310G1

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
UNITOBJECTIVE
Aftercompletionofthisunit,studentsshouldbeabletodevelopabreedingprogramformarketswine.
Studentsshouldalsobeabletodescribeproperrecordkeepingproceduresanddemonstratemanagement
skillsnecessaryinmanagingaswineenterprise.Thisknowledgewillbedemonstratedbythecompletion
oftheassignmentsheetsandunittestwithaminimumof85percentaccuracy.
SPECIFICOBJECTIVESANDCOMPETENCIES
Aftercompletionofthisunit,thestudentshouldbeableto:
1.

Matchtermsassociatedwithswinemanagementtotheircorrectdefinitions.

2.Listfourreasonsformaintainingswinerecords.
3.

Describeitemsofinformationthatmightbeincludedinbreedingrecords,production
records,feedrecords,laborrecordsandcompleteenterpriserecords.

4.Listfourtypesofswinebreedingprograms.
5.Describeadvantagesofcrossbreedingswine.
6.Matchtypesofcrossbreedingsystemstotheirdescriptions.
7.

Distinguishbetweenadvantagesofconfinementproductionsystemsandadvantagesof
pastureproductionsystems.

8.Listfivepasturecropsusedinswinefeedingprograms.
9.Matchweightrequirementstospecificstagesofmarketswinedevelopment.
10.

Describethenutrientrequirementtrendsforprotein,calciumandphosphorusforswinein
theprestarterandfinisherstagesofdevelopment.

11.

Listthreemethodsofimprovingefficiencyinswineproduction.

12.

Describehealthandsanitationproblemsoftheswineindustry.

13.

Listfouradvantagesofprovidingcreepfeedduringprestarterandstarterperiods.

14.

Explainproceduresusedtoweanpigsfromthesow.

15.

Listfivefactorstoconsiderwhendesigningatotalconfinementsystemforswine.

16.

Describethreekindsofswinemarkets.

17.

Listsevenkeytechniquesforshippingswinetomarket.

310G2

18.

Distinguishamongthetimesofyearwhenswinepricesaretraditionallythehighestand
thelowest.

19.

Describefactorstoconsiderwhenplanninghousingfacilities,feedingandwatering
equipment,andhandlingfacilitiesandequipmentforswine.

20.

Describeamanagementprogramforspecificstagesofgrowthformarketswine.

21.

Earnotchswineforidentification.

22.

Designatotalconfinementswinesystem.

310G3

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
SUGGESTEDACTIVITIES
I.

Suggestedactivitiesfortheinstructor

A.

Maketransparenciesandnecessarycopiesofmaterials.

B.

Providestudentswithobjectives.

C.

Providestudentswithinformationanddiscuss.

D.

Providestudentswithassignmentsheets.

II.

E.

Arrangeafieldtriptoacommercialhogoperation.

F.

Allowstudentstoperformactualmanagementskillsonnewbornpigsand
weaningpigs.

G.

Arrangeafieldtriptoaninteriormarket(packingplant),livestockauctionor
terminalmarket.Discussmarketingwithanactualhogbuyer.

H.

Havestudentsbuildscalemodelsofswinefinishingsystems.

I.

Obtainswinefeedlabelsanddiscussnutrientcontentinrelationtoswinenutrient
requirements.

J.

Collectmarketinformationandpricesforswineonadailyorweeklybasis.Have
studentsconstructpricegraphsanddiscussmarkettrends.

K.

Reviewandgivetest.

L.

Reteachandretestifnecessary.

Instructionalmaterials

A.

Objectivesheet

B.

Suggestedactivities

C.

Informationsheets

D.

Transparencymasters

1.

TM1AdvantagesofCrossbreeding

2.

TM2CrossbreedingTwoBreedCross

3.

TM3CrossbreedingThreeBreedCross

310G4

4.

TM4Crisscrossing

310G5

5.

TM5DevelopmentalStagesofMarketSwine

6.

TM6EarNotchingofSwine

7.

TM7ShippingMarketHogs

E.

Handout
1.

F.

