable.

<Jj'..

Transitive.

tenses

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

20

17th CEi-^TURY.

CONDITIONAL PLUPEEFECT.

IMPEEATIVE.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

PAST PARTICIPLE.

This

the typical form of

is

Intransitive Primitive Verb, but in

tlie

deviation occurs by which the j of the Imperative

Jj>-i-l)
J^j.^,:^'

= to

rise

= to

flee

Imperat.

and tenses derived from

it is

many

cases a

dropped, as

Pres. *ilj etc. etc.

i^^i }

^~^^ j

*:i4j

etc. etc.

Obseuvatioss on the Yekb.

The Verb in Pushtoo

is

very irregular in

down any general

impossible to lay

its

construction, so

rules for its conjugation

much

so that

it is

almost

beyond those regulating the actual

terminations of the different tenses and persons; a knowledge of the various forms which the

Eoot of the Verb may assume throughout

by an

effort

(a)

of

memory

its

conjugation can only be acquired by practice or

a few general observations are

can be offered here.

all that

The Root.
Tlie Infinitive

always ends in

variation from this which

Present and

may

by dropping

occur in the course of

this tlie Pioot of the

its

derivative tenses, viz. Imperative, Future

its

the form wliich

N.B.

tlie

it

3rd Pers. Sing. Masc. of

tlie

is

found

and Aorist

Past Tense

The

any

the Past Tenses almost

shown

itself,

in the Infinitive, witli

which

is

very irregular in

takes.

Tlie 3rd Pors.

Plur. Masc. of the Imperfect

is

identical in

form with the

Infinitive.

{]>)

conjugation will be found only in the

invariably adhere througliout to the original form of the Verb, as

the e.KCeption of

Verb

Tc.

The Imperfect.

UKAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
(c)

The Distinctions of the Tenses.

(1)

The Present and

The Aorist

is

the particle

is

Berivatioe Tenses.

formed from the Pres. by adding the prefix^

and Plur. preceded by the

The Future

its

to all

particle j in the case of the 3rJ Pers. Sing,

formed from

tlie

Present by adding the

pi'cfix

persons of the Sing,

and Plur.

^ preceded

throughout by

<u.

The Imperative varies from the Present by substituting

and adding the prefix^

it

21

to the

2nd Pers. both Sing, and Plur.

for

in the

^ in

the

2nd Pers. Sing,

3rd Pers. Sing, and Plur.

adds the prefix J to those forms of the Present.

(2)

The Imperfect and

The Past

is

its

Derivative Tenses.

formed from the Imperfect by adding the prefix j throughout.

The Habitual Imperfect

of the Imperfect, as

1.

is

formed by adding the particle

ij

before the difi"erent persons

22

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

17th

CENTURY.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
Jiifratisi/ive.

23

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

24

Intransitive as well as a Transitive sense

"

it is

watering,"

as

we may

"

and

in Pushtoo, the following are instances

CENTURY.

instance,

we may say

this is a

form precisely similar

it is

coaling,"

to that so prevalent

= water
Intransitive Verb ^}s^^ = to water,
to drink
Transitive Verb
to cause to drink =
Jjj^l = to water,
Adjective
_ = dry
Intransitive Verb J>x-.>-j = to dry,
to become dry
Transitive Verb
= to (^ns
to make dry.
Jj-f-j
Adjective
i_?^ = full
Intransitive Verb JsJ^ to
to become full
=
Transitive Verb
to
to make full.
J'^^
Preposition
j^ = down
Intransitive Verb ,]^j\^ to descend
Substantive

of an Engine that

that "

same way say of a Steamer

also in the

and of clothes that " they are drying

as, for

ITth

<u^l

i.e.

i.e.

to irrigate.

i.e.

i-^-

i.e.

fill,

fill, i.e.

Transitive Verb

Jjj^=

to

cause to descend.

Ox THE Use
(1)

The following Verbs do not take

of the Prefix j.
Prefix in the Future, Aorist, Imperative, or

this

Past Tenses.
(a)

Verbs already compounded with a Prefix such as ^J j

(i)

All

(c)

The following Verbs

Compound

^c^^,

ij>

or Derivative Verbs,
;

J^.V
J^
the Auxiliary Verb J^ when used with

J^J

J-'i:'.

iS^'^.

This rule applies equally to

any Noun,

etc.,

which might form the basis of a Verb, as

Jii

though such a Verb as

though
(2)

.i

(Uri.

When

J J-jo-

to be

= he

,ik.i>

will

be angry

angry does not actually

exist,

still ^ is

here omitted, as

were the dissolved form of such a Verb.

the prohibitory

preceding the Auxiliary Verb

tlie

used with the Imperative, the Prefix

(L is

the Verb be in the Passive Voice,

inserted between

<u- aj

when

may sometimes

it

in the dissolved

form of

j is

precede the Participle,

tlie

dropped, except
it

Compound Verb <u

immediately
is

frequently

Root or Basis of the Verb and the Imperative of the Auxiliary Verb

or the Verb Jjs according as the former

ii' <t

AZ

H-i

A^

is

Intransitive or Transitive, as

^-^^0

JjJ
.c -J'

= do not do so
= do not be seen
= do not pass.

J^

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

On the Position
In Verbs

(1)

between

tlie

compounded with

Prefix and

tiie

Verb

of

In

tiie

Passive Voice and in

as^l^

,Jy^

^^ j^,

it

is

always inserted

as

c:j^^ dj i^jj

(2)

Rklative to tub Veub.

<0

a Prefix such

itself,

25

AxJi,

he did not

Compound Verbs

it is

fall.

always placed before

tiie

Auxiliary

Verb, as
JL

aj

<Lii

latter,

i.xi>

j^

ajia

cG

In the Aorist and Future

(3)

Prefix

-^jt} <u

in tiie case of the

it

=
=

lie

will

not be beaten

he did not pass.

always precedes the Verb immediately, and follows

former, and the Particle

<u

and

tlie

as

ilj iJ
}

*)

^ ^'^' ^'^^ ^'^^

Irregular and Incomplete Verbs.

Prefix

tlie

in tlic case of tlie

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

26

INFINITIVE.

To show

PRESENT.

17th

CENTURY.

IMPERFECT.

AORIST. IMPERATIVE.

jJ;'

J^4>

PAST PART.

PAST.

^)'i'}

-i}^}

'

U?"

To

lie

down

^ilu)

|*r^^!

OTu.

''r^J

bing.

_} li )

J^h>.L

j::-j1^

jUi

SrdSing.c:,;LA

^ht^^
|

To

roll lip

*i-vi

A-*^}

^^^*^}

To run

J.liJ

*^UJ

ajUJ'^

iJJuj

J-v4i

(*^i

(^.';

'^J.J

or

^^4iM

('^^J

(^;?4;.5

i^-^J

j^^^j

f^^^j}

^,^-^^j

(*^'H.5

iV4^

j*^*

a4^*j

t^-^*

fi^

^"i^i

^i"

3rd Sing.

j_Jiu>lc)

To draw

t::^4.ij

A-^

J4>>

to write

^}J^

To rub

^J^

^J^i

ij^j

l)'4*'*

To burn

(Intrans.)

To burn

(Trans.)

To bring

Cs^'^^^^

*b..i.ij_j

jb,>**j

J^'4^

.1

Jj^

*a..-j

(^3-^j

^y^i

^}J^

^\f^

(*J^J

i/^i

Jjj,\j

j^^f^j

^j}^j

Hj^^j

J}:^^j

^}^j

jJj^j

3rd Sing.

(O^i
^jj^j

^j;^j

4v^j

f^i^j

Cs^i^J

^^'^}

ij^^-^^

(of inanimate tbings)

To bring
To

(of animals)

put on clotbes

^j^j

^}x>^\ |^>il

C'^i^S

'>-^yS

Compounds of
INFINITIVE.

To overthrow

To

thrust in

To throw back

f^;^j

Ji-i_ji^

J::--^'.

c^y"^!

GRAiMMATlCAL INTRODUCTION.

27

INI'INITIVK.

I'-UTUKE.

To turn back

Jjj;^=r

(*ji>'^

f^i;^=^

is^ij^

To

fall

Jj'3~^

(Tii^^

^"j^

Cs^'r-^

To

fly

JJjJl

^jpl

^-jJl

"Ji-Jl

into

N.B.There
of JjJ, which

'^i^^,

There

is

is

another and irregular form of the 3rd Pers.

formed from the 3rd Sing, as though the

Ai'l^^j

'le fell

is

PAST.

also a Verbal

c-^^xi

= they fell,

Noun

of the

cf.

latter

i^j^j^

same form, derived

he entered

PAST

I'lur.

PAllT.

of the

were an Adj. as

- fallen

= fallen

XJ\y^

in a similar

manner, as

63\yj

Compounds

(plur.).

entrance.

Paradigm of some of the Pushtoo Verbs of Most Frequent Occurrence.

I.

Intransitive.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

28

II.

17th

CENTURY.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODTTOTION.

29

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

30
Everywhere

ITih

CENTURY.

GRAMMATICAL
Until

INTIlODUt'TION.

31

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

32

17th

Terms of liclationsldp.
ENGLISH.

CENTURY.

GRAMMATK.'AL INTHOUUCTION.

licrd

General

of calllo

name

/i4

for sliccp
e

Fat-tailed sheep
Tliin-tailed sheep

Any animal

Any
Wild.

Tiger

in foal

animal that has just given birth

34

Moustache

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

17th

CENTURY.

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.

35

Seasons.
iSiimmcr

Spring

Winter

Autumn

Rainy Season

^.

jUi

June-July

Divisions or Time

Morning

Day

Evening

Night

About 4 a.m.

Dawn

Sunrise

About 8 a.m.

Noon

About 2 p.m.

JJ-.U.J

Sunset

^1

About 5 p.m.

...

.1'

jUi

'i^-Ar

After sunset

Three days ago

i^^

''"'j^^

Yesterday

Daybeforeyesterday '^j

To-day

i..*^^

t^'^c;^-^;^

To-morrow

Three yean's ago

Year before

Last year

This year

Nest year

'^^

Points of tuk Compass.

North
South

Iron

last

JUlij

Jl^ a^^j

Jl^^

36

House

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

17th

CENTURY.

GRAM^fATTCAL TNTKODUCTION.

Well cooked

37

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

38

Fresh

17th

CENTURY.

OKAMMATICAL INTRODU(rriON.
Terms

up^kd in

Tribe

^jl

Headman

Family

Jr^

Wandering

District

Houseliold

Belongings
Neigbboiir

Civil Administration.
Ijc>-j.^_(_xL
tribe J>J5-i
i_;f"3^

<lJ

Disturbance

.-j-JLr

Insurrection

^^>^

CS'^^^

Prisoner
Fetter

39

Fine

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

40

How

deep

is

the water

<u_jl

^>j^

in tbat river?

Eun on
who

in front

that

Have you

man

and see j^<^^'v) iJ'^\}j'^

on

for

one

right and then to the

Come

jjw^

Hy^^Jj

^L.' <Ll

j^ y^jj

uj\,j

^]^ i
i3

always.

j .JJ^SJj^

i_J*-!,?,jj

Come

to

my house early

to-morrow

^jSJ\j^j'i^_jJ!iji^yL

^j ^ jj

koss, then turn to the

left.

<u

(JJ(Jj-j *^'iA'i=^ij^

is.

seen any one

straig'lit

iJdt,

j ^jii ir^i^

passing this way

Go

jo--j

CENTURY.

17th

we

will

morning,

go out shoot-

ing togetlier.

The boy used

to

bathe

in the river.

Why

do you talk such

nonsense?

That horse wanders about

loose.

^^ ^J^

LT'

^'^

GRAMMATICAL INTRODUCTION.
Are there any places

The fog

in

the road for pitcliing

encamping

or

tents

an army
I

am

dense and

is

is

tired

a thick

tent to be

pitched under those

thirsty,

wood and

Collect

trees in the shade.

^j

liaze.

us go there,

let

fire

that

jJi^l ^j ^r^
"i

-i^

and cold and ji-)^

hungry and

my

wish

there

41

light a

tj^y^ ^2"^

^^

^^^

Jy

^^

Jj jj^

we may warm

ij

j\

Hjyi.

^^U. CJjl

Now snow is

and level the ground.

I

do

will

all

can to

please you, Sir.

A_=-

iu

c/i

on

it

and

Why

the

ground.
Fold

trousers

shall

Is

here

stop

night, and
lessens

if

on

go

iS

i^

\^

j,^

ij^

are

is

no use

wetted by
I see

the

will

that horse quiet

or

smoke

rising

from

the valley; there must

be a village near.

<0' i.^

^ iJ^b ^3

^J^i^

Aj

i_?axi'

<tl

J.

^ ic^b

L*

<d

ij-'j J <til

lJj^^^

^j J^\

(^( <u>
fS U

^J.a>l

That horse kicks,

will

Jij

^jy

^J
*

in those rice-fields

Gird up your loins and

ij t_CJ iS~^]

i^J

take

my gun

and

fol-

low me, perhaps we

it.

<u&

ij'i"^ ij

Have you seen any snipe

in light

ground is not

<U

ijjj

^_

iJJ ji^

,li

*:>.

Ij

<ij

Jj

i^j

<itjjj

^
J

jo>
_j\

ding.

there will be a hurricane,

rain, the

in

and spread some bed-

very

strong wind, I think

is

come

Tie him up to that tree

thick and there

There

to

not ride him.

to-

morrow.

The clouds

<u ^jsy*^

^^ ^

vicious?

all

the rain

U^>^

talk with you.

clothes

on a peg,
I

"ji^i

have you come so

morninp; and

yy.

my

and hang

iJ

i' iij)j\j

thirst.

late,

up ray

jfA

melt it?

have died of hunger

bedding and

spread

my assistance I should

cook some meat.

my

shall

you had not come

If

some water and

Unroll

bow

frozen,

is

^_

a
'J

i^Ui-)=
Boil

water

.j

<il>-

and j >^)Hj^

felling

the

<sjy[LjJy*

ourselves.

Choose an open space

i.-ljb

sj

j^

^j,

"]

shall find

^^^

^^ <u
^j JjJ j^^o .ti.
^-o.^

U^

L-^>y2

iJ

il^

^j^.. !i^\. j\ aLs^Ij

^Ai/

<tJj <u

some game

^}

T^*^

<iLii

j^**j'

here.

Hold

my

horse, lest he

A:>~

<t*^ j ^^1 Ui.

should run away.

<o

TRANSLATION OF SELECTIONS

FROM THE POEMS OF

KHUSH HAL KHAN KHATAK.

TEANSLATION OF TOEMS
my

Evil were

My

eyes

Then

dreams

my

So distraught was
went

My

ablutions

couch,

that

my

No

one knew of

my

lay upon

head was aching

bed

sore.

could see neither the door nor

ill

In a book,

prepared to go

at ease,

my

trouble, but

told Ashraf

come from a

my

sword,

walk the earth

spirits

great

may

be one's understanding, wealth, and armies

Mosque and

my

went then

mounted, and like a whirlwind dashed forth upon

went on the wind

to the

Alone and solitary

as the

Forthwith to the Moghal sent

When

This answer

"To-morrow

my

you wrote,

as

you

me

what duty have you

foolish ass held

was

for

you done

desired.

me?
in

"

coming,

Durbar do you present yourself,"

Three days passed; that

In ambush against

road

messenger

received, that " Well have

in the

my

reached Peshawar,

arrived as

shall I be present,

morning-prayers.

In Naushahra rose the sun.

was not yet midday when

said

Tempest howls along,

went.

" Here have

I ?

irresistible order of Fate,

"

towards the West, but of that what care had

can one turn aside the

However

Khan

father,

Peshawar, and took up

to

was the day of Friday, when the

I said,

way.

wrote down briefly for him.

My way lay

It

my

people were asleep and snoring in their slumber.

All the advice which should

How

performed as directed by the Prophet.

my

It

saw the dawn,

and came back

to bathe

All

could not close, restless

rose from

until

he,

and

no Durbar;

quite

unaware of

His deputy was a certain Sheikh of Gujerat,

it.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

46

From head

to foot a traitor, evil

Said he to me, "

Then
I

My

to

him

clear in

liis

me came

my

own

was God's decree that

tumult arose in the

Moghals

in their

should

fall

Not a man but was enraged, yet

cunning;

helpless into their hands.

it

was the

me from my

will of

God.

when

fort,

Quickly the Kotwal placed shackles on

1-^'

in their villainy

spread was this report,

city,

they brought

in full."

estimation.

Moghals

the

It

Down

CENTURY.

17ih

face.

Nawab your words

traitorous uncles took part with the

All around

hither, let us take counsel together;

repeat to the

I will

went

Come

was

my

I fell

into their hands

feet, ten

pounds was

their weight.

Spread the news through the country, alike through town and village,

There were none but were distressed, most of

who were mighty

All those, too,

All the world was in suspense

They went

in the

Said they, "

loyal

was

when they saw

this

" That he should be seized in

Pathaus, alike friends and foes

in office or in title

morning and assembled

How

all

man

this deed.

in Durbar,

to the

Emperor

this fashion, will the

"
!

Nawab approve

of this

Tied was his tongue, no answer would he make.

Tiiey rose then from their seats, dispersed were

Three days had passed when came

They came, and

to the

my uncles

Moghal they

all

the Nobles.

base

offered congratulations,

Horses and robes of honour gave the Moghal

to

them

in turn

My country he gave to them, a villain he made its chief.

My house and family and tribe, when they heard of this,
All the Khataks, too, forthwith prepared to slay them,

Their courage
I

my

said to

fled

from them, and with terror were they

and family, " Be

tribe

seized.

careful,

" Let there no blood be shed or other opposition shown,

" For glad would be the foe that

" And, again,

Then

my

On such

Said

people

a tumult arise, lost will be the Emperor's trust."

deeds,

by

my

my

persuasion, they turned their backs;

sons, great the error that they

there been no bloodshed,

my

my own

should be ruined by

whole tribe collected at the shrine of Sheikh Rahimkar

Foolish were

Had

if

made

should have been released with honour.

uncles in their hearts, "

However much we

strive,

"
?

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Should he become released, the gallows

No

my

my

Deserted was

country,

almost two months

people had

its

The Governor then demanded of me

answered, "

will not give thee

in j)rison,

fled to the

not one Pice, not one Dinar."

this,

one side the treacherous Moghal, on the other

Now

there

is

All

was quite

my life

my

uncles shameless,

no resource but that in Hindustan he should be placed,

" Quickly must we arrange this with

I, too,

mountains.

thousand rupees;

fifty

Both parties made agreement together on

"

satisfied to

go

had been loyal,

Emperor,

to the

my

speed and haste."

all

hope was

for

honourable treatment.

To Hindustan then they despatched me, Mustajab

A
rtX

Slowly marching on

came

Inn of Shahbaz Khan.

to the

Muhib Khel over me,

Khan

Besides another band of the followers of Misri

to

Naushahr

Weeping were

How

escort,

the city with all speed and haste,

All the night was the guard of the

came

my

Noble and Chief was he, the head of the Gori Khel.

They despatched me from

by night or day.

death, whether

me

Past had now been by

On

our Fate."

will be

other thought had they, for their lives they were aibard

Bent they were upon

,}

in the

morning

same

in the

Daozai.

fashion

the people, all struck with horror at the sight.

shall I tell the tale of the night I spent there

The night was spent

in uproar, alike of

In the morning they set out in

All around were

armed

my

Hindoos and Mussalmans

fear, alike

forces, in the

midst

my

escort.

A message

"

preparations for disturbance or I'esort to arms,

Make no

had sent

to

tribe, to

Moghals and Pathans.

Ashraf Khan,

" Of the Emperor the old and faithful servants are we

" One reason, too, that
I

came on

to Sural, in a

Thou wouldst have

What, indeed,

How

am bound

by honour

moment was

anotlier that

said that never had been dwelling there

shall I say

troubles

How many

come on us men while

changes has

life ?

in this world,

alone grant us the power to bear each grief.

