CHAPTER 9 GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING & TOLERANCING ( GD&T )

Reference = http://www.emachineshop.com/machine-shop/GD-T-Symmetry-Definition/page619.html
http://www.gdandtbasics.com/

1. Tolerance
- amount by which the dimension is allowed to vary
- applied to position & size

2. GD&T
Method of dimensioning & tolerancing a drawing with respect to the actual function or
relationship of the part feature that can be most economically produced
International language to describe the part accurately
Include symbols, rules & definition for defining a geometry of the part
Uniformity in drawings, better design, enhance repeatability
3. Definition
Dimension ( numerical value to define SIZE, LOCATION, ORIENTATION, FORM or other
CHARACTERISTICS)
Feature ( physical portion a part, eg. hole, surface, slot)
Feature of Size ,FOS (cylindrical/ spherical surface)
Datum (coordinate system to locate the places, eg. plane, point, axis)
Datum reference frame (2 mutually perpendicular datum plane, eg. X, Y, Z-axos)
4. Language of GD&T
a) Form tolerance - 5
b) Profile tolerance - 2
c) Orientation tolerance - 3
d) Location tolerance - 3
e) Runout tolerance - 2
FPOLR-52332

A. Form Tolerance
- State how far the actual surface or feature is allowed to vary from the desire form of the drawing
Symb
ol

Name

Definition

Straightness
(of an axis)
Straightness
(of a surface)

Condition where all the points on the surface of an

axis are in straight line

The axis must lie within cylindrical tolerance zone of

0.03mm

Flatness

Condition of a surface having all the points in 1 plane

The surface must lie between 2 parallel plane

0.18mm apart and the surface must within the
specified size limit

Diagram

Circularity

Condition where all the points on a surface are in a

circle

Circular element must lie between 2 concentric

circles where the difference of the radi of 2 circles is
0.05mm.

Cylindricity

Condition where all points of a surface are

equidistant from the common axis

The cylindricity tolerance specifies a zone bounded

by 2 concentric cylinder within which the measured
surface must lie.

B. Profile Tolerance
-states how far an actual surface or texture is allowed to vary from the desire form on the drawing or vary relative to a datum
Symbol

Name
Profile
of a line

Definition
Diagram
The outline of an object in a given plane.
The tolerance zone is established by 2 dimensional
extending along the length of the considered feature

The line element must lie between 2 profile

boundaries 0.6m apart in relation to datum A.

Profile
of a
surface

The tolerance zone is established by the profile of a

surface tolerance is 3 dimensional extending along
the length and width

All points on the surface must lie between 2 profile

boundaries 0.6mm apart in relation to datum plane
A

C. Orientation Tolerance
- States how far an actual surface or feature is permitted to vary relative to a datum
Symbol Name
Angularity

Definition
Condition of a surface or axis at a specified angle
(other than 90 degree) from a datum plane or axis)
Tolerance zone is defined by 2 parallel planes at
specific basic angle form datum plane/ axis.
All points must lie within 0.5mm wide tolerance
zone.

Perpendicularity

Condition of a surface or axis at a right angle to a

datum plane/ axis
A zone defined by 2 parallel planes that are
perpendicular to a datum plane or axis.

The surface of the feature must lie within the zone

which is 0.15mm wide & right angle to datum A.

Diagram

The axis of hole must lie within the zone which is

0.3mm wide and at right angles to datum axis A.

Parallelism

Condition of a surface or axis that are paralled to a

datum plane/ axis
A zone defined by 2 parallel planes to a datum plane
or axis.

The surface of the feature must lie within 2 planes

0.25mm apart which are parallel to datum A

D. Location Tolerance
- State how far an actual size feature is permitted to vary from the perfect location implied by the drawing as related to a datum
Symbol Name
Definition
Diagram
Position
Define a zone within which the center, axis or
center plane of a feature of size is permitted to
vary from the true position

The center of the holes must lie within circles of

0.5mm diameter when the holes are at10.25mm
diameter
Reference http://www.gdandtbasics.com/trueposition/
Extra
total permissible variation that a feature
can have
can be used with MMC,LMC
MMC_ can know the size, location &
orientation of the feature all at once.
Hole [Gauge (pin gauge)=Min of
hole (MMC)-True Position Tolerance]
Pin [ Gauge (hole gauge) = Max of
pin (MMC) + True Position Tolerance]

Concentricity

Condition where the axes of all cross sectional

elements of a surface of revolution are common to
the axis of a datum surface.
Concentricity tolerance specifies a cylindrical
tolerance zone whose axis coincides with the
datum axis

The zone has a diameter of 0.2mm and the feature

axis must lie within this zone

Symmetry

Symmetry tolerance establishes a tolerance zone

for the median points of non-cylindrical part
features.

The median points of these opposing surfaces must

be symmetric about datum axis A within a
tolerance zone of 0.7
The median points must lie between two planes 0.7
apart and equally spaced about datum axis A.

E. Run out Tolerance

how far an actual surface or feature is permitted to vary from the desired form implied by the drawing during full 360 degree rotation of the
part on the datum axis.
Symbol Name
Definition
Diagram
Circular Runout
Runout is how much one given reference feature or
features vary with respect to another datum when
the part is rotated 360 around the datum axis. It is
essentially a control of a circular feature, and how
much variation it has with the rotational axis.
Runout is measured using a simple height gauge on
the reference surface. The datum axis is controlled
by fixing all datum points and rotating the central
datum axis.
Each circular element for the surfaces tolerance
must fall within 0.04mm( when the part turn 360
degree about datum axis)

When the shaft rotating, with datum A fixed in

housing, the reference surface will not go outside of
a perfect central rotation by more than 30 microns.

Total Runout

Total Runout is how much one entire feature or

surface varies with respect to a datum when the part
is rotated 360 around the datum axis.
Both radial variation and axial variation are
measured
Total Runout is measured by fixing the all datum
points and rotating the part along the rotational axis.
Control = circularity, straightness, coaxiality,
angularity, taper, profile of a surface
This entire surface must have full indicator
movement (FIM) of less than 0.1 relative to datum
A"
Full Indicator Movement (FIM) is the absolute
difference between the minimum and maximum
reading of an indicator as a workpiece is rotated
a full revolution.
FIM is used to establish whether a part meets
its runout or total runout tolerance.
When measuring a part, the indicator
measurement device (shown in the left figure
below) is placed on the part.
As the part is rotated, the indicator fluctuates
between its min and max positions based on the
highest and lowest points on the part.
The absolute difference between the final min
and max positions establishes the FIM of the
part.

5. Modifier - Material condition

Maximum material condition
(MMC)

Definition
Condition in which a feature-of-size that contains the greatest
amount of material, yet remains within its tolerance zone.
Symbol

Application
Largest pin diameter
Smallest hole diameter
Example

Least material condition

(LMC)

Definition
Condition in which a feature-of-size that contains the least
amount of material, yet remains within its tolerance zone.
Symbol

Application
Smallest pin diameter
Largest hole diameter
Example

6. Feature control frame

Compartment
First
Second
Third, forth..

Function
Geometric symbol
Tolerance info & value
Related datum