HO1DailyNutrientRequirementsofGrowingFinishingSwine

Assignmentsheets
1. AS1DescribeaManagementProgramforSpecificStagesofGrowthfor
MarketSwine
2.

AS2EarNotchSwineforIdentification

3.

AS3DesignaTotalConfinementSwineSystem

G.

Answerstoassignmentsheets

H.

Test

I.

Answerstotest

III.

Unitreferences
A.

Barrick,KirbyR.andHarman,HobartL.,AnimalProductionandManagement,
McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,1988.

B.

Bundy,C.E.andDiggins,R.V.,SwineProduction.PrenticeHallPublishers,
EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey,1970.

C.

Cooper,ElmerL.,AgriscienceFundamentalsandApplications,Delmar
Publishers,Inc.,Albany,NewYork,1990.

D.

Ensminger,M.E.,AnimalScience.TheInterstatePrintersandPublishers,Inc.,
Danville,Illinois,1977.

E.

Gilbert,Fred,TheBabyPig.CurrentInformationSeries#148,Universityof
Idaho,Moscow,Idaho,1971.

F.

SwineFeedingandManagementManual.GTAFeeds,SiouxFalls,South
Dakota,1979.

310G6

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
INFORMATIONSHEET
I.

Termsanddefinitions
A.

BarrowCastratedmalehogusedforproducingmeat

B.

BoarUncastratedmalehogusedinswinebreedingprograms

C.

GiltFemaleswinethathasnotproducedalitter

D.

SowFemaleswinethathasproducedalitter

E.

CreepfeedingProvidingstarterpigswithasupplementary,highlypalatablefeed
toincreaseearlyweightgain

F.

CWTHundredweightor100pounds
(Note:ThisabbreviationwasdevelopedbycombiningtheRomanNumeral"C"
for100withtheabbreviation"wt"forweight.)

G.

LitterAbroodofpigsbornatonetimetoasow

H.

EnterpriseAspecificprojectofsimilaranimalsraisedforaspecificpurpose;i.e.
swineenterprise

I.

UpgradingMatingapurebredboarwithagradesowofthesamebreed

J.

PurebreedingMatingapurebredboarwithapurebredsowofthesamebreed

K.

CrossbreedingMatingapurebredorinbredboarofonebreedwithapurebredor
gradesowofanotherbreed
(Note:About90percentofcommercialhogproducersarecrossbreedingtheir
hogs.)

L.

LinebreedingMatingofpurebredboarsofonelineorfamilywithsowsofthe
sameline,butnotsocloselyrelatedasthoseusedininbreeding

M.

InbreedingMatingofboarswithsowsofthesamebreedwhichareclosely
related

N.

HeterosisHybridvigorortheincreasedperformanceobtainedbymatinganimals
oftwodifferentbreeds

O.

AveragedailygainAverageamountofweightproducedperday,calculatedby
dividingtotalgainbythenumberofdaysinthefeedingperiod

P.

FeedefficiencyAmeasureoftheamountoffeedneededtoproduceonepound

310G7

ofgaininamarketanimal

310G8

II.

III.

Q.

LegumePlanthavingtheabilitytoutilizenitrogenfromtheair;highinprotein

R.

PasturemixtureMixtureofplantsusuallycontaininggrassesandlegumes

Reasonsformaintainingswinerecords
A.

Toanalyzemanagementdecisions

B.

Todetermineprofitabilityofenterprise

C.

Toidentifysuperiorbreedingstock

D.

Asabasisforfuturedecisionmaking

Kindsofswinerecords
(Note:Recordswhichshouldbemaintainedwillvarywithproductionprograms,but
usuallyincludethefollowing.)
A. Breedingrecords
1.

Dategiltorsowisbred

2.

Nameornumberofboarused
3.

IdentificationofsoworgiltEarnotchnumber,eartagnumberorother
identifyingcharacteristics

4. Numberofrebreedingattempts,ifnecessary
B. Productionrecords
1.

Sizeoflitteratbirth

2.

Sizeoflitteratweaning

3.

Litterweightatbirth

4.

Litterweightatweaning

5.

Earnotchingormarkingoflitter

6.

Averagedailygain

7.