Hard indeed was

the time

when

saw

by

this slain will be

Surai deserted,

can any one be able to oppose fate by force

Many
God

my

son Osnian,

mankind.

Pathans."

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

48
Again came

They came

me

to

me

to

Zainoo and other youths of

We

came then

and the very

tribe.

we

part,

and rocks of Sural.

men and women,

helpless in grief, like idols without

Winding along the road then came we

On

trees

to Narraie; spectators, both

Were standing

my

lamenting, and with sorrow did

Weeping were they and

CENTURY.

17th

life.

to Garrai,

either side of the river all the people were looking on,

All those that were with us were overcome with fear;

Thought they, "

I,

Who

was he that

said that the

Khatak

indeed, had sent a message, for doubtful of this

Were but
Such a

was

will not

come out

a flag displayed from one quarter or other,

would ensue

fight

though the end of the world had come.

as

See what count would there have been on either side of the slain
Neither fight nor
I

strife

was there by order of the Almighty,

crossed over the river, and in Attock

All

my

tribe in

my

in

Such was then

arrived.

houses, and weeping amongst

the time as

Thou wouldst have

From

tumult was scattered and confounded

Wailing was there

jv

said

came upon

to the

Again from thence

my

sons.

the Khataks,

on the world bad the day of judgment come.

the Attock onwards they bore me, such

They bore me

was

my

state

camping ground of Baba Hassan Abdal,

Pindi with haste and expedition,

to

Then from thence was our march

to

Rabat.

In Rabat came there a letter to us from the Nawab,

me

Again

to

Pindi they brought

Again

in

Pindi came there a letter

"Take him on

to the

went on

The son

of

Then thou
I,

in the

Came

further delay."

went on from Pindi

Lahore, march by march on

to

my

Meer Jamal, who was paymaster

Kind was he
Said he, "

to this purport,

Monarch without

In the middle of the niglit

I

back forthwith.

to

Go

to

Kukartal

road.

of the troops,

me, great the encouragement he gave,

thou on

to the

Sovereign,

wilt be honoured, not

annoyed

Khush-hal!
is

he the least."

midst of the month Ramzan, marching, marching along.

to tlie

Monarch's Court, a thousand and seventy-four the year.

Great was the disputation and arguments that followed then

to fight

"
?

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
In brief there came

The Kotwal gave

"We were

was Syad

bail

relief

on

own house by

" Loose ye not Khnsli-hal

My country, my
my

Here was

own

side,

his release will occasion disturbance."

my lands,

titles,

ofBcers were there

Monarch chose

I in

all

my

for

who

all

mc

to treat

my

prison, there

freedom.

these changed their masters,

were ruined.

on the writing of villains and

all justice,

Tlie tyrant

his

these contents

Again there rose between us great quarrels

Against

a pledge.

Slianis, son of Jalal.

came from Sayad Meer with

Twelve of

j^iviiig

of this thought when, in the monlh of Shawal,

full

A request

my

nie a place in his

my

Preparing for

order for

tlie

40

traitors,

with violence.

family and children

Scattered amongst the mountains in troulde and in distress.

Such deeds ensued

as

No

be ever in the justice of Aurangzeb.

trust will there

Spread upon

all sides

But no Mahdi
It is the

is

Of

that

them

was proud

in

my

my

his perfection.
all

sides

ai'e

troubles,

these griefs and woes.

now

I tell

the story.

honesty and devotion.

my

habit of giving no bribes

unthankfulness, again the folly of

Again that mistaken

And

all

rise

Another the Mogul's greed and

Again

him by

war with another, every house with house.

at

is

the causes that gave

One

no one in mind.

time of the end of the world, on

who brought upon me

it is

to

were the armies of Anti-Christ,

there to oppose

All the world

God

would occur

in their counsels

were

my

my

brethren.

sons.

that not only once but repeated were the blunders

Of all

the leaders of

To Ashraf Khan
But no

my

Ashraf Khan, Bahram Saadat.

tribe,

gave the signal that the sword he should unsheathe.

action did he take on the counsel that

What

of Khudayar, of Khalil, what

What

of Jagram, the Hindoo?

Every warrior knows what

Well he knows

to

is

gave.

shame or respect

What

conscience have the Hindoos?

the procedure of our foes.

mingle poison amidst sweets and sherbet.

Worthy

is

He

will

be awake to his enemy's tricks and wiles,

He

will take for his

the son

is theirs ?

who

is

capable and wise.

guide generosity and courage.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

Those of lofty minds spare
Alas

Ashraf Khan, no

All the tribe was at

To

the

my

Again when

to

to

he collect

real Falcon he,

I

Bahram
to

my

said the

though

his sense of injured

Narai and

petition

all

own land

own land

to their

But one

them never reached

to the

Their way was

Uow

All, both

All

Kerbela

to

facts,

men and

whom

was the

will I release.

summon

hither."

Khan wrote

a letter.

household they brought to me.

boys,

of the fact.

three like
at

my

it,

my

dismissal.

their faces, to the East they said their prayers.

them

long and tedious

summary

whom

hawks

confidant was he;

for closed to

short the

the path to

stories

Mecca.

should be.

had well protected.

the Kings of Persia had carefully looked after,

Scattered were they on

It

in private

twenty days straight on end.

in

West was turned

shall I relate these

Sad indeed the

me

told

They went
of

trouble,

by Saadat and Meer Baz,

their tlight to their

Thougii

my

remained a prisoner, but

was the month of Safar that

Took

will of

yet remained in prison.

man

with speed he

if

One by one they came and

It

in

on the strength of Meer Khan's favour,

Emperor, that " that

that order

be stood,

much

Emperor

to the

This order he gave, then Amir

Heard was

thei-e

honour

one he appeared.

like

more, passed, and

little

His wife and children

Falcon that fruitless swoops he sliould engage

Then the son of Meer Jamal

Thus

else's.

Jagram had taken.

the course

Delhi was in the bonds of so

in

Five months, a

Presented

the dishonour of Ashraf,

need of that same land.

their

Emperor of

to the

was roused

tribe did

captive

nor boldness.

skill

deserted, great the fear of the Moglials

'Tis not the nature of the

No

Cabul did he bear away Ashraf Khan.

at this

my

tliine

but thou hast neither

was peopled, great

it

They wrote then

Quickly

was

misfortune, great was that of each one

While the country was

All

sucli resolution

Moghal they betook them, great

Great was

Then

themselves nor their fortune;

neitlier

thj- call,

CENTURY.

17th

all sides, afflicted

Heaven

that

with sore troubles

companions they should be of woe.

])ny by day fresh the treatment which

is

devised

by Fate,

TRANSLATION OF

Ko

confidence

it

Again, him lying

In

stream

tlie

to the

can

To whom

Do

shall

change

Would no

The manly

is

promotes

call

There

my way

path,

a fool

now

stout and strong,

is

none

is

confidant
to

hear

now

cries;

in full dress

Scarlet are the cushions in the

homes

While other birds wander

in the

for a relish.

hardly an old carpet.

is

of the liar and the spy.

gardens midst their sports,

endowed with plumage or with song.

the one

is

my

eats the baker's cakes,

In the house of the loyal there

prisoner

there of mine;

is

in favour

While the wise and true have not an onion even

swim.

were not thus noted.

maiden

the

to

stopped by Fate.

is still

were there, or that

is in tatters,

to lofty place.

No

complain':'

are in misery, the base are

The mistress

He who

now

my

fate

it

him who knows not yet

bears

it

To whom

do?

dust

in l)lack

Yet from the midst

What

ground dashes down the migljty,

founders him whose hoat

it

The

horse's back is galled with the saddle and hard riding,

The

ass braying prances at ease within

How

shall I tell

you

51

fondling- or favour;

is llicre in its

At one moment

rOKNIS.

if it is

its stall.

truth or imagination?

Stop these speeches, Khush-hal; and shorten thy narration.

I

know not what

Would

Twice was

that

my

my home

to

do since Heaven protects the base,

hand could reach him, then soon would

at Surai

broken up

once when

Again when Saadat, and when Mir Baz

arrived.

Once defeated and pursued they

Hangal,

fled to

And

again they took refuge in Sekra of the Akozais.

Yet

their swords

Abandoned by
I in

All

my

was imprisoned.

were not red with blood, nor were sword cuts on

my

sons were

my

country and

my

wrath be cooled.

their heads.

tribe,

Hind, a prisoner, and Ashraf Khan in Cabul.

my wives

Came

and children were put

to

shame

in Sekra.

then to the Emperor from Cabul a written message,

" Devastated

is

the land of Surai, great the ruin that has been wrought

" Everywhere are your

" The road

forces

to Surai is seized,

encamped

it

as guards throughout the country,

on the passers-by we

fire."

Joined were Usufzaies against the Khataks to raid in Surai,

; ;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

52

Some

17th

CENTURY.

ponies they collected and mounted in the morning

Good God

What

a ride was that,

Good God

What

a fight was that

Gone was

my

its like

that had been given

went

edict

befalls

man

me who had

tlien ?

me on

ever been loyal to them.

the frontier of

Punjaub

tiie

forth that resigned they should be

weary march, or the

Everything

fame and honour from the confidence of the Moglial

The Emperor's
Is it the

was never seen

where were the wounded

" Disloyal" was the name they gave

The lands

battle, or the victory

from thence.

by the Fates.

as is ordered

Whilst these were the deeds of the present, another concern was mine
Let no one injure another, but leave him alone to his
I,

in the food of the Usafzaies,

No

was mine

otlier object

Many

their chiefs

Yet

is

it

was God's

Then came

Moghals.

What

my

that

tlie

to

fled to

God

Sekra, in

has wrougiit

brotiiers

Whether

am

my

On none had
Whatever

No

was

in,

number a hundred houses,

me

to separate

me

their

from

my

homes.
house.

and friends were divided amongst themselves.

all

own people

young and

the old.

the world at the evils that befell the Khataks.

never be freed

if tliat

or strangers, whether

evil design,

was

may

I,

the other side of the river;

of that aware which to no one else can be

prisoner

man

Baezaies and the Eaurazies, they marched together.

Astounded was

is

honour

Khataks of mine remained undismayed in

calamity

profit is there in regrets,

All were in lamentation, in tears were the

God

by the sword

liad slain

to retrieve his tarnished

They betook them thence

the other

will that things should be as they were.

both great and small,

tribe,

And

no

bitterest poison

the Dsufzais, and sore were the straits he

Willi tliem were

But

past,

whom

fate.

could these things or misfortunes occur to the mind of a

Shabash Khan attempted

My

in the service of the

and warriors

Alas! for the time that

How

had been as the

nor thought

to their face,

known

whicli

my

say

is false.

friends or foes.

of injuring them.

behind their backs such was

I.

such a thought was ever mine as of flattery or deceit

Never had

Nay

it

been

my

sharp had been

Whoever was my

policy to oppress or injure another

my

subject,

warnings

to tliosc tliat

were tyrants known.

whether poor or a stranger,

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.

My conduct

towards liim was such (hat no (rouhlu should

Whether gold or ornaments mine, or

All have

The enemy
Filled
III

was

of those

my

was

who were

Ijo fi'oui

land, or other wealth,

family and

my

friends.

heretics or untrue;

my

had upon the faithless and the rebellious

heart with anger at the enemJes of the

Passed as had been

my

loyalty and honour

life in

Emperor

In no one action of mine was any treachery to the Moghals

My
No

me.

heart with good will towards the learned and the devout,

the designs

Filled

my

bestowed amongst

53

father and grandfather had sacrificed themselves for the sake of their lionour to them.

other Pathan was there whose honour was equal to mine,

And

yet

my

son was in prison, and

And how many

ills fell

me

upon

from

my

country an exile;

without fault or error of mine.

Scattered and dispersed, where has

my

family gone

All plunged in distress, parted and scattered are they,

My country

in confusion,

is

my

cities are

my

"Wandering through the whole country

In Delhi was

Now
No

imprisoned for months

in Eantipur a lonely captive

though his people are ever

Not mine alone

Twenty
All

people

ai'e filled

who

Some

with laments.

I lie.

in

groans at his tyrannous ways?

these tears, there are

the Provinces of Hind, in

in sore distress.

concern Las the Emperor Aurangzeb upon mj' state

What

name

inhabited but by

many

that are bitterer than mine.

them on every

side is trouble

and

grief.

are Nobles or Chieftains in each province.

are captives and in bonds, and others are full of distrust.

In Eantipur alone two hundred are there in restraint,

Many
The

the other fortresses in which the prisoners are without

first

Now

of

after

upon

all

whom

him he pursues

his

vengeance he wreaked was his father,

others,

what matter whether great or small

Pale be the faces of those who say that the truth

There

0^

When coming
By

not a soul in the country

is

First with

Then

and treachery

Murad Bakhsh an

to Oojein

Then he came

who wishes

is

many had

aloft,

he brought to ruin.

oath and engagement he made.

he came, and Jeswant Singh he defeated

to

lie.

the tyrant well.

here from the Deccan his standard he raised

his violence

number.

Agra, and dark was the day

for

Dara.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

54

him of

Sbalijehan he imprisoned, and deprived

Again Mnrad Bakhsh he reconciled

And

CENTURY.

17th

retinue

all his

to Sliahjehan,

then to Mooltan he bore his standai'd in pursuit of Dara.

Then came he back again, and trouble he brought on Shuja.

was

It

in the battle

of Kajwa that put to flight was he.

Then again Dara fought with

With

He

bis face then to the

biin in Ajmere,

West Dara Shah

was taken by the Chief of Jun

Thence was be sent

to

to bis

fled in fear

His eldest son

Shah Shujah, and then

him, and trouble thus

fell

upon him.

in terror

But he separated them from one another by many a

his

he.

wile and deceit.

home, now who knows where he draws breath

the grief that he brought on the house of

ia

was

Shah Shujah was his brother Muazzim,

But him he expelled from

Such

and confusion.

of Dara,

to

in intrepidity to

bouse for design of bis own.

The Eajputs gave up

Next

less

Delhi where bis head from bis body was severed.

Again Suleman Shekh, the honoured son

fled to

more or

Arabia and Persia alike were confounded

liis

own

father,

at bis deeds.

All these disturbances occurred within only about two years,

upon him was confirmed the Sovereignty of Hindustan.

Tlien

The year

When

that this took place

was two years

than 1070,

less

be on the throne of Delhi placed his steps.

It is either the retribution of his father, or else the

Or from pride
is

Were

there

Yet by
If

many more

all

years like

this,

appearance, determined

all

is

professions a very patriarch

you consider but

Who

been perverted.

nothing but cries and lamentation on his tyranny and oppression.

There

Thus, to

in his rank, his nature has

decree of fate.

the whole world would be stript of

he on deceit,
is

he.

his actions, his designs,

it is

to destroy

has heard of such deeds amongst the descendants of

And

ever all his thoughts are bent upon bis

No

make

It is alike to

Such

him

is

in

yet more, the tyrant

Adam

His own father be imprisoned and then slew, such mercies

question does he

his,

own advancement.

of the state of the poor and oppressed.

judgment, whether one

our Emperor,

sucli

Yet, please God, no favour

liis

justice,

may

life.

is

guilty or blameless,

such his conduct

be shown the tyrant on this earth.

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
All

story that

tlic

Then;

is

you

I tull

nothing befalls us but

Ijy

God's will and our own

Where

his

splendour and his treasure

Where

is

Where

bis thundering at Delhi, bis

Dara Shah

armour and

What

of Aurangzeb

What

of his equipment and his armies

He came

considorerl l)y ino

is car(?fiilly

55

What

bis shields?

his security ?

disordered

all

Agra with a shroud upon

into

fate.

bis bead,

Scattered were bis armies, and Delhi in confusion.

When

fortune favours one, thou verdant are his fields,

Bloom

alike the roses in the

When

fortune favours one, though be were enclosed in steel.

Wealth

him through

will enter to

AVhen fortune turns

wisdom

All his

meadow and

his back,

the desert.

the doors and through the windows.

though the wisest of the age.

burn the proceeds of

profits is to

Aden

If fortune turns his back, not even the pearls of

Are worth

The

in the

market the seeds of the Bramble-bush.

action of the stars

Through

bis harvest.

is

not proved to any one.

the twelve worlds be wanders, but

nowhere

finds he rest.

Either part he plays alike whether that of thief or watchman,

Some he
IIow can

None

relate to

all his

overlooked him, as

is all

treacheries

is all

I did,

one thought of
is full

"

self,

and the

the curse remain

or old.

to foot,

in this I tell

and "

fate of

we

no

lie

" are all his words.

Yezid upon bim

upon him as of Ilussein and Hassan's death!

Fixed indeed will be a period

But boundless through

When

young

of treachery that comes forth from out bis mouth.

evil be bis end,

What though

"

and wiles?

from bead

nothing but empty vanity,

Every word

May
May

yon

and some be slays with the sword,

are free from molestation, whether

When

He
He

frights to death,

all

to bis

waywardness and

time will be the hatred be has gained.

wealth and fortune wait upon bis skirts

has ever the base been the master of high place?

He who by

disposition has been born of filthy nature,

Never

be be clean, though

will

What though

wiles,

the raven

flies

all

day he wash

from forth the Eagle's eyrie,

Raven he remains, however sharp

He who
God

bis body.

his claws.

counts his nature pure and noble

in its essence,

forbid that such an one should rejoice in bis father's ruin.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

56

May God
Ill

some deeds was

Again that

Again that

for

his

mistaken that

daughter

myself

And

again that

And

again that by bribes

And

again that when

And

again that to the Usufzais

And

again that

Be

did not dupe the

could

my

valour and

service.

Moghal,

more land,

did not seize

fresh strength bestowed,

all

upon

one's people

wise nature.

is

my

have now uttered from

Draughts, or Chess, or Backgammon, say

If all these

Whoever

He

my

mouth

of them be written in men's hearts.

all

it

exalted.

guide the current through the natural streams of water.

will

These words which

Let

imagined that the Ghorikheyls were true Pathans.

bestow one's

to

God

treacherous uncle

not a strong fort upon a mountain,

I built

was proud of

is set.

kept neither silver nor gold,

again that for myself

I

my

heart

CENTURY.

mighty Noble betrothed,

to a

And

Yet

my

promote those objects on which

17th

and such be learnt, there

such matters

in

good

is

in

I,

it.

raw and inexperienced,

is

yet in course of time maj^ change his ignorance for knowledge.

Be thou not

But learn from every one who

They

And

tell

how Buali was

yet in

No man

many

indeed

is

However dear

abler tlian thyself.

is

of confidence in his wisdom,

full

he who

is

guided by every one's words.

trust in

God and

not watching each man's eyes.

whose eyes

the Mistress

Be thou not misled

But

and wisdom.

skill

matters a fool was he called by men.

One must work with

How

own

self-confident in tliy

reflect

your own,

her in her friendship.

to trust

sweet the sight of loving eyes with their fringes of dark lashes,

fail

thou not

to blind

A comrade may he

No companion

When

them

if

they look askance from thee.

be called wlio goes not beyond his friend,

he who goes

once a man's mouth

now

is

The bushes of the cactus and

in front,

accustomed
the radish

now

behind.

to bitters.

seem

to

him sweet.

There are some who by continual reading gain their information,

Some

in their mother's

wombs

are taught, and then are born.

Two hundred and twenty

With

these in Rantipur

are

my

solaced

verses, eleven are their stanzas,

my

heart's anguish.

: ;

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Great was

On

tlie

spluiulour and beauty of Dellii

magnificent

all sides

its

From

tliere

tlie

City

procurable

great canals were streams to every bouse

Its

market covered not

Of

the Monarch's Audience Hall what shall

For

buildings;

Splendid the Bazaars witliin

Every luxury was

rv

his sleeping-room

When

less tban

was such

near an acre.

that

say?

my mind

was quite astounded.

Shahjehan held open audience of his subjects,

In his Durbar were the Seventy-two peoples represented.

Had

it

but the breezes of Irak and Khorassan,

Jealous, indeed, would Paradise have been of Delhi's rivalry.

That glory which Shahjehan gave

When

had any other Sovereign bestowed on

The foundations

Time

to Delhi,

of Delhi, from

after time, too,

Each one

will

who

it

such glory

whose hands they were,

exercised Sovereignty in

now by name

it,

relate to you.

According to what his nature and his character was.

The Chohans

first

laid Delhi's foundations

Three hundred years did they reign over

The

first

Whose

When

Mahommedan King

of Delhi was Mauzuddeen,

stay in Delhi was but for one year,

Delhi he took from Pathora,

Great the trouble that

When

it

this

labour cost him

Pathora's head he severed from his body,

Five hundred and eighty were the years of the Hijra.

Then

him came Kootubuddeen,

after

Whom

in

Hind he had

After him

for justice

amongst

him came Feroze Shah, son

Whose

Viceroy.

came Sharasuddeen, who was

Famed was he
After

left as his

his slave,

his son,

his people.

of

Shamsuddeen,

equal in liberality was not fonnd in Hindustan.

After him

came

And happy
After her

Razi, daughter of

Shamsuddeen,

with her were soldiers and subjects

all alike.

came Mauzuddeen, son of Shamsuddeen

Great was ever the fear his enemies had of him.

After

him came Nasruddeen, son of Shamsuddeen,

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

58

AYho was famed

for his liumauity

Then was Alauddeeri,

Great his character

CENTURY.

17th

and kindness.

the grandson of Feroze Sliah

for justice

and devoutness.

Again the Sultan Jelalooddeen ascended the throne,

Who

hy descent was of the country of the

After

him was Kootabiuldeen, son

Devoted
After

of Alauddeen

and luxury was he.

to folly

him came Tughlak Shah,

greatest of all

Nurtured had he been by the Ghiljie

After him

Gliilzais.

rulers.

came Sultan Mohammed Shah, son of Tughlak Shah,

In whose times the peoples dwelt in ease.

Then Sultan Mohammed Shah, son ofFeroze Shah,

Who

seized the

Kingdom from

his brother.

Then the Sultan Ghayasuddeen, son of Feroze Shah,

Wiio ascended the throne in the lifetime of

his father.

Mohammed

After

him came Secunder Shah, son

Who

remained on the throne but a month and a

Then

his brother

of

Sliah,

half.

Nasruddeen ascended the throne,

Great need had he of hardy warriors.

After

him upon Hind burst Timur

To Khizr Khan he gave

After

the Sovereignty.

him was Sultan Mubarik Shah, son

Whose

During

of Khizr Khan,

sanctity was apparent from his brow.

Mohammed

After him Sultan

his reign

AH whose

Shah, who was

liis

who was

his son

time was spent amongst his women.

Then Bheilole Lodi became

remained on the

the

King of Delhi,

tiirono for

twenty-nine years.

After him Secunder, Bheilole Lodi's son.

Whose

practice

After him

nephew

Pathans were held in honour.

Tiien the Sultan Alauddeen,

Who

Siiah,

came

was in accordance

willi the faith.

his son Ibrahim,

Who

fought with Eaber at Panipat.

After

him was Babcr King

Who

was indebted

After

him Uumaun, Baber's

Whose armies and

to the

of Dellii,

Pathans

for his place.

son,

wealth were without bounds.

TUANSLATIOX OF POEMS.
After

Ahun, son of

liiin 8li;ili

Defeated at

After him Islam

son of Sliah Alliini,

Sliali,

Wliose daring was even greater than

After him

Soor;

Ilassiui

was Ilumaun.

liaiids

Iiis

59

came Adil Shah,

tliat

of his fathers.

wlio was his cousin

Disgraced were the Patlians during his reign.

him came Akbar, son of Hiimaun,

After

Whom

victory accompanied wherever

went.

lie

After him Jehangir, son of Akbar,

During whose reign Hind was

Now

the

Who

had been formerly

King

is Slialjjelian,

Khush-hal have narrated

Employed

Had

in

yet

this,
I

am

no Poet.

could do

Poetry and verses,

art of

are the praises of

When

through Hind

"

long

It is

son of Jehangir,

Balkh and Badakshan.

what

tried

it I

Many

my

Emperor

should have sung.

wandered, then to myself

have been thinking of

you ask of me.

Hear by

the year of Kurshat.

all

poem

account

prayer

it

me Shahbaz

But when they departed, and

Hard indeed my

say indeed

it is

was

as a garden.

and Saadat Khan

left

me

there alone,

death this separation.

lot, as

Since from their sight

I

mind."

had been completed.

the whole of Delhi's city

While were with

Now

my

began at midday prayer.

And by evening

To me

it is

I said,

this history in

If of this story the date

This

^^

in

like Paradise.

have been cut

as

though

off

were

completely,

in a prison.

My

household

It is

not strange that in the garden the gardener should be happy.

is

as a garden,

and

But wheu from the garden which he

That separation on both

sides

is

the gardener;

loves the gardener

is

divided.

equally hard to bear.

If but a flower of that garden should meet the sight of his eyes.

To

the gardener's heart

comes joy every moment that he beholds

See upon the paper the picture of Majnun's features.

it.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

60

am now

I like liim

To each one

in the

CENTURY.

17th

but skin and bone, an empty spectre.

world one time comes the hour of dying,

without death, die not once, but every day.

I,

Unjustly have

God

is

know no

my

who knows what was

alone

In myself

become Aurungzeeb's captive

crime,

swear

many and

But by others

the tales that are told,

The nature

my fault is by me unknown
my own excellence has been

But

of

see that

charge or crime.

hy God

it is

in prison

it

lying are they.

entirely.

the cause of

my

As

No

other Afghan was there in the service of the Moghul.

was firm and honest

To Sovereigns

Honour and
For

and

in

good intentions,

there siiould be compunction of heart,

and consideration

self-respect, as well as justice

whom

to

in deeds

Such trouble

May

on

as

my

tribe

the discernment of their

It is of their

own power

As now he has taken

Either

That

it is

in this

own honour

the ruin that

Aurung Shah keeps on

If

indeed

am

bent

fell.

Mussalman.
by them.

lost

is

Monarchs cause.

ever such course of action

in hand,

God

preserve us from

end

its

year or next year that people will hear

and flowing

rivers of red blood will full

What

is

and family there

there never such happen to Ilindoo or

When

can one appeal against the decrees that they give.

upon oppression the heart of the Sovereign

If

ruin.

be.

But there are others who

I ?

will act like

me.

Countless are their names, the lords of the mountain lands.

He who

had no compassion on

How

will he stay his

With

pride

is

high

He

that seeks of

What time
Never

so

fixed his gaze, as

him

much

justice, his

liis

folly,

bis goal.

answer by sword or by

His procedure

why

are

your actions

the Chiefs in his country are

is

clul).

is all

would gain

tlius ?

murdering great and small

worth more than twenty witnesses,

their decrees do his

If one

world?

though the Heavens were

does he ask as

Governor's word

To

else in the

that in his court the injured appeal for redress

What though

hand on any one

nor yet on his son,

he intoxicated, and standing erect in

On

is

his father,

Judges forge his signature;

by bribes, without interest

for one's object

some

result

is

there nothing,

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
any one whose nature

Is tlicre

Midst

To

)/

When

ill-suited to these

it is

God

means?

lielpless in despair.

the Physician yet say nothing,

For

y*

he wanders

his court

is

(il

Kiiush-hal!

the all-powerful wlio alone will cure thy

the time for the bloom of the roses comes,

Gentle are the showers that are falling on the meadows

Whose

fortune

Whose

steps lead

is

there that can rival his,

him

To-day good luck

May my
That my

my

like

it is

All other regions

none other in Hindustan.

its

lit

the waters

it

this place.
it.

waters,

triumphs over Cashmere's Shalimar.

Men's eyes brighten, and

their hearts rejoice.

As

the water of its fountains sprinkle round.

As

the water rises now, then falls again,

One would say

Where

for

wander wildly,

turf the streams run ever on

With such pure and limpid

How

upon

would they have forsaken

meadows

its

Through

stay should be in such a lovely spot,

the Abdal's eyes but

Midst

side

destiny be ever so friendly to me,

As famed

Had

on

is

wander through the gardens?

to

that round

it

pearls are strewn about.

the fountains of white marble are found planted.

Lovelier far that spot than Iran's vaunted scenes

Thou wouldst say

Where

it

was the thundering of the Heavens,

the river pours

its

If there be that cross the

They would say

On

that

waters

down

bosom

of the lakes.

on a mirror

is

the falls

their

way.

the waters are the wild-fowl ever diving,

Before the Palace seated one enjoys the Falcon's sport.

One would say they

are the flames of Nimrod's

fire,

So scattered are bright Tulips through the mead.

The Koses

there their

charms have wove together;

Like a warrior armed, their spears are by their

All around are the

meadows

in full

bloom

sides.

ills

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

62
Of the

Iris

CENTUEY.

17th

and the Lily, gallant show.

In that garden flowers are there, they are not scant}',

Of all

number, what tongue

their

Be they Roses,

By

their sight

May

there can take account

is

or Violets, or Tulips

my

is

now

heart

soothed to

rest.

devote myself to the Creator of these works,

Since from his mighty liands such beauties have been produced.
All

though

trees rise as

its

Overtowering

in rivalry with the

the lofty Deodar.

all is

Of countless natures

are the tunings of the birds.

When

from the Deodars their concert loud

From

the tuneful pipings of these minstrels.

Not from
In

of

it

the breeze,

snowy

come

is

which the splashing waters run.

in

Each one whiter than the whitest linen

Were one

ill

Were

the old

Such

is

breezes

is

beyond

men

All

its

Were

By

its

power of

belief in the

all description,

its

breeze.

its

place in Paradise,

guardians but aware of these delights.

praises are far

I to relate

beyond

them,

it

its

count

would take up a book.

by Khurrum's orders

twelfth day of the

all

foundations laid,

was the thousand and

The

robe.

remain there, soon would they be youths.

to

Asaf Khan were

Now

it,

would one soon be well

for eighty years there,

building such as this would find

"Were

It

my

its

fine is placed,

Three hundred are the paths that run amidst

of

heard

the rustlings of the trees.

mansion

plaster a

Through every room

The mildness

Heavens,

is

the

work proceeding.
year of the Hejra,

fifty-ninth

New

Year,

wrote these verses.

Since from Khush-hal has come such lengthy speech,

Good sense

What though

fed

forbids that extended

have

My heart is bursting

been on the

it

should be

salt of the

Mogul's

with Aurung's scorn and evil treatment.

Unjustly into prison did he cast nie for

God knows what was my

fault, of it

many

years

no knowledge mine.

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Black

am

\V(^11

The

Mogul's

is tlie

towarda

licsirt

all

63

us PaUians,

acquainted with each one of their designs.

true coin and the base to

me

known,

are clearly

In their actions of their jmrport a tonclistone true

Was

That

to

The

an Eagle or a Falcon

Anrung

that before

life

He who

leads

it

sees but

astounded

am

I.

say,

Since in the Mogul's eyes and understanding

Maddened now am

Though no

Who

care

mine

is

my name

No remedy
yet

is

am

there for

am more

such a foolish

the test of the undiscerning

who can

The world
I

discern

am

am

valued as a straw.

my

merits,

speak truth, as the apple of the eye

my

Like the falcon

No Sparrow
Tiger

am

worth than the flowers of the Champu,

bullock

is

my

eye on noble quarry

that feeds on

whose

My beard is

feast is

on

his victims

growing white, dear

All that happens

to

me

is

blistered with

by Fate, no

like a kite I

am

my

are faith and honour

is

mine

knowledge.

service.

in the

care

driven by the wind.

When

title is

should be.

true speeches.

experience mine than ever can be his.

Mogul's

mine

is

More

that no

profit in belief or

Every Pathan that takes the Mogul's

Now

to deal otherwise, a pitiable creature

it is

seem

that grazes on the plains.

For many have been

Thus

worms and grubs

If people turn their back on me, no care

No

ruddy golden mohar,

the ignorant as the Sunflower devoid of scent

Were

in question,

fish.

as true as the

knows nothing of

as yet

Far greater

No

cautious than an old wolf.

By

and honour are

despised

any one against Fate's decrees.

those

To

am

for the gain or loss of countless wealth.

To

But

with the greed of food rushes on the hook,

Think not that

And

that

should be?

own dishonour,

its

and their service then

titles

I,

the sight of Shahjehan,

or Sparrow-hawk

at such a life

it,

Fire take their

Crow

as a

in

am

service,

my

title

was that of Lord

mine, as an Angel free

for his decrees or his

am

permission

;;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

Q4:

God

Praise be to

my

tliat

No

longer

No

witnessing, no signing, no reporting mine,

No

care

Every

is

for Lis

my

is

mine

If to the evil

am

me

is to

weep

Enough

for a

Pathan

his

No

is

Eelieved

now am

my

grass-built hut

am mad

What though my

now

is

food

The opposition which

I

to

By none
I that

Cut

have

is

my

Palaces of stone.

in

Moguls

my

chests are full.

have resolved
design as a

it is

for faith

my own

rifle

has

who were

my

flight

am

as a bat with

have

is

the Bolaks

am

deceitful

removed hardly a

words whose object

is

me

upon the beards of every one amongst

my

tribe dealt

am

For

alone

the

am

flight

is

my

wings.

our relation.
:

as a boy,

the Baraks,

very hardly with me,

Khataks turned
their

wings.

I.

But yet no yielding mine, whatever God's

On me have

my

dissension.

I spit

This day has

my

finger's breadth

are betraying me, for tliey think

too if of such

been.

as the pinions of

no feather in

They

And on my own

it

shed like the Falcon,

true brothers indeed are the Turis, such

With lying

should be doomed.

girl, I

with the clipped wings of the Baraks

From

and honour

been wounded, by guns or yet by arrows,

feathers of

only soup and curds?

have been struck, by

Yet think not

My

in

clothes

me,

so dear to

to pieces are the Buttikheyls,

Now
The

waver

my

of velvet and of brocade;

the wealth of the

Were

with joy.

rug and blanket

had rather be seated there than

With

destiny

mine, though plain and coarse

is

is

couches or for cushions.

for

Freedom

me?

a holiday of independence,

others

mine

head,

niggardly, what can they do

What though

care

my

bowed with blow of sword and mace.

well

Like a bright star fortunate

Every day

Council

for

bonds or yet decrees.

for

His head have

CENTURY.

upstart nobles' gates,

made me bow

fool that

Court nor yet

vvatcli at his

now my own

will is

care

mine

17th

No

is

will

may

their backs, for this

be

may

champion, in the support of God

is

tlicir

my

faces be blackened

trust

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Yet were

any

tlicre

of brotlierhooJ or kindness betwixt us,

ties

my

Great should be

hopes from the parentage of every one.

The Mohmunds should be

Well pleased

Many

Now

am

the feet and liands to assist

support from

witli

tlic

streams wlicn joined togetlier will

to all

appearance

am

in the cause of honour,

am

am

For now

my

age

is

make

crippled

mo

them

are there,

all.

by (he Ileavens,

that such its decrees should have been

am

a river;

many Pathans

passed beyond three-score years and more,

am

Yet in pursuit of a foray as an Usbeg staunch

It is for the

as

Afridis.

associate with

That so much favour has been accorded

Grateful indeed

me

helpless as a bubble.

There are the Karlanrai and Sarbunni,

I,

05

Afghan honour that

Khushhal Khatak am

my

sword

the only proud

I.

have bound beside me,

Afghan of the day

T
Come and

listen to

Good and bad

Warning

it

my

told in

is

am

Those who

it

contains and counsel,

Let the wise take note of

I

He became

story,

race

am

him

sat with

at table

All like lions were fierce and bold.

Stained with blood the grave received them.

this.

Khush-hal, son of Shahbaz;

Of a warrior

chief of his clan.

All his ofiicers and chiefs.

Numerous was

sprung.

his family with

Shahbaz Khan was Yahya Khan's son,

All brave hardy warriors they

Few

Of one mind

so active and so bold.

in all their actions.

Akoray's son was Yahya Khan,

Jealous each of fame and name.

Master of the sword was he

Tlie thousand

Skilful

was he with the sword.

With

the

Once

his eye

Soon

his place

bow

Ready ever

It

was

and twenty-second year of the Hejra

to this

When was

foe.

To me he gave

Under the

Of

The

was he born

in the world

had long foretold his

In the Emperor Akbar's reign

my

Were

gives birth to noble men.

priests

he.

That discerning Shah Jehan.

for fight or banquet,

Not yet entered

came.

martyred Shahbaz Khan,

Kind was he and generous.

Which

The Emperor of his time was

in the grave.

constellation

world

Fifty years had he completed

excelled he more.

had marked his

was that

him,

tribe

it

my

was

war or

father's place,

the chief.

gifts

they wanted,

Lacking they found nought

birth.

in

me.

Thirty thousand Khataks mine,

Each one

to

my word

intent.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

66
All

my

wealth

Or the feeding

Had

of

a hundred

Yet from the Emperor Aurungzeeb

my guests.
in my house,

Full vengeance took

for his bonds.

The sword's impress

printed clear

thousand went on feasts and sport.

Every Khatak

Famous was
Did

find

Kaised

my

Were
Or

my

\Yhy should

tlirougliout the world.

Others

one low in trouble,

till

it

revelled in

"Whether

my

As the dust of the

As

Seeking

Now

my

from forth

But now

is

heart of

it

When

now

to

circling

my

of Rainzan.

seen,
?

round surveys

mountain on both

tlie

the

my

titles

heart with

Mogul

of the Moguls, thus pleased was

the bonds of long confinement.

as is mine.

him would

then would

my

hand,

fly all

my

griefs.

such deeds make known,

That pleased would be the soul even of Farid Khan.

In God's strength will

What

Whatever the work

Even

conquer.

He

to

which a brave

man

as a piercing thorn, as a flower

if iic

Whoever's

me.

will help

thougli in the battle Satan himself were

Though

sides,

glance upon the mountains of Swat.

gave np the

Far from

am

did I wander,

but find one other patriot at

to

joined the

other Afghan will be born the same.

Could

hill

Maidar, the Afridi's home.

Such rare determination

To

month

them no sign was

As would be a captive from

No

I,

or plain.

me,

Moguls

Mogul's scraps.

for the

what deeds does the world behold

my way

As the Falcon
is

path through

of seventy years I

In the

Through Lachee and Choutra

Ao-ain

am

Like tbe dogs they stray about

eyes

before, in

Now

the tale.

bitter foe

Though they have

on his honour,

is

my

tell

The Pathan's honour, dear

desert.

wliose thought

them

horsemanship or hawking,

counted in

let

though, boast myself?

I,

The Emperor's

liim aloft in joy.

the garden's peaceful joys.

Gold

He

Alike on Hind and Mussulman.

Cliiefsliip

sort of entertainment

Every

To

in

CENTURY.

Soon that gallant becomes poor.

spent on armies,

17th

it

my

binds his heart.

will result.

were an angel, trouble would be his

fate has

made him companion

foe?

of

tlie

lot,

base.

TRANSLATION
lie wlioso intelligence

another's guidance

lMi;it to

No

weak,

is

now

longer

man

to

is

well for

it is

there of to-mo/row's life?

sleeping laughs, waking finds good cause for weeping

One spark alone

required to

is

but one word to drive

It takes

all trust

my

See until to-morrow what the

meadows need

turn to-day,

then will be.

it

Emperor has come raging

the

but loss.

away.

it is

See who knows to-morrow, whose turn

Aurungzeeb

is

a village,

fire

Come, Cupbearer, pass the tankard,

the

way.

defer until to-morrow,

In the friendship of the foolish the advantage

As

67

liiin

shoulil Ijcnd his

to-day's design will

For what guarantee

He who

lie

I'OEMS.

fiF

to Laliore,

lot of all will be.

the rain and the breezes' favouring influence,

those that show them kindness that the people will be true.