FeedefficiencyPoundsoffeedfedtogainonepoundofmeat
(Note:Asuperiormarketswinewillgainonepoundofweighton3.5
poundsoffeedorless.)

310G9

8. CarcasstraitsBackfat,length,loineyearea,etc.
(Note:Forpurebredbreedingstock,littermatesareraisedinthesametest
environmentandslaughteredattheappropriateweight.Carcassdatafrom
thelittermatesisusedtoestimatecarcasstraitsinbreedinganimals.)
C. Feedrecords
1.

Kindofrationorrationsfed

2.

Amountofrationfed

3.

Costoffeedpurchased
(Note:Feedraisedonthefarmandmarketedthroughtheswineenterprise
shouldbevaluedatcurrentmarketprice.)

D. Laborrecords
1.

Hoursofselflabor

2.

Dateandhoursofpaidlabor

3.

Rateperhourofpaidlabor

E. Completeenterpriserecords

IV.

1.

Cashincome

2.

Expenses

3.

Beginningandclosinginventory

4.

OverheadcostsBuildingrental,vetbills,medicines,etc.

5.

Deathlosses

Swinebreedingprograms
A. Purebredbreeding
B. Crisscrossing
C.

Crossbreeding
(Note:About90percentofcommercialswineproductioninvolvescrossbreeding
andcrisscrossing.)

D.

Upgrading

E.

Inbreeding

F.

Linebreeding

310G10

V.

Advantagesofcrossbreeding(Transparency1)
(Note:Theseadvantagesaretheresultofheterosisorhybridvigor.Heterosisgenerally
increasesasbreedsthatareincreasinglydifferentaremated.Usuallypurebredboarsare
matedwithcrossbreedgilts.)
A. Increaseinlivelittersizeatbirthandweaning
B. Increaseinlitterweightsatbirthandweaning
C. Improvedmotheringabilityinsow
D. Increaseinfeedefficiency
E. Increaseinaveragedailygainfromweaningtomarket
F. Betterperformanceandconstitution
G. Greaterresistancetostressanddiseases

VI.

VII.

Typesofcrossbreedingsystems(Transparencies2,3,4)
A.

TwobreedcrossApurebredorinbredboarofonebreedismatedtogradesows
ofanotherbreed(Transparency2)

B.

ThreebreedcrossSowsofonebreedarebredtoaboarofanotherbreed;gilts
fromthefirstcrossarebredtoathirdbreedofboar;giltsfromthiscrossarebred
toaboaroftheoriginalsowbreed(Transparency3)

C.

CrisscrossingApurebredorinbredboarofonebreedismatedtoagradesowof
another;giltsfromthiscrossarematedtoaboarfromthesamebreedasthe
originalsow(Transparency4)

D.

RotationbreedingBoarsofthreeorfourbreedsareusedinrotationinaneffortto
maintainthehybridvigorintheoffspring

Advantagesassociatedwithswineproductionsystems
A.

Confinementsystem
1.

Morerapidgains

2.

Useableduringmoremonthsperyear

3.

Lesslaborinfeedhandling

4.

Lessdifficultyinprovidingqualitywater

5.

Bettercontrolofanimals

6.

Betterutilizationofland

7.

Freesupexpensivelandforcultivation

310G11

B.

VIII.

Pasturesystem
1.

Lessfeedneeded

2.

Lessproteinneeded(legumepasture)

3.

Healthierpigs

4.

Lowercostforbuildingsandequipment

5.

Lessmanurehandlingproblems

6.

Lessmanagementskillneeded

Pasturecropsusedinswinefeedingprograms
A.

Alfalfa

B.

Ladinoclover

C.

Redclover

D.

Sweetclover

E.

Bluegrass
(Note:Grasslegumemixturesmakequalitypastureforswine.Checkwithyour
countyextensionagentforapasturemixtureappropriateforyourarea.)

IX.

Stagesofdevelopmentinmarkethogs(Transparency5)
A. Prestarterperiod012lbsinweight
B. Starterperiod1240lbsinweight
C.

Developerperiod4075lbsinweight

D.

Growerperiod75125lbsinweight

E.

Finisherperiod125lbstomarketweight

310G12

X.

Nutrientrequirementtrendsofswineatspecificdevelopmentalstages

Requirements

Stageof
Weight
Protein
Calcium
Phosphorus
Development

(lb)

(%)

(%)

(%)

Prestarter

XI.

012

24

0.70

0.60

Starter

1240

20

0.70

0.60

Developer

4075

16

0.65

0.55

Grower

75125

14

0.60

0.50

Finisher

125market

12

0.60

0.50

Methodsofimprovingefficiencyinswineproduction
A. Crossbreeding
B. Selection
C. Improvedmanagementpractices
(Note:Althoughcrossbreedingandselectionofqualitybreedingstockis
important,improvementofmanagementtechniquesgenerallyhasagreater
immediateandoverallimpactonimprovingefficiencyinswineproduction.)

XII.

Healthandsanitationproblemsofswineindustry
A.

Swinediseasesandparasitesareresponsibleforlossesamountingtomillionsof
dollarsannually

B.

Onlyaboutonethirdofthefarrowedpigsgrowoutashealthypigs

C.

D.

1.

Onethirddiebeforeweaning

2.

Onethirdarestuntedorunprofitablebecauseofdiseaseorparasites

Sanitationismostimportantfactorincontrollingdiseasesandparasites
1.

Diseaseandparasitefreebreedingstock

2.

Rotatedlegumepastures

3.

Cleananddisinfectedhouses

4.

Balancedrationsfortifiedwithvitaminsandantibiotics

Somediseasesandparasitesmustbecontrolledbyvaccinationandmedication

310G13

XIII.
A.

Managementskillstobeperformedatspecificdevelopmentalstagesofswine
(AssignmentSheet#1)
Managementskillsforprestarterperiod
1.

Providesupplementaryheatof90oto95oF
(Note:Supplementalheatmaintainsbodytemperature,driesnewbornpigs
rapidlyanddrawspigsawayfromsowwhilesowisadjustingtothem.)
2. Besurepigsnursewithinafewhoursofbirth
3. Equalizelittersamongsowsfarrowingatthesametime
4. Clipneedleteeth
5. Docktailsto1/2inch
(Note:Thisisespeciallyimportantifpigswillberaisedinconfinement.)
6. Earnotchpigsforlitteridentification
7. Sprayears,navelanddockedtailwithiodinetopreventinfections
8. Giveironinjectionsby4thday
9. Giverecommendedvaccinations
10. Providecreepfeedwithaprestarterration
11. Maintainsanitaryenvironment

B.

Managementskillsforstarterperiod
1.

Castratemalehogstobeusedasmarketanimals

2.

Weanpigsat4to5weeksofage

3.

Dewormtwoweeksafterweaning

4.

Vaccinateformajordiseases2to3weeksafterweaning

5.

Maintainsanitaryenvironment

C.

Managementskillsfordeveloper,growerandfinisherperiods
1.

Grouppigsintopensof2030animalsofsimilarsizedonotovercrowd

2.

Maintaindewormingprogram

3.

Sprayforexternalparasites

310G14

XIV.

4.

Provideadequatefeederspaceandwaterers

5.

Maintainasanitaryenvironment

Advantagesofcreepfeedingduringprestarterandstarterperiod

A.

Supplementssow'smilkjustpriortoweaning

B.

Morepigssavedperlitteratweaning

C.

Healthierpigsatweaning

D.

Greaterlitterweightatweaning
E.

XV.

Providesabalanced,fortifiedpreweaningration

Procedureusedinweaningpigs
A. Preparationoffacilities
1.

Thoroughlycleannurseryatleast7daysbeforeweaning

2.

Disinfectallsurfacesandletdry
3.

Eliminatefloorleveldraftsbyenclosingareawithplywood,sheetmetal,
etc.

4.

Placeheatsourceoversleepingarea

5.

Maintainfloorleveltemperatureat8085oF

6.

Provideonefeederholeforevery4or5pigsweaned

7.

Provide1watererforevery2025pigs

8.