It is to

Go, speak not of the changes of the month or of the seasons,

Every day

Many
But

to

us does Providence stranger changes show.

are they to-day

who

boast to j'ou of their friendship,

j'our life they seek to-morrow, for

your

foes they are

In the world there are but two choices which honour

Either to lose one's
I

am

life

become.

offers.

or to succeed in one's design.

looking for the struggle of the Falcon with the Raven,

Streams there are of blood that 'twixt them

will flowing be.

-^
May

none be so acquainted with the tyranny of

Many
They

Now

are the griefs that

bear

now

that formerly lay prostrate at

on

my

head do they plant

in

my

me

Laughing are they now

To what purport
Burn them

And
For

yet

that

shall I ply

not

am

them

in

kindness

healed them,

need of cure.

Who

cares for their merit

pens of mine.

alone that regard

my

wounds of which

in the fire, those black

it is

many

of the

feet

and obligations.

their bounties

They who have recovered

heart.

their footsteps.

They who had ever expectation from

Rain now upon

my

fate.

my

country's honour.

are the Pathans on the mountains and the plains.

Let them then

all

give up the Mogul's treasures,

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

gg
Or

I,

He

mj

too, in

that eats the

IIow can

turn, will ofler

make mention

Or

that

With

of

Are they Bangash?

my

had abandoned

all

hope

my

feet

he

as these?

Are they Wurralszais?

my

for

for

enemies what fault have

Wiien from beneath

is

from their mournings

had vengeance taken

to his brihes.

names of such

tlie

their houses ne'er be free

"Would that

hand

Mogul's pottage, a dog indeed

Are they Khataks?

May

my

CENTURY.

17th

rage and

my own

for the dead.

my

distress.

honour.

I to find,

my own

people draw the props

May

an unnatural son never grow old in any one's house,

Who

would vie against

The Poet has no eyes

his father in his

to his

own

schemes.

faulty verses.

with mistakes his writings must abound.

It is thus that

Surprised indeed

am

how

at

This strange art of mine they

Wlien the time comes

Such

liave

it

me

leads

on,

call devilry

grave

for the

been the griefs of

and magic.
I

me down

will lay

this heart of thine,

with weeping.

Khush-hal.

/
Gone have thy companions,
Still

how sound

From

have marched

tliey

asleep thou stayest,

to their last halt

that careless heart of mine.

non-existence into being, and from

life

again to death,

Hasten on the KafBlas, band succeeding band.

The road through bogs and quicksand, on

See than thee those better mounted have

Plunged

in this

tiiose that

From

the fury of

None

are there wlio

sought
its

to

stem

it,

To

its

make

know

its

margin but the dwellers on that

greatest do thou not consider

empty burdens.

him a gainer.

decrees bring resignation, whatever thy lot

at thine

way.

waters to the bank thou ne'er wilt reach.

may

Nothing can be averted by prayers or incantations.

Look

their

but they never found the shore.

All the profits of this world are vain and

is

failed to

world's torrent, no hope thine of finding footing,

Many

Whose

a sorry steed thou'rt mounted,

own hands and

feet

and consider well,

All these are proofs of the knowledge of God.

be,

side.

TRANSLATION OV POEMS.
Say thou

ever,

"Well do

God

thou

placfi

If in

Besides God,

come

recognize God's Unity."

thy trust, iiave no regard for

who

tell nie,

Iluman beings from black

Be not

like the beasts

follies.

has created

is tliere tliat

dust, with such form and qualities

who

live

but for food and sleeninf

In the world of action be not less

alert

and watchful

Yet in that of thy religion how drowsy and careless

Time

will in a

of thine

own

thy inferiors.

tlian

how

In the matter of thy interests

Be not proud

69

art thou

beauty, though handsome as a flower.

few days wear away thy

face.

Let no one hope for good of those of evil nature.

No

one will taste the sweets of honey from the bitter of the Nightshade.

The words
Are

of the

man who

takes no action on

like a horse that is parted

The man who

acts not on his

Laden with precious books,

He whose

from

words

all Ins

them

its rider.
is

as

labour

it

is

were an ass
in vain.

words and actions correspond together.

Then every word

of his has effect whenever he speaks.

In the good sense of what thou sayest no lack

Were thy

What

is

man, and what

Everything

Were

all

Without

By

is

Wield the sword

comes not death

then,

have no fear

the youthful warrior's actions.

Such are not wrought by the

The

soldier

martyred

Has no

Whether

old.

for the faith

is

in

ever the Bee's prey.

Cabul or Cashmere.

hero he whose deeds are chanted.

in songs or funeral dirge.

The sword's
!

fear for Hell hereafter.

Whether

thou wilt not die

fate there

shouldst thou have been thus troubled

thy death intent,

fate

there, Khush-lial,

The Rose

ruled by Fate.

the sword nor yet by bullet.

Without

As

his fortune

the world a sharpened sword.

men on

All

why

actions but as sensible,

is

By

lot is thine,

Khush-hal,

descent thou art used to

it.

For seven generations before thee

Died thy

Thus

True

my

sires

by sword and

bullet.

do not wish to praise myself,

speech, as all well know.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

Art thou wearied

That from

iu

CENTURY.

For thy cure from

thy searcli

hopes thou'rt parted

this life's

17th

In no Faith

now my

is

trust,

Countless hlessings round thee spread,

Though each

Faith and Creed

Ask but and thou

Wounded by

each shaft

shalt receive.

seekest, thus thou findest

By

myself the bow was drawn.

Nay

yet

more

No

fear

Who

would ere

be thy share.

Still

more early seek

he feared

Has

the Healer

In wealth and joy are

many

my

Heaven

Time

fresh ones brings

will

with thee

my

meeting

'

my

troubles.

on me.

this world's friendship,

change the choicest friends into enemies.

whom

Those

now

promised blessing

last for ever.

prayers and freed

Trust thou not in

ten

in

well Destiny's previous course

Heard

others,

friends,

In grief and trouble where are they

Mark

harm from

of

Where's the good

Spriug nor autumn

So no harm comes from myself.

taste honey's sweetness

If the bee's sharp sting

have

know.

saw

As thou

sliall

wounds.

this world's

scarce looked

at,

so high

my

rank.

Now from them insulting speeches I hear.

He who has been fed on sugar and honey,
To

his taste

Never

live,

In the grave

Many

Who

are they that

man

teach

come and

remember,

Which

is tiiis

its

workshop

well upon that bubble,

lasting and

its

stay.

me

to forget it,

know

it,

In the dust thy pattern see.

Naught

the great Artist has produced.

Look thou

place ruby-studded slippers on his feet.

Tiius art thou, didst thou but

pass on.

There are none that stay behind

Wonderful indeed

never equal the Date in sweetness.

will think over thy treatment.

have come and passed like wind

Still others

What

will

will he attain to the dignity of the royal turban.

However much
While

Ber

tlie

Ah

dost thou

how sad

of tliyself

the thought to

AVliat art thou

Be thou

know

me

concerned about?

just as glad thereafter.

Wliat troubles hast thou seen, Kluishhal

Sure

tliv lioart is

made

of steel.


TRANSLATION OF POEMS.

but once tliou receive kindness from any one,

For

>jl

once pnt twenty injuries of his behind

tliat

The

forgiveness

is

becoming towards the

no fault at

fault of a brotiier is

Mercy

back.

no pardon,

traitor yet deserves

Though

tliy

true.

all,

befitting to the mistakes of one's friends.

is

If from thy friend thou receivest bitter words,

Do

thou give him smiling a sweet and pleasant answer.

Make no

From such
From

wilt thou never obtain real friendship.

the disturber of thy country do thou never stay thy hand.

However much

man

true

The word
They

the priests

will

of the

may

unmanly to-day

are counted as beasts, no

He who

tells

entreat in his favour.

keep his faith as long as he

The herdsmen and

And

mean man,

acquaintance or friendship with a

sliepherds,

to-morrow

is,

men
who

is alive.

not.

is

are they,

lead tlocks and herds.

thee thy faults, a true friend

is

he,

talks not to others of the faults that are thine.

What though men and

fiends

would slay thee? Tliou

wilt not die

Until the day of thy fate has arrived.

There

not one that

is

is

With words of friendship

They who
I,

behold

desired

am

my

my

dependent on
in their

death have

mouths

will.
all

died themselves

all

Yet the blind man

is

of his

own deeds

convinced of his

of valour,

own

beauty.

Discernment, respect, and modesty become a

It is these three qualities that

In

him

is

yet alive and remain in this world.

The warrior thinks not

He who

do their own wish.

distinguish

man

him from

a beast.

born of noble nature from his father and his mother.

will

If one bring

no real baseness be seen.

up a kid on

the milk of a dog.

Like a dog in the end will his bleat become a bark.

Tell thou every one this saying of mine.

However sweet

the grass, sweet soup

However much one may counsel and

Who

is

it

will not

make.

advise him,

it is

no use,

born so from his parents, ill-advised will he remain.

AFGHAN rOETRY OF THE

J,

The wise man conceals many

The

He

by his

fool

He

in

man

the

is

that

am

of

all I

Disgrace

me

not

the

hope have

am

The world
It is I

Tiie

God

sins,

that

hair

my

was black

tliat

white,

is

my

was

sinful

nature.

for prayer.

at the tliought of

Hindoo even

am

my

Naught have
I

to

have been

rises at

is

so vile

for adoration,

thus

life it is

my

in

my

heart

bend

Even now am

my

knee

how

for riglit or

whom

listless

have

wrong

so that

eager

make

have consigned

to slay

right

in

prayer

devotions have been said.

been.
it

had concern for the lawfulness of

are they

passions

been.

than he in the practice of devotion.

have never cared

Many

actions.

gained by worship, nor yet by pious actions

my

word and deed.

in

midnight

could not avoid

Wiien have

offences.

whose behaviour

there

is

know myself

In those

my

know what my deeds have

or Infidel

All through

lighted,

but in thy mercy and compassion

With a thousand other thoughts

My

is

not acquainted with the nature of

is

Yet feebler

theii's,

beard

power and grace

now

alone

No Jew
I

others, but bears

thee ever proceedelh favour and pity,

Tortured

As

now

me now

From

his few to the world.

have committed.

my

Tiiough when

wisdom,

are both alike bright.

my

of

Ashamed

No

his

whose heart the torch of wisdom

Eepentant

CENTURY.

deserving of praise.

is

To him day and night

Give

by

faults

own burden on

that lays not his

Such

shows

folly

17th

pleased me.

my

food?

to the grave.

yet more.

wrong and wrong

right to me,

remain ever helpless against their promptings.

My nature is
Though

in

as that of the seventy-two heresies

my

professions I

In the torrents of

my

am

lusts I

In the fortress of desire have

from the Faith,

of the band of the True Believers.

plunge myself,
I

myself secured.

If in observance of rites consist true

Muhammadanism,

Happy

am

for

me,

for then

perchance

a good Mussulman.

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Satan and niy
Till

my

My

virtues scarce as gold,

my
own

faith of his

However much

at every breath,

remain

last breatli shall I ever

Black dust upon

The

ambush

j)a9sioiis are in

my

in len-or of

them.

vices are like pebbles

head, what tliough

some gold

is

mine?

God bestowed upon me.

cliosen has

in practice of

73

my

deeds

am

ashamed.

Whatever messengers or books have come from Heaven,

With

all

the prophets

He who

produced

Firm

my

is

Convinced
I

know

all

My

worlds

botli

am

human

life for

these points from heresy

prophet

am

is

Mahomed, son
to his

The Imams of

of Judgment,

They who

the desert

am

The masters of the

all

were
I

prepared

free.

four friends.

in their rights

am

the servant.

Companions and
to

destroy them with the sword.

am

in

my

belief,

Thy punishments, pardon me

cannot bear

To Thy threshold have

am

Of Him whose

offspring,

religion are four, they are not five.

Hanafi of the Suni faith

What though

am

of Abdullah,

are the enemies of his

Root and branch

creatures

Companions and

Uutil the Mahdi comes, of all

Day

there will be a

well that from Tiiee comes good and bad.

Devoted

without associate,

is

faith in that article of belief.

After death comes

On

agree to them.

full

attribute

come, and there

wait.

of sin and swollen with pride?

is

mercy am

Khush-hal the slave.

I,

X^-:

God, do Thou not rend the curtain from

Display not Thou

On

the path that

On

that path do

Whatever

On such

My

all

is

that of virtue and

Thou

actions do

lead

me

good name.

straight.

good of the world and of the Faith,

Thou ever keep

may my

soul.

faults before the eyes of all the world.

actions are for the

In this world

May

my

my

my

mind

intent.

heart ever contented remain,

trouble abide far from

it.

passions and the Devil are ever at

my

side,

10

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

74

Show Thou
However

When

me

to

me

That never

may

go back again from

venial as that of

My

evil dispositions

me

Grant

my

Do Thou

my

bear

tliat botli

To such

my

Keep me

Of Thee

in

me

me away

are

faith

Thy

Thine own mercy.

to

body.
of Paradise.

may

be satisfied with me.

my

days and

tlie

my

lie]

repeat

is thei'e tliat
is

eartli, tiie

from any one.

in expectation

surround

me

on

all sides,

and towers.

be no more careless,

niglits that

now remain

per, then will all

I,

yet

my

Thy mercies

to tiiy account.

work succeed.
I will

praise,

me

praises while remains with

the power.

number, more numerous than

can count the sand or reckon

Tiiinc nor Youth, as

Thou

Khush-hal,

God!

single and undivided

Tiiy praises are without

wast,

face with the spirit of independence,

no family or descendants void of honour.

Thy

The

for freedom.

favour ever while in this world.

Ever

As Thou

my

in safety its fortresses

am

Neither Age

moment

one

cheek be ever pale

Tiiy helpless slave

Who

mine

is

the heavenly writers

seek for aid,

for devotion,

and helpless.

to the sight

for Tiiee is ending,

Be but Tiiou

will

for

heart,

a grave do Tliou consign me.

Guard Thou

Time

my

heart of blood.

Thy guidance

am

of swine,

tlie tlesh

or rat.

soul from forth

The walls of my

Few

me

Tliou ever ruddy

Let not

Give

as

account with Thee no claim

Wlien parts

Keep

my

slave, of earth

Yet do Thou resign

Such

me

it.

do thou take from out

Th}' power and

am Thy

In

mouse

that drain

it is

from me.

it

such sincerity of repentance

mortal sin be forbidden

For such

hands commit,

Thou remove

And

my

great the faults

Grant unto

May

clearly these two traitors.

repent, do

CENTURY.

17th

Thou wast

its

so

tlie

sand of the desert,

number?

Thou remainest,

wilt abide tlirougii all Eternity.

seven heavens,

tlie

two worlds,

human

creatures,

All hast Tiiou alone created without any help from others;

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
All

worlds hast Thou created by Tliy simple order

tlie

75

Tlie Creator of all these worlds art Tlion, yet has none created Thee.

Whether white or black

all is

For Thou cnconipassoth

all,

witness to Tiiy unity,

whether white or black.

All thy works are lovel}', in beauty and goodness are they fashioned,

Whilst such as are wrought by us are sometimes good and sometimes bad.

Our misfortimes
Yet

Thou not such

art

Thou

askest of

Ah no!

but

Untutored

By Thy

When

are our

my

Billal's

my

is

own

fault, for

as closest

conduct, does

it

become

Winter then displays

his

See his

Canopus

Which now

fitter,

the

banner;

my

agree with

speech

summer's

that of others.

for Tliy praises,

Eternal Single God.

Leaves his

On

heat.

hills

all

around

us.

now

the rock- partridge.

the peasant's grain to feed.

Is it falcon,

On

hawk, or kestrel?

each the sportsman lays his hand.

Some

desire for food returns,

Sweet the

mercj%

to

Countless are the water-birds.

Fresh and strong becomes the world

Keen

us right conduct,

Geese and ducks are

stands forth in the skies.

Weakened by

it

medium

from Libra moves the Sun,

flag the Star

Thy door

to

is

stammering confession of faith was more acceptable than

speech, unfit

grace will

hard

are forth in search of hunting,

Others seek the garden's show.

taste that water gives.

Side by side with arms entwining.

The

Lip by

Brighter than Saffron's tints are they.

lip,

the lovers

Welcome now
The prancing
Yet the youth

Nor

Many

heavy clothing,

steed the saddle takes

feels

not his armour.

the steed his trapping's weight.

He whose
Glad

From
Tc

is

sit.

is

heart

is

for the chase,

he this time has come.

the north the wild-fowl trooping,

the south their

From Swat now

way

Cent-foil opens wide its blossoms.

are making.

returns the Falcon,

are the colours of

Wliite and yellow the

The
To

flowers of the

tlie

Abasi,

Arghawan.

Champa

spread their scent

the top of every bush.

Bright as
Still

AVith

is

their

show of verdure.

greater that of the sweet Basil.

its

young and tender branches,

Mottled show each tree presents.

The Bulbul now and Parrot

too,

Like travelled Jogis coming home.

Call with joy from every side.

By

Than

the radiant moonlight marching,

Scream the Herons

in the skies.

this season's joys wilt

thou

Greater hardly find in Heaven

; ;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

To me

in truth

Welcome

say this season

me now

months

for

lies

Beyond spring nothing but

Two

In myself

From
Ever

my

When

freedom,

two eyes, and in

world

this

am

the perfume of their tresses I

women

have found

is

the distance between

metaphor and

When

gaze at a lovely face

my

beauty of

my

Every hair upon

Those of

Hope not

fair

to escape

A lovely

face

The bulbul

me

is

know nothing

of love's troubles

moth ?

from the slaughter of her sword,

of

God

are, each one, charges

my

as a rose,

tears of blood,

my

my

wherever

heart,

brought against us.

fault in it is that

He who makes
is

from love.

tiie

when

rose

may

be.

would weep,

is

some make

no harm.
foolish verses.

verses without riiythm and without measure.

he, his are

Persian poetry have

Pushtoo poetry

me

sorrows that no other tears are mine.

If thou consider poetry in its nature

The only

slain.

heart forthwith becomes a bulbul,

in distraction hurries

Such have been

bowlings of
learnt,

prefer, each

In measure, in meaning,

tlie

one

come

made

to

Tliere is no one that has taught

The Mirza who wrote

verses,

taste for all

tliinks his

is difficult, its

are they that have

dogs.

have the

in nicety, in

the Pushtoo language

The Pushtoo tongue

Few

God,

fact.

are the sufferings this world has brought on

my

never sated,

ej^es are

the fly of the torments of the

The punishments

Have

no more compassion even for those that she has

poet

head becomes as though an eye with looking.

nature

evil

What knows

No

is full.

creatures.

as one distracted

Short

Give

happiness

all fair

at the

Many

by thee.

live

he that has been snake-bitten be thus beside himself.

will

is

love most in this world and in myself;

Looking

Hers

star,

thou showest forth thyself,

my

Tlien

restraint.

things are there that

art thou to Khush-hal,

Yaman's

Takes the prize from that of springtide.

Before

CENTURY.

17th

own

the best.

metaphor.

to rival with the Persian.

measures hard

to find;

me, though great has been

me

it is

tlie

art of

my

Pushtoo poetry.

long since he was dead

labour.

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
The book
In this

The wise know

well

Pearls of speech are

Tliere are
I

am

My

what shouM

tlie^'

whicii

I,

tliat sucii

my

my

If

now

till

my

on

rival

Whatever

is it fit

will, at

for use, that

faults he finds

my

forgive

if

times

my

life

bel'ore.

what can

am

there be,

him

for

them

all.

it is this.

be the overcoat

tliat

hides the brightest dresses,

tell

of noble actions,

brought gold from simple earth.

stanzas and two measures have these vei-ses if

the union of two natures

face that

They who

is

tresses,

a fair one

you

how many

wrote them.

two a mountain,

will part in
?

dimples she must have and jewels;

all

men

love to gaze upon

to

them are

it.

all alike.