Provide2to3squarefeetofroomperpig

B. Atweaning
1.

Penbysizeorlitter,butnotover25pigsperpen

2.

Donotmixolder"tailenders"fromlastbatchwithnewpigs

3.

Limitfeedconsumptionduringfirst48to72hours

4.

Includeantibioticsupplementsinfeeds

310G15

XVI.

Earnotchingswine(Transparency6,AssignmentSheet#2)
A. LeftearPignumber
B. RightearLitternumber
C. Numberingsystem

XVII.

Factorsassociatedwithaswinetotalconfinementsystem(AssignmentSheet#3)
A. Feedhandlingsystem

XVIII.

XIX.

B.

Manuredisposalsystem

C.

Slottedfloors

D.

Insulation

E.

Ventilation

F.

Heatingequipment

G.

Coolingequipment

H.

Wateringsystem

Typesofswinemarkets
A.

TerminalmarketsPublicstockyards;commissionfirmspurchasehogs;sellto
meatpackingplants;centrallylocatedandaccessibletolargenumberofswine
producers,usuallyinmorethanonestate

B.

InteriorpackingplantsMeatpackingplantspurchasingmarketswinedirectly
fromproducers;locatedinsmallertowns;accessibletoasmallernumberofswine
producers

C.

SalesauctionPublicauctionprovidingopenbiddingonswinebymeatprocessors
andotherswineproducers;sellsbreedingstockandfeederpigsaswellasother
livestockspecies

Handlingtechniquesforshippingswinetomarket(Transparency7)
A. Donotfeedhogsheavilybeforeshipping
B. Allow31/2squarefeetper200poundanimal
C. Cleantruckbeforeloading
D. Usesandforbeddinginhotweather;strawincoldweather
E. Separateheavyfromlighthogsbeforeshipping

310G16

F. Wetorsprinklehogsduringhotweather
G. Removeallprotrudingboltsandnailsfromloadingchute
H. Havesturdy,wellconstructedloadingfacilities
I. Handlehogsquietlyandwithcare
J. Donotbruiseswinewhileloading
K. Donotshipswinewithotherkindsoflivestock
L. Eliminatedraftsduringshipping
M. Avoidsuddenstopsduringshipping
XX.

Timeofyearwhenswinemarketpricesarehighestandlowest
A.

B.

XXI.

Monthswhenpricesaretraditionallyhighest
1.

February

2.

July

3.

August

Monthswhenpricesaretraditionallylowest
1.

November

2.

April

3.

May

Factorstoconsiderwhenplanningfacilitiesforswine
A.

Housingfacilities
1.

Spacerequirements
a.

b.

Toofewpigs
(1)

Increasesperpigoverheadcosts

(2)

Reducesprofits

Toomanypigs
(1)

Tailbiting

(2)

Cannibalism

(3)

Reducegain

310G17

2.

3.

(4)

Increasedfeedrequirements

(5)

Gastriculcers

(6)

Stress

Ventilationrequirements
a.

WinterRemovemoistairbeforedampnesscondensesoncold
surfaces

b.

SummerRemoveheatgeneratedbyanimals

c.

AllseasonsMinimizeodor

Wastedisposal
a.

Storage

b.

Removal

c.

Disposal
(Note:A100lbhogexcretes1gallonwasteperday.)

B.

C.

Feedingandwateringequipment
1.

Keepfeedlevelslowinselffeeders

2.

Floorfeedingclosetosleepingareaencouragescleanliness

3.

Liquidfeedingminimizesdustandwaste

4.

Watersystems
a.

Onewatererforeach20pigs

b.

Atleast2gallonsofwateradayperpig

Handlingfacilitiesandequipment
1.

Loadingpensandchutes

2.

Handlinggatesandhurdles

3.

Holdingfacilities

4.

Breedingfacilities(ifneeded)

5.

GatesWoodormetal

310G18

310G19

TM1

310G20

TM2

310G21

TM3

310G22

TM4

310G23

TM5

310G24

TM6

310G25

TM7

310G26

HO1

310G27

HO1(contd)
SWINEMANAGEMENT

310G28

AG310G
ASSIGNMENTSHEET#1DESCRIBEAMANAGEMENTPROGRAMFOR
SPECIFICSTAGESOFGROWTHFORMARKETSWINE
Name_______________________________

Score__________________________________

Thegreatestimprovementinefficiencyofaswineoperationcomeswithimprovedmanagementpractices.
Usethefollowingpagestodescribethemanagementpracticesthatshouldbefollowedateachstageof
growthforamarketswine.Becomplete.
Youmaywishtovisitwithaswineproducer,yourvocationalagricultureinstructor,anextensionagent,or
completesomeadditionalreadingpriortocompletingthisassignment.
ManagementSkillsInSwineProduction
StageofGrowth
ManagementProgram
______________________________________________________________________________________
Prestarter
(012pounds)

______________________________________________________________________________________
Starter
(1240pounds)

______________________________________________________________________________________

310G29

ManagementSkillsInSwineProduction
StageofGrowth
ManagementProgram
______________________________________________________________________________________
Developer
(4075pounds)

______________________________________________________________________________________
Grower
(75125pounds)

______________________________________________________________________________________
Finisher
(125poundstomarket)

310G30

______________________________________________________________________________________

310G31

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
ASSIGNMENTSHEET#2EARNOTCHSWINEFORIDENTIFICATION
Name________________________________

Score__________________________________

PartI
Identifythelitternumberandpignumberforeachoftheswinepicturedbelowusingthestandardear
notchingsystem.

310G32

PartII
Usingthestandardearnotchingsystem,drawnotchesontheearsofthefollowingpigssotheyareproperly
identified.

310G33

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
ASSIGNMENTSHEET#3DESIGNATOTALCONFINEMENTSWINESYSTEM
Name_______________________________

Score__________________________________

Materialsneeded:Graphpaper,ruler/straightedge,paperandpencil
Usingthegraphpaperprovided,designatotalconfinementswinesystemanddrawthefloorplantoscale.
Includeasmuchdetailonthefloorplanaspossibleindescribinglocationofaccessoriessuchasfeeders,
waterers,holdingpens,offices,etc.
Completeyourprojectbydescribingyourconfinementfacilitiesinawrittenreport.Usetheassignment
sheettodiscusscapacity,feedingsystem,manurehandlingsystem,ventilation,cooling,heating,watering
systems,insulation,loadingfacilitiesandanyotherfactorsyouwishtoconsider.
Handinyourscaledrawingandthecompletedassignmentsheettogether.
Pleasedescribethefollowingfeaturesastheyrelatetoyourtotalconfinementswinesystem.
Capacity:

FeedHandling:

310G34

ManureDisposal:

Ventilation:

Cooling:

Heating:

WateringSystem:

310G35

Insulation:

LoadingFacilities:

Other:

310G36

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
ANSWERSTOASSIGNMENTSHEETS
AssignmentSheet#1
Evaluatedtothesatisfactionoftheinstructor
AssignmentSheet#2
1.

Pignumber
Litternumber

5
35

2.

Pignumber
Litternumber

11
13

3.

Pignumber
Litternumber

15
31

4.

Pignumber
Litternumber

14
94

AssignmentSheet#3

310G37

Evaluatedtothesatisfactionoftheinstructor
SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
UNITTEST
Name________________________________
1.

Score__________________________________

Matchthetermsontherighttotheircorrectdefinitions.
_____a.

Hundredweightor100pounds

1.

CWT

_____b.

Abroodofpigsbornatonetimetoasow

2.

Heterosis

_____c.

Matingapurebredboarwithagradesowof
thesamebreed

3.

Linebreeding

4.

Purebreeding

_____d.

Femaleswinethathasnotproducedalitter

5.

Litter

_____e.

Aspecificprojectofsimilaranimalsraised
foraspecificpurpose

6.

Pasturemixture

_____f.

Castratedmalehogusedforproducingmeat

7.

Gilt

_____g.

Providingstarterpigswithasupplementary,
highlypalatablefeedtoincreaseearlyweightgain

8.

Legume

9.

Upgrading

_____h.

Uncastratedmalehogusedinswinebreeding
programs

10.