People curse the Devil as the source of every

it is

was

it

joys succumb

see,

sincerely in this world love one another.

Trouble and good fortune

Yet

it.

has past sixty years.

Are there two hearts that are united, they

The

impelled to

may

Black must be her

do

poetry has been seething,

In the month of Safar, one thousand and eighty-one

To

poet

it,

Like gold-washers have

Two

them?

Pushtoo,

tiie

That under cover of

may

of

verses place his finger in criticism.

In poetry any purport

Plain

have been

verses, yet

For twenty years past the cauldron of

Not

know

fool

Iiave written in

my own

against

tlie

Kiiusk-lial, Ijave strung together;

verses, or ever

not always pleased at

me

as

end.

to

be found;

to

value,

any other such

heart drives

Crom end

tlieir

who say

all

liave read

no measure, nor are verses

tliere is

Liars are

Darwoza

of Akliuud

77

their

own

passions that rule

all

evil,

in their actions.

hundred troubles round, the result of our own passions.

Two hundred

He who

portions sugar,

Each one

as

Blest indeed

Where

our cupidity prepares before our

he takes
is

many

is

those that flock around him.

his share puts tiie other to

one side.

concord, where hearts and wills are joined together;

there are disputes two-fold troubles will be theirs.

Let each mortal's prayer be, "

Yet

face.

there no

Monarch

May

need nought from another

that has not his times of need.

"
!

AFGHAN rOETRY OF THE

78

man

Give a

What

CENTURY.

17th

a rose and a simple flower will please iiim,

cares the bullock or ass

Khush-lial's follies have

As

the call of the

if iiis

load be

made

become thus conspicuous

Muazzin from the

lofty steeple's

of flowers
in the

world

summit.

Surely those are not thy cheeks which thy raven tresses cover

Eather these are fresh shoots of the hiacynth lying amongst roses

Long has been my

Such

Was

Tales of others

this

What

See then, wheresoe'er

Cut from thy dark

Say

He

to

none but those remaining

how

To

it

thyself they warning give.

weeps

at its

own laughter

whatever part

tresses lie these locks

wander,

my

upon

heart.

in his old age longeth after youth,

him, "

What

dost thou that thou mockest at thy

shame?

"

whose years are many and joins youth and age together,

Better than his case

Now
Yet

is

that of

tiie

so gorged at table that bis

wild rue.

power

is

gone of eating,

insatiable he turns his eyes on the food that

In their designs,
Suspicious are

Now my

all

They whose

Come and

Man

is

Thus

it

in their

all

beard

Gone have

is

my

men

is

before him.

behaviour, in their deeds.

of one another.

why

white,

friends,

should

fear death?

though their hair was black, before me.

orders the whole earlh lay under.

look at them

now beneath

but shifting sand

if

the earth

thou look well at him,

ever changes, rolling round and round.

Fate's furnace
I,

passing world are told in future stories.

be, in

men's tongues are in her praise.

thousand blessings on each.

are they

at the candle,

all

Farhad or Khusru

fleeting, there are

Whose names amidst

He who

it

love's troubles, a

Mortals are but

Look thou

found that

Wamak ? Was

Kais or

who knew

All

search for thee, at last fortune has favoured me,

a mistress have
it

Khush

many

times have

hal, ktiow well tluxt

it

with

my own

eyes witnessed,

burns both green and dry.

"

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
I

my

was going on

Coquettish were

79

way, wlicn a lovely being met me,

lier

glances, and her smiles were bright as day.

Sure her form was of a woman, but her nature of a

fairy,

Like silver was her body, but her heart was hard as stone.

To

the town

we

entered,

Then from me she

Many

hand

in

now

parted,

hand with one another,

seek her to Bokhara,

are the tokens of the beauty of her person,

IIow can

you by what signs she may be known.

1 tell

Tall and bright-complexioned, in her stature like the Cypress,

Brighter than the roses

Her

teeth are pearls

is

the colour on her cheeks

and diamonds, her

lips sugar,

arched her eyebrows;

Her dark

eyes are as javelins striking death from both her eyes

Iler nose

is like

Like

musk

a rosebud, as the jasmine white her chin.

are the moles on the sweet face of

Of jewels she wore

Raven were her

my

fair one.

a necklace and a double string of pearls.

locks,

and her

liair's

perfume

like

Ambergris;

Rose-coloured, gold-embroidered,

is

Like a light her beauty shineth

has no one seen her?

Favour me,

my

Show me now

the footsteps of

I said,

" If

the raiment that she wears.

Tell

me, pray.

good fortune, as thou didst when she came with me.

come

my

to thee, wilt

loved one that

thou greet

me

is lost.

with a kiss?"

Said she, " Hast thou a thousand heads that thou askest this of
I said,

"Thy

raven tresses are like so

many

Said she, " Wliy trust thyself within the

I said,

" In what fashion then shall

"

I said,

" But for a

why

moment

let

"

cobi'a's

reach

"
?

approach thee?"

ever wander in distraction in

Said she, " Wise art thou,

me?

black cobras."

Said she, " Without sword can head parted be from body
I said,

tliy

search

"
?

"
!

then thus disgrace thyself?"

us two be happy together."

Said she, " Where are those others in whose company thou wast pleased?"
I said,

" Proud as thou

Said she, " If

I

said,

"

am

am

art,

know

that there

proud, what to thee

is

Why

God

that sees thee."

talk so loudly

the lover of that lovely face of thine."

Said she, " For God's sake

why

thus thrust thy love on

me?"

"

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

80
" If

I said,

"Would

Said she,
I

"

said,

Like thee
gait

Now

What

the

men

love

Here

men

unseen power that

hawk

of the

bear to thee."

Khatak

its

go not forth

meadowsare

lias all

prey

to

tribe

am

but torment, yet

feed on

is,

in bloom,

these flowers produced.

my

heart on,

victim's heart-blood, thus dost thou, or as the Leopard.

I

is tliat,

ever plunged in grief,

it

by

stealth.

the harp and pipe, bring hither, too, the tankard.

lasts not

I sit

dogs would cease from barking."

are free from trouble,

AVine there

Like

care for love the

art like a falcon,

Spring

my

of the partridge, thy eyes are like the peacock's.

is

As drinks

No

that thou diedstso

there no other fair one in this world.

is

It is the Creator's

Other

thy doing."

the time of early spring, all the

is

Thou

it is

naught thou knowest of the love that

It is

Said she, "

Thy

die at tliy door

CENTURY.

17th

much longer when

is

passed the sign of Taurus.

beside the stream and watch the running waters,

life's tide

they flow so quickly, these are

If thy mistress keep her

own

faith,

now

my

what matters that

thoughts.
to thee

It is the test of true affection, take thou her faith for thine.

The

love of

Majuan

increased far

more

for Leila

In proportion as the people hated him on her account.

The hope of Khush-hal Khan

Who

is

as from the gardener in bis garden,

gives to each one quickly the flower which he has chosen.

Come

thou hast heard

listen,

it,

famous

is

that saying,

That which has gone from the eyes has gone from
I die

Go

when thou

art

from me,

my

life

thou

art, didst

thou not then from ine, stay thou ever by

Lost

is

my

Me

my

thou but

know

it.

side,

good fortune when thou lookest upon others.

Found again

Thy

forth the heart.

is it

when on me thy glances

light.

beauties without rival, greater each than tliose of Leila,

have they made like Majnun by their sight,

thou enchantress!

Many

are the fair ones with eyes like deer and forms like fairies,

Yet

there

is

Thy
That

lips

none

like thee, so

coy and yet so sprightly

they are like rubies, thy teeth pearls, on

little

mouth of

tliine is as

iicarts

a casket of fine jewels.

thou fecdest,

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
"

and " p

"

Happy

times

" tlien lisper, that

we spend

Many monarcha
Thou

lips

who

Both her

lips

print

power hast granted

that this

now

on thee,

to the fair.

ridicule Khush-hal,

thou makest peace, then war, now kind thou

has she

it

arc slaves of their beloved ones.

Ever with how much thought dost thou

Now

may

together, let us thankfully enjoy them.

are there

God

it is,

my

81

parted,

am

then angry

art,

waiting for our meeting.

Pearls she pours upon her lover.

Whether

When

Breathe not once upon

No

wish

look upon thy face,

is

mine

for flowers or

The Rose from shame

When

May

it

Never can

sight
I

fell

Who

is

are they

The peacock's

the glances of thine eyes

As

the lambs crouch hidden in the pasture,

armed trooper

stands, his lance in

hand beside him.

are standing the long lashes round those warring eyes of thine.

As one who has drunk

When

vpine,

thus intoxicated

my

being

gaze upon those languishing eyes of thine.

Whether they be

Priests, or Devotees, or

even Recluses,

each one's heart they feed, those cruel eyes of thine.

Whatever thou wouldst gaze

Khush-hal

thou, Khush-hal

the shade of those loose tresses look those gentle eyes of thine.

the

On

there that hears thy plaints?

or the falcon's

of the soft-eyed antelope

Thus

rivals

on those dark eyes of thine,

Or

As

my

forget those lovely eyes of thine.

Of the hawk's

From

false,

in thy mirror

To whom complainest

good fortune now betide me.

my

they or

If the choicest flower thou'dst see.

forgets to blossom

looks upon thy cheeks.

Since

faithful

Take one glance but

garden

am

while there

a drinker of wine,

Our natures

are

why

made by

Well dost thou say,

my

is

on, look thou well

power of seeing

upon

it,

in thine eyes.

does the Priest quarrel with

Fate,

would that

adviser, blessings

could

make

me?

his like

mine

upon thy speech

Well dost thou mean, but by words hast thou ever yet turned the torrent?
11

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

82

Those have gone

Ileaven

to

who had

CENTURY.

17th

knowledge nor sense,

neitlier

Others have gone to Hell whose excellence was their boast.

Of what

Who

profit to

Why

God

mirror that

will polish the

The Monk who

Abujahal the words of the Prophet

in his cell,

sits

has covered with rust?

me what

tell

thereby

They

love's troubles

are but thine

whatever

own words

may

be

Sweet heart-soothing

strains bring

his

gain?

religion.

from the

New

me.

Year's song,

lute, the pipe,

and the harp.

every side are flowers, the Anemone, Narcissus, and Hyacinth.

Foolish in his design

Some

who would go elsewhere than

who with ample

there are

Others are they

who

For now Thou

art kind to

my

All the armies of Delhi have

art

tales

Let the

provision set out in search of Thee.

God,

test severely

foes,

but

come

upon

my

he

tells

Monk

art hard as stone.

death,

Thou

us with each chord he strikes.

stay in his cloister, I will wander through the garden

The beggar's mind

is full

Monarch weigh

me.

to

of thought to stay his hunger.

the troubles of his State.

W^hat will be her kindness when she once comes

to love

Now

that in her coyness such gentleness

AVhcn with her

As one who
If this be

That

to

is

am

is

Khush-hal, yet

grateful to yet injured

no sign of

my rivals

my

am

hers

is
I

saddened

by another.

good fortune, what

else is it?

she shows such dislike.

If delight in gazing

Then

hast compunction.

his lute afresh,

See the flowers of Spring are calling loud

the

me Thou

to

intent

each man's practice.

Thou not yet resolved on Khush-hal's death

The minstrel now attunes

New

to the garden.

seek Thee with but a cloth girt round their loins.

In Judgment mayest Thou,

On

my

that thou tellest thus to

Hither come quickly, minstrel, and raise the

Yet

is

dost thou thus straiten this spacious world for thyself?

would have

On

Mahommed?

on the

fair

ones be a fault,

Khush-hal a criminal throughout his

life.

me,

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
IIow deftly
Forthwith

Her

lias

she curled those two long tresses,

men's affections are distraught.

all

black locks are as a chain, her face the Kaaba,

With both hands

If but once

Ever

it

seize those locks if

be that chain

in

fall

will it bind thy heart in

When

My

happy

fame and honour

me

strange desires.

all

my

is

my

for

pains

intention.

has Khush-hal's heart completed

Since thy glance's sword has pierced

Other of his creatures lie made made

to

Full rightly do

know

And

is

but

the regard in
little

No Drunkard

Nor yet Judge

The

lot of the

Of no lineage
Gory was

Many

my

its desire.

through and through.

it

not, of

am

He

my

hopes

bind.

granted

me

for the religious teachers of the day.

I,

is

for gain.

gave me, by birth a Pathan

am

which

my

father

went

to his grave,

and

Shahbaz Khan,

liberal as

like that of a Tiger,

more

all

was

skilled in the

Sound

like

praise

my

grandsire. Paradise

Joseph was he from head

Were another mounted, he on

foot

is

now

his abode.

to foot.

was level with him

ancestors

their blood.

sword than Rustam.

reader or writer was he, yet wiser than they that are learned.

How shall

my

Hatim was he

Steadfast was he in the Law, and upright in every deed

No

sprung.

I,

there were that died with them, spread o'er the world

His heart

lacking wealth or following.

the shroud in

father

am

a firm believer.

or Lawyer, whose only thought

I,

Adam's stock

Mahomet am

Gambler or Debauchee am

sword

into being,

heart which he has implanted for the learned.

He

heed has
or

yet some kissses.

that there are four divisions of the Faith,

the sect of the Hanafis firmly

Great

My

me

son a follower of

In the mission of the Four Friends

On

me

God from me who from nothing brought me

In descent from father

affection.

That though with hard words thou shouldst give

Praise be to

the IIuj

have squandered in thy cause,

speak of sweetmeats, this

Now

make

vvoiildst

state.

from thy heart thou hast expelled

In return what wilt thou grant

I

thou

thy grasp,

Boast thou of the blessings of true

If

83

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

84
Such was

liis

CENTURY.

17th

form and stature, and his valour was

My other grandsire was

Malik Ako, who

mighty place that

First gained for us the

Thirty years have passed that

my

Slain by the Eusofzaies, but with

in proportion

ours.

father died a Martyr,

harried their homes.

fire I

Other Pathans there are many, but their chiefest warrior

I seize, I grant, I bind, I loose, as

Many

their

till

Alone amongst

among

Still

When

My

pleasure

me

they had bowed did they escape from mourning

Afghan

left

died or been ruined and impoverished, from

Like Joseph freed from bondage, the ruler of

Unalloyed gold did

Ashraf Kiian

For when

is

my

spirit.

imprisoned in Hindustan,

my home uninjured and from the tyrant's

who sought my death in prison every one

Have

oppression was

prove, the

who

son,

was led prisoner,

fire

my

my

they

all

Already have

May God
One

I five

God

my

scattered household,

family was dispersed,

grandsons, there

had

1,

value.

all is he.

preserve them from every evil

prosper them, great are

real brother

Two

My

prosper,

freed.

became,

all I

did not lessen

collected

have they not escaped

ill

Four-and-twenty others are mine, but the greatest of

May

under obligation,

very helpless amongst them,

reached

All

me

into Aurangzeb's bonds,

fell

family and household was

have waged feuds,

the Akozaies dwells the true old

Aghad

am

moves me.

the Yusufzaies that have put

all it is

the year of

I in

me

head before

For many years was

I

my

there are of the clans that with

But not

Khataks

in the land of the

is

is

my

Afzal and Ashraf

Khan,

hopes from them.

he has passed on his way

to

heaven

other brothers are mine, one gallant, another a coward.

home

is in

To Lakhi on

Malikpur, which people

hill

call Surai,

and on plain are scattered

Twenty thousand warriors

of Sliamslier

Khan Turin whose

No more

is

How

he rival with

What

will
is

the

he

to

me

power of

house and

my

following

service.
is

tlie

Teal now

to

only

five

thousand.

than an unripened Turnip,

me

tlic

on

tlie

strength of only his title?

Lainl) to rival

llie iiiiglit

iiad luck to Ibe Yusufzaies that a 'riiiiu liohls rule

Were

my clan,

are mine, all of one blood.

All with one accord with their backs bent in

What

my

of

tlie Ijion

among

tlieiii.

harry the Hawk, what fault would be found

witli

him

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Most

trusted friend was

Folly was
I

Sliali Jclian,

Aurangzeb that he dealt so hardly with

in

it

Emperor

of the

g5

nie.

my breath, yet there is none that can leissen my pain

have in my heart that no Doctor or Ointment can heal.

can scarcely draw

For a wound

How many thousand warriors have been idle for how many years,
Had my heart not been ill at ease my purpose had never thus failed me
Should twenty years yet pass,

As

now going

things are

in as

that object will not be accomplished,

what

on, see

That which Shumshcr Khan

I

still

many

in so

many months would have

will result

from

years brings about,

settled right firmly the matter.

That treachery and deceit which Hayat Khan's art

What

Where

manly

there

is
is

there

Since thus

it

in that

knowledge and discernment? blind

honours a

woman

with the

This writing and letters which Ilayat

him from

Shall ever pour curses on

The honest
If I

am

truth speak

which

is

tablet

well

are such.

is

the world indeed,

of Chief.

title

Khan

is.

woman

the wiles of a

this trouble.

calls the

work of

and from pen

known

to all.

indeed no poet, what value in praise or in blame.

From whence has

Which on

all sides

to us this Spring-tide returned.

has spread us a garden.

See the Anemone, sweet Basil, the Lily, the Hyacinth,

The Jasmine, Narcissus, Wild Kose, aud Pomegranate

Many

are Spring's flowers, of all kinds are they.

But conspicuous amongst

The maidens

the Tulip.

all is

place bouquets of flowers in their bosoms,

With bunches

of flowers are the youths' turbans dressed.

Come, Minstrel, draw the bow across the

violin.

Come, Cup-bearer, bring tankards brimming

That with the joy of wine

may

be

filled.

The Pathan youths again have dyed

As dyes

his claws the

Hawk in

over,

their hands,

the blood of his prey.

Blushing are now their pale swords with red blood,

In

Summer how

strangely the Tulip bed

lias

blossomed,

Acmal Klian and Darya Khan from death God preserve them,
Never have they

failed

me

at the

time of need.

the Devil,

; ;;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

86

have they reddened with

Kliaibar's pass

In Krappa

is

To Krappa

to Bajore straight the

Have been

seized with quakes

Five years

now

the roar of their cannon

first

When
Their

was

fight

blood of the foe,

tlie

heard,

still

mountains

and trembling time

the flashing

after time.

seen

is

in the lofty ridge of Tahtar,

scattered were forty thousand

sisters

CENTURY.

17th

are passed that in all these regions

Of bright swords every day

The

Moghal

foe.

and daughters became captives of the Pathan,

Their horses, camels, elephants, and baggages.

The second

battle

was with Mir Ilusseiu

Where crushed was

Again

after that

When drunk
Then came

his

was the

fight of

These are the

Of the

was with Mukarram Khan and Shamsher Khan,

scattered to the winds.

worthy of men that

fights

on

contests of boys

all

For the future we must trust

is

a year that

Haggard
Year

year

now.
Omnipotent.

to the

camped against

is

It

is

there

of the Emperor's folly there

must be that from

his father

Between him and us there

is

is

his

ruddy gold.

no lessening,

is this

infatuation

no result apparent.

Save that cither the Moghals be removed or

The Pathan who holds any

other idea,

Except from the sword no other

Tiie Pathans are

Would only

Would

of Hindustan have been scattered before us,

Swallowed by the mountains has been

Still

us.

nobles.

fall his

Of his armies destroyed what account

The Treasures

remember,

and wounded in his heart

that

it is

to

no account

sides is

Aurangzeb

in his features

after

Khan,

destruction in Gandab.

Every victory has been ours up

Now

the fights with Jeswant, Singh and Shujaa

Khapash Acmal

in

Naushahr,

with the slaughter of the Moghals was

sixth fight

Whom

Doabah,

head as of a snake.

On whom Acmal brought

The

in

more

a little

it is

futile.

relief is tlierc;

skilled in the

sword

tlian the

more understanding were

the tribes but be of one

Pathans ruined.

else the

Moghah,

theirs.

mind amongst themselves.

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Emperors would prefer
I

alone amongst tbera

At

to

am

bow down

concerned for

my

nation's honour.

ease are the Yusufzaies cultivating their fields

The

Mohmunds,

Afridis,

Spread

With

Shinwaris, what arc they about

Moghal army

is tlie

While

all

Sweeter to

Ever

am

me

secretly

my

cries,

Candahar

combined

far is death

wearied,

paid to

the other Pathans from

Are openly or

is

is

Nangrahar,

in

succour to them

calls for

Deaf are they, no attention

As

before tliem

87

to Attock,

honour's cause.

in

than such a

life.

passed from day to day without honour.

in this world will he not be living.

But yet of Khush-hal Khan

will the

memory

abide.

Until his vengeance he has wrought upon his foe.

Neither sleep, nor food, nor rest knows a true man.

Who

has no concern for his

own honour,

Little respect will be paid to such

an one.

If ability and honour and pride be in him.

Consider even a slave better than his lord.

Slowly his steps planting he mounts upwards

With one bound no one mounts up

By

to the roof.

careful search, if thou relax not, believe me,

The water

of

life

Every day

is

not quite like another.

wilt thou find in thy pursuit.

Sometimes time brings pain, sometimes

Twist manliness and meanness

is

its

cure.

no sympathy,

Distinct from one another are they in thought and action,

What

is

within another's reach

is

his

own

A man himself holds the reins of his own fancy.

Who by birth from his ancestors wields the sword,
Well

him

befits

My grief at
When

at

the trade of the unbending glaive.

Gunbut came from

Doda God granted me

Abad Khan

is

one

to

whose

forth

my

my

heart,

desire of victory.

face victory hastens.

In every place his father's name has he renewed

May God

grant he rival his father in

life

and name and deeds.

;;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

88

May

his

sword

his

Since

Let

CENTURY.

all his

they be wise,

Dragon blood-drinking

is

if

God has given them such

make

brothers

a valiant brother,

him.

their boast of

The work of armies

is

no such easy

That by every man

it

can be ordered well

He who

17th

hands over the enemy ever he victorious

Let his enemies heware of him

For

; ;

task,

has but a few lucky hairs on his head,

will victory hasten to his face.

Ever

AVho truly spends

and feeding,

all in gifts

Before him ever bow their heads mankind.

the neck of the blue Bull,

The

Tiger's share

The

Jackal, Fox, are feasted with the scraps.

The deer

is

of the plain

by a

single

hound

The yelping cur wanders through

The Fort
In

of

Doda he made

all

the village in search of food.

red with blood.

The Fort of Doda was no such easy

That the thought of

task.

conquest entered people's heads

its

Right on the top of a mountain was

it

God's order such a victory was

in

The work of seven

forts

From

his.

was by God's order

completed

terror on the

fortifications.

two days was his object

That accomplished

after another

firmly planted,

Stronger than those of Kohat were his

One

captured,

there slaughter of great and small.

Doda was

By

is

in a

week.

Heavens trembling

fell,

Wiien of Bahram's sword the clashing was heard,

From

An

the

smoke of

the slain by the

rifles

eighth heaven there appeared grey in hue

The

spears of the Khataks thus pierced the chain-armour,

Tailor's needle through the tent cloth.

As runs the

The lance-armed horsemen

of the

Khataks

Overthrew the Bangash riders root and branch

Many
No

youths were twined

lack was there of swords and arrows

Sadar Khan
In

in wrestling in that fight.

till

tlint fight iiis

Of Gunbut

all

then a fight had never seen.

spear

lie

dyed red

the grief went from

wilii his foes.

my

heart.

TRANSLATION OF
Were

Stinking was the earth

Who
The

were cut

Now

witli the

by the sword.

Peaks of Pali;

is tlic

let

them put

their swords within their sheaths.

He who

leaves his

own

trade for that of others,

Than him no

greater fool will ever be.

What though

the stag

When
Had

80

stench of the slain,

to pieces in J)otla

Bangash

lot of the

I'OKMS.

wounds or reproaches,

of defeat,

it

is fierce in battle,

he forgets to fight

from the Lion his head a blow receives.

the

Out of

Bangash had any honour, never would

their full

have cut

garden a single almond.

Of the dishonour
That on

Bangash

of the

this

was the pimishment,

their flesh are feasting the wild beasts.

Every man who quarrels with

his

master

Will at length meet the punishment of his deeds.

Such grief and lamentation came upon them.

That bright day

to the

people of Kohat became as night.

In the fight of Doda again was

filled

with wine

That goblet which in Gunbut had emptied been

In

that fight countless

Of lovely maidens,

With

their black

fine horses,

fitted

six or seven

Every one of us was

The

and valuable treasures

armour, bows, and sheaves of arrows,

Every man of us was

There were

out with arms.

thousand Kbataks

in that fight,

rejoiced with booty.

reports of this fight will spread through all the country.

With

its

When
Loud

glory will every Pathan be rejoiced

of this victory the report reaches Hindustan,

will be the

Emperor's plaint

That when Pathan honour

Such a King of Islam

is

is

to

great and small,

disgraced he

delighted

is

Aurangzeb.

In the change from the constellation of the Lion

On

plunder became ours.

the third day after the fight,

Words

written on paper remain.

That

why

is

have committed

began

in the

poem

this

year 1091

in the

month

this story to writing.

Mayest thou ever have such victory over thy enemies,

As

in that fight

was mine, God be with you

'

12

of Rajab,

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

90
Astounded

What
Such

am

my

with

human

view of

deeds tliey are capable

of, for their

17th

CENTURY.

nature,

passions such dogs are they

actions proceed from their nature

That the Devil himself would neither think nor mention.

Ever the Koran spread before them are they reading,

But

practice according to the Koran.

little is their

Whichever way

go

in search of

them,

Like the Elixir undiscoverable are the wise.

good

man

Ruby

like a

or Sapphire

Like other stones no lack

It

may

What good
Even

far

good men are found

is it to

say words of advice to one

counsel he will scarcely hear.

Every deed of the Pathans

is

between amongst Afghans are they.

to his father's

Concord

not easily found

there of the worthless.

is

be, in other nations

But few and

is

what they

is

better than that of the

lack, the pity of

From Bahlul and Sher

Shah's words

Moghals

it

hear

That formerly the Pathans were Kings of Hind

For

six or seven generations

That

all

the world

was their Empire thus,

was confounded

them.

at

Either these Pathans are diflerent or something else has happened,

Or

else

God's orders have been such as they are

If only the Pathan could find the blessing of concord,

Old Khush-hal would again a youth become.

What

No

greatest of all blessing

else

can

He whose

be than sound health.

it

lot this blessing

From head

knowest not.

greatest fortune

In thy frame thy

Than

all

is

life

the world

Hadst thou no

is,

favoured he.

to foot is

If thou its value

The

is,

good health.

alone

more precious

life,

is.

but owncdst the world,

meaning.

Nonentity would be

its

This world

mystic phrase.

The

is

like a

interpretation of which

is

thine existence.

TRANSLATION OF POKMS.

91

Tliat they sliould be interpreted,

Of mystic

plirases is the purport.

Of the happiness

The

pivot

body

of thy

centred in health.

is all

He, whose body enjoys not health,

To him

his wealth as rubbish

home's a

Illness in one's

How much more

My

The moment

My
A

horse

that passes

Even

my

must

For than every

That worse

ills

I said.

Now

Yet on

me

Hindustan

is

be grateful.

over, but

indeed Fortune

its
is

violence

now

came

me

for

as

worse one.

now

is

see

kind,

falls.

like Hell to

Heaven

me,

is.

I to this

For some few months

Hard

yet remain for me.

to others

prisoner

me

is for

evil there is a

the worst

Which

head's injury has fallen on

some comfort

for this

I said

as an hour.

is

grievous luck.

it is

Since though
In this

so severely.

going slowly on the road,

is

from

fall

trial,

in exile

me

foot pains

is.

land,

I cheerful

was

was imprisonment.

Greater trouble than that came on me.

Every day

to be obliged to attend the court

Consider what a hardship that

Another's orders are torture to him,

To whom

No

own

will has been customary.

kindly kindly friends are here.

Nor
I

his

pleasant intercourse with others

can neither give nor

Nor

No

exercise authority.

longing or desire have

Nor can

interest

ill-dispositioncd

I for

the chase,

myself in anything

Here no one asks of

So

seize.

other's welfare,

tliis

city

is.

else.

my

leg.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

92
I

CENTURY.

17th

men

reckon that there are only a few

AVho are well disposed towards me.

Akbar was one shared

But he

now engaged

is

Whether

in

it

Well know

ray grief,

what

their condition is

one wishes the other well

So

selfish they, it is like the

that this

Of

confusion of the last day.

poem composed,

In Dehli was

The fourth

pursuits.

be Emperors or Nobles,

No

I,

own

in his

my

stay

of Rajab was the daj',

the Hijra the 1077th year.

Khush-hal

grumble thou no longer

If thou say est more, disgraced art thou

Saidst thou, " Grieve not, for

Me

in truth hast

What

thou waked

Still

the world

were

With

to life,

and thou

it

made up

me

fair

my loved

is

hard as stone

or foul.

one
?

astounding such a lovely one as thou shouldst be born

When

of thee

thou grant
I

a thousand lives he takes?

if

beg a Rose, of thy garden of thy border.

me

but a weed,

thy slave

still I

prize

it

as a Rose.

live on, a captive of those locks

In a single hair of which a thousand hearts entangled

Whether they be boys or men,

there no one wlio

In the city

is

Look thou

at the Cypress

When

mine,"

of beauties, on every side were fair ones

heeds the Executioner,

as

art

is

so great slaughter art thou indeed not wearied

So long

whether thou treat

thy heart

defect, that

What

If

thine,

a lovely torment art thou, without rival

Hadst thou not that one

Were

am

all in
is

in a

am

I,

lie.

search of thee are wandering

not in love with thee.

moment

it

despised

is.

thou movest in the garden with that lovely form and stature.

Happiness

is

the Paradise to be alike, of Priest and Hermit;

Already from thy Aicc

in

Kiuish-hars grasp

is

Paradise!

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Lo

tlie

Alas

Weep

No

early Spring

Alas

Alas

lias

come,

witliout

my

beloved one,

sweet-heart goes the Spring-tide

Peaks and Mountains

the

my

apart from

93

o'er the lot of parted lovers,

snow-born torrents those which now dash from rocky heights.

It is the fire of

wounded hearts which now kindles mountain

forests,

See the deep brown clouds of smoke which arise from Pine and Fir.

Wouldst thou know the

whom

lot of lovers

separation has divided?

See the Crane who from the flock bewildered wanders.

No

such sad complaints are heard as are those of separation

Come, and

No

list

to the strains of

bard and minstrel.

my grief: far from that day each day adds

come, my healer, lest I die, for Ileaven's sake!

solace for

Quickly

The death of

By God!

those that rival

yet

my

Thus no

fresh life to those that love

breath remain,

illness that is incurable,

Human

is

to it;

swear these two things take place at the time of meeting.

What though
The

me

with

am

what hope

is

counted midst the living;

there for the sick?

beings none are round me, but the wild beasts of the forest;
fear

have they of the groans of the distressed.

Such the grief and pain

that

I,

Khush-hal, for thee have suffered,

That whether friend or stranger, no one looks

Glad

to

It is to

Her

me

me

the time

when

I fly to

my

at

am

for scorn.

beloved one

as though to Spring's gardens

hair has she unbound,

me

betook

me

sprinkled with fragrant

musk

How shall I now again to any perfumer ever betake me ?

May God grant me in my home that peerless black-eyed beauty.
Now that she has favoured me to Farkhar why should I betake me ?
;

The

plaints of

wounded hearts grieve those

My anxiety is

in this, lest to

Wheresoe'er the thorn

is,

my

grief I

there's the place of

To

witchery has she wrought

my

me by

and happy

blooming roses

betake me.

her wiles,

am

astounded

death should she be minded, yet to that cruel one

betake me.

Countless are the tyrannies which she hath wrought upon me,
Natheless, will

I nill I,

to that tyrant

Sweet indeed the loved ones which

Now

my

with bitter tears to their tombs

now betake me.

Therefore with this hope to the thorn-bush

What

at ease

betake me.
eyes have gazed on,

pay

my

visits.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

94
Did

fear but reach tliy heart,

were

it

Hadst thou but pity on poor me, how good

I

CENTURY.

17th

how good

!!

it

were

that for love of thee stand at the door lamentino-,

D'

Did thy ears but hear

my

Were they who blame me

pleading,
for

my

how good

were!

love of thee

But acquainted with thy beauty, how good

Whoever to-day

it

it

were!

of purity boasts in this world,

Did he but see thy

face,

pure indeed would he be and chaste!

my grave in such a place,

my loved one's path, how good

After death, were

That

o'er it lay

At thy gateway many hounds and spaniels

Were

but one amongst them,

how good

In thoughts of thee with this short

Were Khush-hal's

life

but longer,

it

were

lie.

were

it

never be sated

life will I

how good

it

were

If but once her face shows from forth her veil.

Lost will be for ever

The Tulips

Shamed

Why

will

all

claim of radiance to the Sun,

borrow colours from her

will be the

Hyacinth

at the sight of her tresses.

do people lay charges against Fortune

It is she that with her eyes the

Is it with the effects of

Or has some one out

The blood
Again

The

face.

world hath desolated.

wine that her eyes are thus

of sleep awoke her too early

fluslied,

of hearts she quaffs in place of wine,

for relish with

it

she takes broken hearts.

special fate of those slaughtered

by

my

fair

one

Is that without question straight to Paradise they go.

My

heart

is

as a compass, fixed its bearing,

It points ever to the Altar of thy eyebrows.

Be not gladdened with her promises, Khush-hal

From

My

the bubble what constancy does one expect

grief

What

is

ended,

now

has

come

the time of gladness

time the flowers of Spring arrived,

my

let

Go,

the Nightingale that Spring has come.

us prepare to wander tlirongh

it

garden bloomed

Quickly
tell

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.

Now

too that of briylit flowers

gg

the very season,

it is

Let the Minstrel tune his strains to rejoice me.

It is his regrets

That

Heavy was
I

fears of

Autumn

Roses now the Parrot discourses.

to the

For now

and

the load of Separation,

God

has lightened

rejoice again that the delight of

Others have indeed their various festivals

For

me my

my

what time

feast is then

my

it.

eyes has returned.

mistress comes.

All sorts of bright garments does Khush-bal

put on, a merchant ho,

When

be enters the Bazar wherein

What though

need

on

If

When

many

me
to

my

trouble dispels

all

death resolved be

to

my

to

me

is

my

my

But

to

my

that adorns her face,

The

is

sayest thou to me, "

The eyes

own

Look not on

that are created for seeing,

Let the Priest

fast

Every man that

Saidst thou, "

is

My

and pray,

let the

created for his

is it

lover,

or not?

is it

or not

the fair ones

is it

or not

part, is

"

Gallant grasp

own

lips' kiss is like

my mistress.

the heart of his mistress

is

sharpened for the blow,

tresses that are curled for her

Why

is

wax,

Khush-hal harder than stone

that

mistress.

my mistress.

rivals is she softer far than

The sword

me,

it befits

Satisfied with a necklace of black cloves

To

enough,

open heart,

her heart has closed

is all

neck,

mistress.

devotion respect should pay

studded nose-ring

my

mistress.

become before

jests with

mistress

mistress.

a monarch she, therefore

I,

With every one she

But

my

mistress.

me my

the light of her beauty she displays to

Beggar

That

my

her of a sword, a cold look

Just like a moth do

a kindness treats

she comes and throws her arms around

Far from

No

me my

with tongue strives with

In her heart with

When

his mistress's face.

is

it

filled

or not

a healing draught."

goblets:

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

90
The

draiiglit

my

She drinks

My heart
Why

very heart-blood, that

was created

that

Compared

own

self

for that cruel one,

Here

is

or not?
?

is it

th}'^

hand,

or not?

weeds appear they.

it is

is it

or not ?
;

garden thou hastest,

to the

is it

of heart, a cruel mistress thou,

Tyrannical and heart-oppressing art thou

What though

this

my

grief.

thou that hast wounded me, to thee

Well dost thou know the

It is to thee
to

Ever

my

wounds

that

effect of

complain

thy blow.

look for ointment;

as salt art thou.

to thee will I

it is

thus loudly cry.

Pleased art thou with

If

it

Wine, the Harp, and Flute, with thy mistress

tablets in

Hard

Yet

was

thou sought that black snake,

to thy face as

or not?

not for any other;

Both the Kose and Tulip, beside thy cheeks,

It is

is it

dost thou bewail the black locks of thy mistress

It is of thine

Thy

wound,

heart's
is

CENTURY.

17th

my

seek from thee, for

my

pour out

my

plaints.

wailing please thee.

Let them their hearts for grief prepare,

Who

have fixed their hopes on thee.

What

can any one say against me.

Since thou such a lovely idol art

Who

herself her lover slays,

Then makes lamentation over him.

What

fault has the lover

That thou art eager

to

committed,

plunder liim

Sometimes pain comes, sometimes pleasure

Now

art thou as a thorn,

On Khush-hal
That by

as a Rose-garden.

hast thou brought distress.

his rivals thou art seated.

Tlic Tulip

is

unrightly compared to her beauty

The Musk of

Ciiina

Her black eyebrows

Every

now

shaft

is

ashamed

are a bow,

amongst

at tlie fragrance of her tresses

tiieir

lashes are arrows.

tlicm has pierced

tlic

lover's heart.

or not

TRANSLATIONr;OF POEMS.

Her two eyes

body are as piercing swords,

in her

Ever are they warring

Then wouldst

witli the hearts of those that love lier.

a Negro selling sweets,

call it

That mole of hers which

on the side of her

is

The radiancy of her beauty

The poor Lover

is

moth

as the

It is the earring that alone

tliat

hovers round.

has ever touched her ear;

hers, that of stone is her Iieart.

is

one's struggles are after his particular object

Khush-hal's design

My mistress
To

tiie

is

on her beauty.

has become reconciled again to

my

words of

enemies does she

Just for a few days kindness took

Now

touched her nose;

no single point wantino-,

is

Except that one defect

Each

lips.

of a brilliant light;

It is the clove that alone has ever

In her beauty there

merciless and cruel has

That Rose which

Has become

the

Assenting

to

my

Thus has

my

life

its

my

rivals,

Alas! Alas!

listen,

place in her heart

become again, Alas

my own

me

she looks towards

slaughter

is

she, Alas

blood has been

life's

passed, Alas

my

my

Alas!

now

Alas

Yet the Pathan maidens

On

is he,

Alas

maids of Cashmere are famous

those of China and

all

Alas!

food,

meeting

captive of separation

Alas

in eager hopes of

They would put

enemies,

The

the

Alas

heart's blood,

Unhappy Khush-hal was

Though

Alas! Alas!

companion of every weed and thorn, Alas

my

Apart from thee

it

watered with

"With design against

And

97

for their beauly.

Machin and Tartary,

whom

with

my own

eyes

have o-azed on.

such to shame.

score of beauty, this

is

the

sum

of

all their praises

That of Jacob's lineage and descent are they

No

need have they of

There

is

musk

or of Rose-water;

the fragrance itself of

The Perfumer with

their prayers five times a day.

13

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

9g

CENTURY.

ITth

"What of Necklaces or Jewels or other ornaments

All such beside their tresses are of no account.

What
Not

of brocaded veils and robes of scarlet muslin

be compared are they

to

The beauty
Sweeter

far are their secret

is

charms than

their external.

spent in privacy and seclusion

are they seen in public with persons half-exposed.

From modesty

they can scarce raise up their eyes.

experience ever theirs of hard word or blows.

No
I,

white snoods.

of their nature exceeds that of their appearance;

All their time

Never

to their

Khush-hal, have but

little told

of

much,

Prate no further on this matter which

boundless.

are red and white

The Adamkheyl Afridee maidens

Many

is

and varied are the charms that are

theirs,

Great large eyes, long eyelashes, broad eyebrows,

Sugar-lipped, rosy-cheeked, moon-like foreheads,

Tiny mouths

like a Rose-bud, even teeth

Their heads girt with

dai-k tresses, fragrant as

Amber,

Their skins as smooth as ivory, bare of hair;

Straight their figures, like Alif

Like the

Many

Hawk

has been

my

flight

a partridge there has been

The Ilawk, whether young

But the swoop of
!

fair tlieir

the old

along the mountains,

my

prey

or old, seeks

Hawk

is

the

its

quarry,

most unerring.

of Lundi's streams the water, and of Bari,

Is sweeter to

my

mouth than any Sherbet.

The Peaks of the Matari Pass

rise straight

In climbing, climbing upward, one's body

1

complexions.

came

Then

to the

Adamkheyls

What

to the lieavens,

is all

melted.

in Tirah,

parted witli them at

Love's troubles are like

up

fire,

Khwarrah with sad

heart.

Khush-hal,

thougli the flame be hidden, its

smoke

is

seen.

;;

!:

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
morning

breeze, sliouldst thou pass

Or should thy way

lead thee by

tlic

by Kliairabad,

side of Surai's stream,

thousand thousand greetings take from

Thither from

me

my

Perchance again

lot

may

let

mo

If of Hind's climate I complain,

greater than on

He who

drinks

its

quaff thee,

river water,

its

Not without danger

what

climate
it

Jumna
say?

sliall I

upon

the curse

is

them.

softly tell

not ever dwell beside the Ganges and

I shall

Still

Fervour

vvitli

Lundi stream in whispers

to the

me

countless good wishes bear

To mighty Indus shout them out

But

gg

its

water;

tears forth his bowels

the water of the wells.

is

Since no cold mountain torrents are in Ilind,

Curses upon

Yet

On

though

it

be

That of

is

wound

his

God grant

that

From whom

the blood will staunched be,

again

may meet my

for ever will

last

Well do

my

know

the Physician orders.

in

who took up

Grandsire,

it

now

no place

The Nilab and Lundi have

lies the

like

it,

believe

at Sural

me.

up

to Tirah,

below
:

makes both Prince and Beggar tremble.

No

Wliat a freshness

They

abode

road to Hind and to Khurassan

that one can think of

What

his

laid their heads

Every abundance
!

stretch straight

the crossing of the Attock that

lack of rain

Hind

will find release the Sinner.

The dark mountains of Hodee

Along them

lonn-inirs

Khush-hal remain

from Hell

Blessings on

loved one.

apart from myself two-thirds are parted

Anent the treatment which

Not

showed by the Merciful One.

ever in expectation

Yet the wise bear no rebellious

It is

without hope in the world

the distressed will compassion at length be

The wounded one

At

with dainties.

filled

man remain always

no

will

it

comes thither

Ah, indeed

of Swat, or Ashnuggar, or Pcsliawar, or other countries.

all

have recourse

to

it

in

it

are the delights of every clime.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

IQQ

On

every side

Wah

Wah!

is

Kalapani, what entrancing sport

its

tall in stature

son, or grandson,

my

may

"Whoever now abides there,

Fate has separated

is

sport

thine?

youths, active in every deed,

Bright-eyed, red and white,

my

CENTURY.

the sport of the Ilawk, and every other

Stout and strong are

Whether

17th

me from

family, or tribe,

he

live in

God's protection.

Whose power

it.

Never would Khush-hal Khan of his own

will

me

Cup-bearer! give

is

it is if

you

wine
:

consider,

That without wine the spring should pass.

Where with

What

flowers

is

What

found a comrade,

restraint does bind a

See what they say,

Comes not back

Ah, how sad

them

moment ?

Alas!

Good, indeed,

is this

world's life:

Would

might

last for

that

it

Since for aye

it

Harp and Pipe ?

the passing

Alas

man ?

listen to

says the music of

aye

lasteth not.

worthless and despised.

Count

it

Many

lovers

it

hath turned away

Fate does no compassion

What though

feel.

grief or joy increase

As they quicken,

so they cease:

Their constitution can never be found

Of many kinds
Such

are Fortune's changes.

as never entered the

Many

from Sural have been parted.

Several goblets in succession

Hard

above Fate's

mind,

such events will happen

to

you.

!!

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
In separation

Which

ever

my

around

is

Whatever passes from

At length

He who

will

He, whose heart

happy man

He, whose

What a

On

now

store of

Khusli-lial

with good will towards his kind,

has an Eii.pire in his heart.

lie

knowledge has he got

manly

actions never can he ascend

in this

lots of those, in

world and hereafter.

whose hearts are good intentions

who perverse

are in their hearts

Hold thou ever

Which

in his heart.

fast to those arts, Khusii-hal,

a warrior holds dear within his heart.

He who
He who

gains,
is

and spends, and

gives, a gallant

skilled with the sword,

mine of Rubies, or Sapphires,

He who

is

is

or Jewels,

the source of kindnesses a mine

what

What

thou eatest in company a feast

The time spent

night, through

is

that?

is he.

thou eatest by thyself will never feed thee.

Through day and

he

a cliieftain is he.

What

is that.

month and

year.

in God's service, time is that.

Call no one else broken,

He

the warning of no teacher ever will he be improved.

Every man who keeps corruption

in his heart

against his fellows has blackness in his heart

the lot of those,

By

possesses deficiency of corn-age in his heart.

Happy
Ill

view

time will be like him.

Blackened face has he, both

Who

tlic

ears are open to the counsel of the wise,

the ladder of

Who

is filled

he

is

in

heart.

from the mind be rased

praises

Perchance

tliouglit of iny mistress,

it is tlie

Khush-hal

whose word and promise

is

broken, broke indeed

is lie

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

202

A man,

indeed,

Courteous

No

lie

face, his

word

CENTURY.

brave, yet full of kindness,

is lie, tliat is

and conversation.

to his fellows in bis life

His face his

17th

promise his promise,

his word, his

or wile or changing his.

Little in speech, great in action, but in silence

Like a Rose-bud, his breast open

When

speech

is

being

made

to his

mouth.

of loftiness or lowness,

In greatness like the Heavens, in humility like the Eartii.

In dignified bearing like the Cypress, in generosity

With boughs drooping on

Blooming

With

all sides like

Eose

his face like a fresh

in the garden,

the joyous clamour of Bulbuls around

Since such discourse he makes,

From whom gained Khush-hal

am

this

The time of old age

my

comprehension

in every

come upon

there?

is

of defects.

wounds have

heart fresh fresh

Well smeared
If joy

is full

it.

astonished

In the excellence of youth, what doubt

In

the Vine,

wound

I,

is salt.

thee, be not rejoiced at

it

For close upon joy follows ever sorrow.

Make

no complaints of other's wrongs or injuries,

For the greatest wronger of

Not without design has

For trouble

all is

Destiny.

trouble been created.

the touchstone between the

is

manly and

AVbat of numerous luxuries, delights, and hardships

Happy

he that

is

On some one
Enough
If

for

me

if

bind

on

my

my

sword, and

shoulder

Khush-hal

is

Perplexed

am

From whence

No news

came, and

hands of

turn Devotee

to

hearts.

his

own

tribe.

what quarter

am, or what

go.

has any one brouglit Ijack of tliose departed.

However much

staff.

no knowledge mine, of what

I,

at the

now

bear a

any one makes inquiry of wounded

Ruined

mean.

with a single piece of bread.

is satisfied

else I

the

inquire of what their slate

may

be.

shall be,

:;

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
To-day

But

see

tlieiii

ever, each in

The world

is

Distraught

When

stay

liis

niglit in this ilaiiilet

llie

turn,

like a bowl,

turn witiiin

count them as they quit

an Ant inside

I, liivc

it,

it.

it

and struggle with

all

iny power.

consider this world, and the circumstances ofinankiiiil,

It is all the

play of children, yet

Art thou wrapt np

All these

in it?

too join in

it.

Hast thou wealth and lands?

look upon but as sleeping fancies.

White has turned from black

Think

103

yet change not thou thy nature;

tliy hair,

not, Khush-hal, that without reason

still I

style thee a

man.

Worthless are the Patbans in reason and understanding,

As

the dogs in the courtyards of the butchers are they.

They

sold their Sovereignty to the

For the

titles

of the

The camel with

its

Moghals

is all

rich loads has

Moghals

their desire.

come

into their homes,

Yet the only plunder they seek are the

The very name of

First

Of

among

the Sarbunni

on the camel's neck.

bells

title

of contempt;

the despicable they, the others in less degree.

what

those that are shameless,

Of those

is

for gold.

that regard their

else

but shame

own honour, every

From Candahar

to

But through

that extent their abode

all

Damghar

If one but

to

lift

all

only

in

Pathaus

name.

Pathans,

house they fighting go;

his

head a

Another quickly lays

Thou

is

actions?

brcatli is for honour's cause.

stretch the lands of the

Evil disposed are

From house

in their

it

bit.

low.

of the Moghal's eye to-day,

Khush-hal! art the piercing thorn.

That the blood

in

my

That in the grave are

veins
all

still

my

courses, this even a grief

friends, I yet in

my

Since so

many

Could

but join them there, as Paradise were to

noble faces have

all in their

house

tombs turned

me

hold

deem

a wrong.

to dust,

the grave

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

104

Old age has come, a weakling

That which

When

I, in

;
:

CENTURY.

17th

my

people and land are the same.

heart he takes

fair, to liis

this the proof,

do succeeds not, thongh

speak any one

it ill

my reason is failing me now.

No it is not the luck of the Moghals, nor is my reason less
It is all the fault of old age, that my plans do not succeed.

Either fortime

is for

the Moghals, or

When
Past

look at the Moghals, not as before are they

the day of their fighting;

is

promises

With gold and

fair

Yet such

mercy

No

Fly

is

am

the

now

cleave to the pen.

that they beguile the Pathans

God from me have they naught

I or Vulture, that

As a Falcon

or an Eagle in

its

over carrion should be

my

own prey

since in this they have no part, in grief

in grief

and sorrow

is

Khush-hal

hover;

heart rejoices.

is

my

my

heart

Acmal and Darya Khan, both have passed away nobly

Ever

yet attained.

my

the others in this like me, right hearty would be

Were
But

of

it is

now they

at the loss of

rejoicing;

now plunged.
honour

in

them both.

Khatak, when he mounts on horse-back,

Binds his shield upon his back

Lets loose the end of his turban

Over

his forehead long

Looks

As

at the

shadow of

his horse goes

Hopes

prancing on

It ruins

No good

is it to

Be thou

any one

else.

spoils its owner's nature.

or Devotee,

Whether much or

evil is,

a man's future

thou well this world

Whether Rake

for the fray.

Quarrelsomeness an

Know

this end.

to be a Chieftain bold,

Seeking ever

But

and broad

its state,

what

little thine,

what

is, is

what

is

not, is not

is, is, etc.

count

it all

of the Prophet's nature, for what

as passed
is,

is,

etc.

away

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.

jQr

If for life thou grievest, wliat cause if

thyself tiiou kiiowest;

Alive to thy grave tliou gocst,

Of sea and land

Be thou then
Whether

Monarch

the

the

tiiou, if

Monarch of

wet and dry alike thou countest;

the ago, for

what

all, for

is,

is, etc.

etc.

is, is,

thy wishes, bad thy actions, causeless grief and envy

thine

In patience be thou wealthy, for what

Weep

thou not, nor yet rejoice

Be acquainted with

this secret,

Alas

it

what though

Of gold and

is, is,

what

for kindness,

Be thou

Why

what

at ease as thou art, for

not, then

it

is, is,

they both are

what

is, is, etc.

an thou find

me

here remain

it

is, is,

weep:

etc.
all alike:

etc.

dost thou strive and struggle, and day and night art full of
concern?

Be thou
Short

or Separation, to

is, is, etc.

no one does

collects, with

thou as thy loved one wills thee, for what

Whether Union

etc.

leave alike both grief and joy

silver be thou free, for

Of thy loved one seek

Do

what

pearls or jewels, whether flowers or trees,

Take no account of
Ill

vvliat is, is, etc.

the

is life,

Be thou

same whatever
and

satisfied

many its

betide, for

what

why

troubles;

is,

a Lion be thou, for what

Jesus never in his

life

made

Who

What though
As though

What

upon

Which

it,

etc.

wisdom

foolish

what

gifted,

wise?

will be his state

his hair restored to age his

is that, if

use of

blind ones seeing.

make such

the fool learns lessons,

the dye

If

to

make good

a fool a wise man,

at his birth has not with

can have the power

your heart?

is, is, etc.

is, is,

Though by miracles he made many

He whom God

etc.

so anxious in

with wet or dry, for what

Consider thou thy special talent, while alive

Khush-hal

is,

not

youth

Good Health,

better than an

Empire

aught more precious

is

is ?

than wealth.

Than wealth sure Honour dearer

is.

14


AFGHAN POETEY OF THE

XOG

What
One

far better

No

other

nest Sincerity

man from

it is

trouble free

make thy

Purposeless

is

such Devotion.

Surely that Good Counsel

If there be Hell

any good

at all

fool.

pure, Kliush-hal
it is

art,

in the intention.

Bahram

the reproach which thou hast brought upon thy Cbiefship.

curse hast thou

shown thyself

Yet from their ruin thou

slialt

Foolish were thy counsels

Now how
Thou

upon Earth,

Tliou hast never learnt the Chieftain's

there

companionship of the

If there is

is

is.

is

Keep ever thy Intentions

Evil

grants only to the importunate,

In this what Generosity

It is the

boast of piety,

possesses countless gain

He who

than Contentment.

If thou dost

What

CENTURY.

17th

than indulgence,

Self-restraint,

"What does

to all

thy tribe.

not escape.

when thou

slewest Tahir,

wilt thou avoid retribution for his death?

hast opened to thyself the

way

for thine

own

destruction.

Distraught has been thy tribe by thy evil tempers.

Evil as thou

art,

yet

still is

good fortune thine;

Else long ago hadst thou, crushed to death by an Elephant, died a traitor's death.

Thy

elder brother liast thou imprisoned, thou boldest his

Accursed be to thee the rule which thou thus wieldeat!

When by means

How
May
Such

of gold thou aimedst at the Cbiefship,

full

of doubts and terrors

thy

name

is

was thy treacherous heart.

be erased from amongst

the last prayer breathed

my

sons

by Khush-hal Khan.

sway

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
What though outwardly
IIow can

Whether

siicli

it

are bonds,

bind Iiearts together?

he father or son,

Far apart their purports

lie,

Hopes have they now none

Naught

in coininon,

their confidence in oaths.

Scathless go the evil-doers,

Who
By

dares lop the robber's hand

Aurang's

evil rule are

broken

All the ties that Baber wrought

Now

life,

Until the Sovereign has cut off

will the plains

Or they must weep

many

Sucli as

quit of iiim,
is

his land

hecome quiet?

own door mourn your

by gold, or

death.

your hand.

him not

treacliery, or

in

thy country;

by force of arms.

accomplished by the sword, the arrow, or the

spear,

hundred-fold

gained by

is

Slain be thy son

And

heads,

for those slaughtered at

that finds fault with thy rule leave

Be thou

Khush-hal

and mountains of

Either others will at your

He

such times are come upon thee,

Better death than

How

skill

and brother,

and by strategy.

for the security of thy

kingdom,

closely be thy rivals all guarded in thy

jails.

Beside the water of the sword, no other streams

are there

Which
The

cool the fevered blood of those that seek

for war.

tree of a

Chiefs Sovereignty well watered

By

the blood of his enemies bears fair fruit.

On

the battle-field

Far better

Ah God

man

that bleeding heads should be lying;

loosen the turban bravely o'er thy forehead,

in its place a
!

good

that, than that their hearts should

be filled with ill-blood.

Either like a

Or wear

it is

what use

woman's

my

Yet every verse have

veil.

writing? who will heed

written in tliisbook.

me?

107

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

108

Strange are the pretensions tbat

As the

Strange, indeed,

you

it is if

That the Crow should dare

Strange, again,

it is if

consider.

to

you

swoop upon the Falcon,

consider,

That the Moghal should engage

Were

in this world,

mercy of those who have urged them

cries for

Strange would

it

be, if

you

consider,

is it, if

you

consider,

That against Klmsh-hal Khan Bahram should send

Still

am

That

my

I grateful for this to

view

From door

to door I

body

Written was

Of old

It

is

wandered

wounded by

this in

then can

and in Swat,

in Tirah

me

on

my

evil fate?

my

blame

the blows that drive

fate

from

all

for

what

tliey

me

on.

eternity

do

the ignorance and obstinacy of the Pathans,

is

stronger

Still

Heaven,

ball flies before the mallet's bidding.

my

Whom

his armies.

Indus from Meer Kalan.

o'er the

is

whither dost thou press

As the
All

Afghan.

in contest with the

the Jackal to be full of meat, the Lion liungry.

Stranger yet

Now

CENTURY.

17th

Lave known

is this

now shown

in their lust of gold.

cannot be that Sher Shah was such as we.

Who

in these

days are born amidst our rocks and mountains.

Shameless are the deeds of the Pathans

yet

who

cares for

it ?

To our graves must we now go grieving and dishonoured.

Sad

to

me

are the disagreements of the Khataks,

Yet sadder

still

the troubles which

Whom

shall I tell of

That

could ever find their end

them

bear in

To whom
in

my

write tliem

heal

tlicir scars.

0, tliou saddened heart of mine

All that

Gone

was dear

tlic

time of

to thee is gone,
i-'priiig

home.

Not

so few are tliey.

narration.

These wounds which Khush-lial Khan bears

Thou alone canst

my own

in his lieart,

Almighty God

many

troubles hast lliou felt

thwarted tliou in

and Flowers, Winter's

Tliou, wlio erst was full of vigour, midst

tlie

all

sliadcs

aged now

thy hopes.

have come upon

tliy

place.

tlicc

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
In

garden, wlicro once were

tliy

Now
The

not a single one

is

many

songs of

tlie

heard only cawing

109

niglitingalos,

of the crows.

boat, that once with thy strength tliou forcedst

over mountains,

Sinking, wanders here and

The Lions,

Fearless roar around thee

now

nay,

a filthy hovel thine, that

When

shall I

Alas

Alas

wake up again

why

is all

amongst

tlie

Thou, who once wast sheltered in such

Now

straw amidst the currents.

tlierc Iii<e a

whicli were in terror of thee

and mountains,

Jackals join too yelping!

fair

and costly

dwellin"-s,

that Fate has left thee.

What awaking

tlie roclvs

has fortune been so

hereafter

is

fickle ?

Old hast thou become, Khush-hal, be thy gaze now on

the Heavens

For of what account

is life to

thee

What

worth or value now

its

Infatuated have the Pathans become for ranks and

May God
Whose

is

preserve

ever from such desires

knowledge and counsel,

Plain

is all to

There

is

Well

me

him

as the

if

am

informed of

By

the titles of the

No

thought

tlie

in the schools.

tempers of them

Moguls they

is theirs

All their talk

Far preferable

all.

is

When

all

When

tlie

of honour, fame, or pride;

of either rank or gold.

to

me

is

the

Khatak buckler

in the

o'er

Emperor's prison are ever in

night long

called to

God

my

loins,

thought have they

Of what stock can

in vain.

tell

honour now, Khush-hal

it

were true

!)

that thou and

were friends together;

then one another the sweet secrets of our hearts.

See, I have a book

Of thee

for

his horse.

these Pathans then have been sprung

dreamt (would God

Let us

my neck.
my mind.

Pathans drew their swords on the Moguls,

Every Pathan led a Mogul bound beside

are led away.

the golden badge of service hanging round

The nights

No

none of them who knows aught of plans or schemes,

Great the weakness of the Pathans, as thou seest

Than

titles,

not the warriors

Koran read

it is filled witli

seek but love,

let

loving verses

us wander through the gardens.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

YIQ

Hand

in lianJ together,

we

Let us be happy together,

and

will walk,

let

17th

CENTURY.

and

sit,

rise

us join in merry converse.

Offer

me

the well filled goblet, from thy hands alone

Give

me

yet again thy lip's kiss, and again

The Minstrel
Let us

t\irn

at a distance

from base

Where
While
Alone

from

then wert thou

I

bow

No

across the strings

above

all

no care have
let

most fortunate

morning

in the

is

love for

and happy

advise alike friends and strangers.

despise good advice,
?

the courage of a man's heart,

Such

will

When

always be his

spirits.

once a man's courage

Near indeed
Only then

is

fails

him,

he to ruin.

worth living.

is life

When

thou art in enjoyment of good health.

When

a man's

What

flavour has

He

honour has departed,

life for

him ?

in truth is only really wealthy,

Who is

with

satisfied

all

Have thou no concern

While yet

life

and

about him.

for death,

heallli arc thine.

Blest art thou in faith and living,

While

willi

wise

Make no more
False iiavc

all

any other;

for

forethouglit,

Li what work will they succeed

As

us then remain together.

Whatever thou doest do with

They who

it.

and on sorrow turn our backs.

asleep, let us be foolish

it;

forget ourselves in his strains.

Yet how can Khush-hal be alone, while there

Thus do

take

longer wert thou with me.

with thought of thee

Whether awake or

press thee for

awoke of a sudden

live in this world

am

and

all others, I

dream

this

his

to pleasure,

Let us turn our faces

Alas

draws

to treble,

Lovely art thou above

men

is

friends,

thy walk.

Khush-hal

Ihv friends been to

liiee

him

in his

country

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.

111

Wliat new troubles 1ms Heaven u^^aln bruiiglit on

inc

Who

can

what

tell

will be their

As Aurungzeb's prisoner
a

When

the Pathans look on

end?

me away

has borne

it

Many

town and village have

my

At the sight of me they burst

passed on

my

and

to

gaze upon

Alike of Hind and

is

lamentation.

smile upon

For well

know how

Not alone am
Fate

is

am

treated with fear

there

and

as of two

falls,

To be separated from

my

All

it

may

people

no appeasing

tell

it.

me

though a Tiger or an Eagle.

looks mighty as a mountain

mountains

Pierced through and through

Perchance

is

respect, as

The Elephant when standing

But when he

their concern.

is

armies collect to guard

stop,

me;

by them,

great

all alike

the victim of tyranny and oppression

liard to

Wherever
I

as I pass

all

home;

way.

tears

Great and small, they run ont

my

from

condition, they burn with ra"-c

into cries

Mussulman

is

my

heart,

one's loved ones

it is

as a sieve;

a grief that

is

the shock.

is

knows no

solace.

be that Fortune will again befriend me,

me

that this will soon be so.

If a golden bracelet fall into a furnace,

It loses not; its value,

By

all

though

loses of its shape.

it

other support has Khush-hal been deserted

There remains alone

One only King

to

him

know, and

his trust

Mehdi

God

the Messiah and Mehdi's

That

too

coming

will bo the order,

Then with eagerness

will

Though Thou rendest

in

rule of

life.

these indeed the signs,

are present in His Court

waiting at the threshold of

Some day

Yet

should appear Antichrist and his armies

first

am

such tumults have arisen

Darya Khan and Darweza both

I

my

God

then, or the Messiah, that has appeared,

That in thy world,

Of

alike

his

obey

Ilis orders I

His behests and prohibitions are

Is this the

upon

words

"

Thy

Come

my

thou hitlier!"

slave present himself before Thee.

the petitions that

I will assail

God.

Thee with

my

send

tliee,

prayers.

; ;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

112
1

had devoted myself

the bands of warriors

Would

that

At one time joy

is

found scattered

mad

dog.

regrets,

its griefs

with us, again trouble

at

Heaven's decrees.

who mustered round me

All the thousands

and wide when

far

in

my

dreams

awoke

are dead, and some, tliough live, are parted from

Lonely

wander where the Hills alone hear

my

Yet, though slain

For

passes brings

it

by

either passes

Some

my

and vain and useless are

as

CENTURY.

could die slain by another's hand in battle!

Every moment

But

17th

had collected,

Rather that than as a Tiger bitten by a

Many

; ;

Pathan honour

to retrieve the

Then choice

complaints.

manhood was not

twenty lives of equal value did

in place of each,

Were but lengthy

my

noble warriors,

my

life

me

take.

allowed me, and fortune on

my

side,

would bring upon

my

foes

Dire should be the vengeance

forgotten

Slain should be the grown-up, bound the cliildren, burnt their cities,

Plundered

When

How

destroyed Naushahar,

Whether

Kohat alone

is

his

in

bonds.

peace

thus?

reward

know

not

regard

passing by, Khush-hal

is

all

look but to their

be father or son

it

Such indeed

is

my

if all

is

my

He who

How
Alas!

is

interests,

the same.

rights, or the respect

due

me

treats bis children with too great indulgence.

know

tlie

return

chihh'en are like

Tliirty are

can

my
tell

sons
tin'

in

a state of things can have arisen.

can such an one be deemed wise

my

How

own

men's experience

his for

in store for thee.

sons' nature

know not how such

All

what

what Heaven has yet

see

In these days

let

my

those distressed, what good has thy kindness brought?

Wait and

No

folly that I acted

treats the base well,

Thus another year

my

great was then

He who
To

their goods, not one should escape

all

my
tiie

children give

me:

Scorpion or the Snake,

number.

number

of

my

grandchildren?

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Great and small know this too well,

That each one of these

bent on quarrels.

is

Yet, again, consider, Aurungzcb,

What

a bloodthirsty Tyrant he

His father and his brother he

And now

art alive

and

well,

this be grateful to

thy

God

Why

are the

Eeady

am

Bangash thus
and armed,

Greater the sense and

now

Of this

theirs.

Khush-hal,
!

is

foolish

Even yet

might of

tlie

me

laid beside

in honour's cause.

power neither of numbers nor of valour,

me

blind, or

the Locust to waste bis

Moth

it is

me?

am

crippled in their eyes?

life

for nothing

that seeks the candle's flame.

from the shock.

his brains are quivering

dashed his head against

has watched

me when

Sleeping, from his bed he

Who

me

as

upon a stone.

am

my

bullet,

search the forests with

falls

know my fame

my

gun.

through trembling,

has heard but once the whistling of

If thou wouldst
I

me.

Gwarrikhels than of the Bangash

In the heart of the Rhinoceros will he find

Who

mo?

the ruin of their designs shall be the proof.

Too wise

Who

to ruin.

was

then shall they join in fight against

Perchance they deem

The

tliat

gun have

Risen are the Gwarrikhels with

In the Bangash see

brought

calling aloud to

my

tlje

lias

wields the Sovereignty

Yet that thou

For

is

my

sword.

in this generation,

he who has sorely wounded Aurung's heart.

Khyber's Pass have

made

to tiie

Moguls

their dearest purchase.

In every spot have they paid taxes to the Patlians.

From

tiie

What

can

Pathans great were the hopes

I

do?

Fortune helps

Though

No

me

regard

not

now

far greater has

entertained.

is their's for their

in this

been

my

my

own honour.

object,

fortune than that of Faridun.

Consider well the state of Khush-hal's heart

Though

seated on a throne, he

is

humble

as a pilgrim

15

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

2j^

He who

CENTURY.

17th

brings trouble on bis parents, rebellious indeed

llell's fires are the retribution that

await

tlie

is tliat

son

wicked son.

Filled are the parents' days with trouble and with sorrow

Of whom

born a son

is

evil in disposition.

Low

will be his ending-, he will lie aniong-st the dust.

Who

conceals not from the world his disputes with his

Such

is

own

parents.

the custom that has been inaugurated in Aurung's reign,

That every son should be jealous of even

his father's life;

For now he deems himself the noblest of the noble,

To whose unnatural baseness

Kather

him pray

let

that a base son

The Father who would crave

All

my

of

may

God

never leave the grave,

for offspring.

herd have turned out half bred ponies,

Show me where amongst them

The

the Heavens are witness.

all

offspring of a

What though

pony has

his Sire

may

all

there

is

one that shows his blood.

a pony's tricks.

be an Arab of purest blood?

In the religious faith of the ill-bred what trust

is

there?

Rather than such, the accursed Guebre and his creed

No

my

pleasure has

Distracted

No

is

my

concern has

heart in Balu-am's rule.

household with his quarrels.

now

the

Khatak

tribe for

honour,

Tlieir actions are all those as of the blind.

Like

The
All

flies

are the Pathans, tliey crawl around

dish of sweets placed before

I

Now

the

Moguls.

trusted on are scattered far from me.

There remains

Gone

them by

are

me

but the mercy of my God.

Acmal Khan and Darya, who had good judgment

Khush-hal alone stands

in the

Mogul's way.

See two mountains now encounter one another,

One

the Moguls, and the other the Pathans.

Such the violence of

their shock.

That men's hearts are trembling

Wise

art Tiiou,

Cause and

ell'ect

God
are

still.

far-seeing,

known

to Tlice

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Tliou

tlie

Though

IMiysician

know naught

All that happens

Wliethcr

Thou knowest,
of

ills

or cures.

by Thy order,

is

be right or wrong

it

Thou alone
Such

ai't,

115

canst bear such troubles,

as pass a Monarch's strength.

Streams that
Like Jihoon

last

year flowed with water,

roll this

year with blood.

In every matter thanks are due to Thee,

Better submission than repining.

Seven months are now passed that

Kain has

fallen

failing both of water

Very high have been the

and of the crops.

prices everywhere of grain.

were in despair, then at length the rain-clouds gathered

Opened were Heaven's gates

change from the Constellation of the Crab.

at the

Blest the twenty-ninth day of the

Then

Hind and Khurrasau

nowhere, either on mountain or on plain

Great has been the

When we

in

month Asad above

all others,

the rain covered the world with fresh green shoots.

In the year that Shah

Alam came

from Hind,

There was peace between the Mogul and the Afghan.

This present year, whose date
Blessed for

One great

all

mankind

is

trouble indeed

it

is

one thousand and eighty-eight,

this year.

has brought with

it,

That great mortality was there of children from small-pox

Many

were the children that died amongst

my

tribe

But the death that touched me most was of Abdulla, sou of

What though
In

No

Hako

it

Rani's heart

rejoices

is

breaking for Neknam,

make between

his friends

See how misguided are the ways of Aurungzeb

What

By

Khan.

and in Kamran.

distinction does he

He who

Yaliia

and

his foes.

has ruined by his tyranny the devotee and stranger.

fault is there in

him

that he has robbed Khnsh-hal of his rank

the deprivation of his rank not a bit distressed

Is Khush-hal's heart;

still it is

joyous, as

God knows.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

l\Q
While he held

Now

office

Distressed

is

"What of that

is it

peace

is

now

his

tempers

ill

is

If

is

road to Cabul,

tlie

all sides.

ever drawn,

there moaning.
reign,

world a place of rest

call this

Black in truth and ill-favoured as

Still

he become.

lias

Emperor Aurung's

there in the

But who would

CENTURY.

17th

that closed has been

In Hindustan the sword

Everywhere from

No

Monarch

the condition of the people on

?

Khush-hal was bnt a servant

that his post has gone, a

Seven months

:;

is

his countenance,

blacker are the movings of his heart.

you consider

Though

in his

Yezeed

his designs, a traitor he, like

demeanour he would proclaim himself God's servant.

Wliat good action

lias lie

done to save himself from retribution?

With speech does Khush-lial

Ue who

threaten

him

fears to risk his

Or who grudges money

Never

Nor

will be Chief or

will

for well

he knows his end.

life,

spent,

Monarch,

conquered lands be

his.

Either the Throne or the Bier

Such the resting-place of Kings

He who

has not a warrior's heart

Armies bring him no success.

Came

the

Negro hordes

to

Mecca,

Bent on laying Mecca waste

Feared the Koreish then from

And

they flying

left their place.

When Mahomed's
Famed

battle.

time arrived.

the Arabs were for warfare

Success thus depends upon the leader,

And naught

else

know

this,

Wlien the Captain's heart

'I'ho

liardcst enterprise

If he iiave

is

is

my

son.

stout,

easy

but patience and courage,

Victory beai's him from

tiie lield.

H?

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
Violence for Kings, Roguery for Priests,

Parsimony

Luxury

for tiie ricli,

These four are their besetting

As

it

seemed when

It

Gunbut Heaven

was not the Bangash, or

But

Since they

fled to the

been defeated, believe

was that fought against me

their arms, or

many

of

my

best

gave

me

great cause for repentance.

all

owing

A hundred

all

horsemen on

in front

advance at once and keep together

to the folly of the

Ilussun-kheyls.

blessings on the bands of the

For timely was

their action

Mohmunds

Gallantly did each one throw his

with his sword he struck

Great was the

feat that

on that day.

Red were they with blood and well-smeared

When

us.

bands did me.

my

That we did not

numbers

did not send

Is a thing that

me

mountains without fighting.

Great was the injury that

Was

faults,

was the incantations of the dogs of Mecca that undid

it

That

it

women

thought on them.

Not by the arms of the Bangasli have

In the fight of

for

life

their swords with slaying,

away.

down Sher Khan from

Abad Khan showed on

Yet though the Bangash Chieftain

fell,

the

his horse,

that field.

Khataks were defeated

So strange were the events of that day.

When Abad Khan came

To

his father right

back bravely from the

welcome was the

gift that

battle.

he brought.

In tatters were the clothes about his body,

All red with blood his face was like a Scarlet Poppy.

Fighting hand

to

hand, he took vengeance for his father;

Deserving was he in that action of all praise.

While he was fighting on that

field,

few the horsemen that stayed with him

All the rest had sought in flight their safety or their ease.

Curses, then, upon the Khatak horsemen

With one accord they thought but of

Gallant were the warriors,

Dear

to

Great

But

is

who

escape.

died on the field of

Gunbnt;

each one's heart was the honour of the Afglians.

my

regret for

all

my

warriors,

especially fur the fresh youth of Abdullah;

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

118

enemy be

Witli his

Yet

Since

liorse

liis

seen such a daring fight

my

All the day-long fight

In one moment, in

warriors and they yield not

wink of an eye, comes defeat

tiie

Not by greed, nor by hope, nor by shame

necessity,

An army

was

all

all

my army

or fear,

moved.

should be urged by pride, or hope of plunder;

mine were but serving

All those troops of

They

CENTURY.

was born a Khatak, made a Chief.

But by

were collected round

me

IIow will he

fight

who hopes not

my

for

This was the reason that forthwith

pay

honour, nor yet profit?

is

Such

as are collected from need, or from compulsion,

That

the slaughter of such as these.

stability is there in those

I

that, indeed,

As

the

Had

Heron

was Heaven kind

was of the foeman on

been sound, and in

But wounded was

Though
Still

my

great

me.

to

Falcon,

tries to imitate the

the flight
I

armies?

myself escaped from the blows of the enemy

In

Thus

were defeated.

tliey

for

for their bread

Easy

What

naught availed him on that day.

his fortune

Never have

wrestled on

17th

I,

my

and thus

that

day

what would he have done?

place,

came.

this ruin

fortune openly does not befriend me.

is

my

confidence in

in secret.

it

my hopes for a long life and happier times,

Though my enemy rejoices over me for a while.
Great

Those who died

They

in the battle are

are but a few guests that

Whether

From

friend

it

was, or foe,

each one was

Many

were

my

my

enemies,

On
It

my

have;

invited to die in honour's cause.

who was

slain in that battle,

object well attained.

As an empty dream were

Forty score of

not the only warriors

who remained not from

that fight;

their perverse desires.

warriors were slain on that

field

the vigil of the Feast day a fitting sacrifice was made.

was

tlie

thousand and eighty-sixlli year of the

The Snow was on

Who

leaves the

Wounded was

the mountains,

it

was yet the early Spring.

fiehl iiiiwniindril, ikjI

when

left,

weul

Ilijra,

a iiiau

is

save

my

to

he

life.

TRANSLATION OF POEMS.
At one time

To

the wise this fact

was

It

manly, and again

flight is

Wo

is

thought was mine of

The

Yet who

there

is

The Prophet,

Though

my

fights,

was bent upon

mine or

from

oil'

the

sometimes seeks safety;

for his flight

grandfather have thrown

live on, then shall

see

success or what ill-luck attends

my

Khataks and Karlanrai had some

that are

Iv'ow-a-days are the

The dogs

Though

Mohmunds

the

This

is

my

lot.

all tlio

Bangash,

pride.

land of Roh,

the Bangash, and the Warrakzaies, and

themselves are a tliousand times worse than dogs.

the Afridis, one and

are but scavengers themselves.

all,

the truth of the best of the dwellers in the lands of the Pathans,

good

these

who would say

qualities are there in the

men

that they were

Pathans that are now living

All that were of any worth are imprisoned in the grave.

In these days of all Pathans the

This indeed

He

of

God

is

whom

apparent to

the

forbid the

Moguls

all

are the best;

who know them.

say, "

all

He

is

loyal to us,"
!

thought of honour from their hearts

For these are ensnared by the

No

Mohmunds

shame of such should be concealed

Let the Pathans drive

baits the

Moguls have put

great deed will ever be wrought by the Pathans

Heaven has ordered

However much
Crooked

is

tlie

are better tiian the Bangash,

are the scavengers of the Afridis,

Of those worse than

No

in the

Mohmunds,

Mohmunds

of the

The Warrakzaies

Though

famed

me;

sword.

Greater were Khush-hal's power than that of

Of the Pathans

their slaughter.

If only the

field,

defeat, the battle-field for

my

father and

If in this world

What

fled

would despise him

victory be

For there

too, fled before the Infidels,

his heart

Whether

or this world's goods.

life

Tiger sometimes

fierce

unmanly

well known.

vengeance that

for the

it is

HQ

before them.

that petty should be their undertakings.

try to straighten them, they straighten not;

the vision of the evil-natured.

AfriJis.

AFGHAN POETRY OF THE

120

No

17th

CENTURY.

regard have the Yusufzaies for Pathan lionour;

Get you gone from amongst these disgraced Pathans, Khush-hal.

Go

And
Or

Bunnoo, and there

to

spread

Mecca

to

So long

these three things

is his

What

is

is

no

profit,

burns up alike the grain and

man's heart

as a

Great

fire

Khush

Hawks

Best of

all

On

is

Over

Has devoted

and plain

alike.

A Gourd

climbed up a Pine Tree's trunk.

And then he thus addressed the Pine

" Pine-tree! how many years hast

me

As

at

said,

me in

The Pine-tree
Then

thou been living

"

Two hundred

years

my

age.

will

we

"

How

long the time thy growth has taken

one week

said,

talk

have reached thy height."

" Wait thou

for winter's rigours,

upon our age and growth.

End.

"

and

Gun

set.

Khush-hal

all his life.

can reckon, perchance sis months more or less."

The Gourd
Look

said,

Hawk

to tlicse pursuits

of thy age and growth."

The Pine-tree

gives,

with speed.

So much value does he

required.

That

Tell

it

the chase with

Follow the hounds as they run

hill

bow

sport with the gun,

If thou handiest

are wliat

hal

If thou art a skilful archer.

For the pursuit of winged quarry

Well-trained

to devotion;

Pleasant, too, the sport the

there that like the chase

fixed

chaff.

delight in hunting.

Keeps a man's attention

Khush-iib

can advise you.

young.

is

to

your house give yourself up

In war and violence there

The

your followers,

and clouds of smoke right up

fire

in retirement in

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collect

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