Inbreeding

_____i.

Matingapurebredboarwithapurebredsowofthe
samebreed

11.

Sow

12.

Averagedailygain

_____j.

Femaleswinethathasproducedalitter

13.

Crossbreeding

_____k.

Mixtureofplantsusuallycontaininggrassesand
legumes

14.

Creepfeeding

_____l.

Ameasureoftheamountoffeedneededtoproduce
onepoundofgaininamarketanimal

15.

Feedefficiency

16.

Barrow

_____m.

Matingofpurebredboarsofonelineorfamilywith
sowsofthesameline,butnotsocloselyrelatedas
thoseusedininbreeding

17.

Enterprise

18.

Boar

_____n.

Hybridvigorortheincreasedperformanceobtained
bymatinganimalsoftwodifferentbreeds

310G38

2.

3.

_____o.

Planthavingtheabilitytoutilizenitrogenfrom
theair;highinprotein

_____p.

Matingapurebredorinbredboarofonebreed
withapurebredorgradesowofanotherbreed

_____q.

Matingofboarswithsowsofthesamebreedwhich
arecloselyrelated

_____r.

Averageamountofweightproducedperday,
calculatedbydividingtotalgainbythenumber
ofdaysinthefeedingperiod

Listfourreasonsformaintainingswinerecords.
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

d.

___________________________________________________________________________

Describethreeitemsofinformationthatmightbeincludedineachkindofrecordlistedbelow.
Breedingrecords
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

Productionrecords
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

Feedrecords
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

310G39

Laborrecords
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

Completeenterpriserecords

4.

5.

a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

Listfourtypesofswinebreedingprograms.
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

d.

___________________________________________________________________________

Describeadvantagesassociatedwithcrossbreedingswine.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

6.

Matchtypesofcrossbreedingsystemsonthelefttotheirdescriptionsbyplacingthenumberofthe
correctdescriptionintheblank.
_____a.

Crisscrossing

1.

Sowsofonebreedarebredto
aboarofanotherbreed;gilts
fromthefirstcrossarebred
toathirdbreedofboar;gilts
fromthiscrossarebredtoa
boaroftheoriginalsowbreed

_____b.

Twobreedcross

2.

Apurebredorinbredboarof
onebreedismatedtoagrade
sowofanother;giltsfromthis
crossarematedtoaboarfrom
thesamebreedastheoriginal
sow

310G40

310G41

7.

8.

_____c.

Rotationbreeding

3.

Boarsofthreeorfourbreeds
areusedinrotationinaneffort
tomaintainthehybridvigorin
theoffspring

_____d.

Threebreedcross

4.

Apurebredorinbredboarof
onebreedismatedtograde
sowsofanotherbreed

Distinguishbetweenadvantagesforusingaconfinementsystemandadvantagesforusinga
pasturesystemforproducingswine.Placea"C"infrontofthosestatementsthatdescribean
advantageforusingaswineconfinementsystemanda"P"infrontofthosestatementsthat
describeadvantagesforusingapasturesystem.
_____a.

Lesslaborinfeedhandling

_____b.

Lessmanurehandlingproblems

_____c.

Bettercontrolofanimals

_____d.

Lessproteinneeded

_____e.

Morerapidgains

_____f.

Freesupexpensivelandforcultivation

_____g.

Lessfeedneeded

_____h.

Lessmanagementskillneeded

_____i.

Betterutilizationofland

_____j.

Lowercostforbuildingsandequipment

_____k.

Healthierpigs

_____l.

Useableduringmoremonthsperyear

_____m.

Lessdifficultyinprovidingqualitywater

Listfivepasturecropswhichcouldbeusedinaswinefeedingprogram.
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

d.

___________________________________________________________________________

e.

___________________________________________________________________________

310G42

9.

10.

Matchtheappropriateweightattherightwiththespecificstageofswinedevelopmentattheleft_
bywritingthecorrectnumberintheblank.
_____a.

Developerperiod

1.

1240lbs

_____b.

Starterperiod

2.

75125lbs

_____c.

Finisherperiod

3.

125lbstomarketweight

_____d.

Prestarterperiod

4.

4075lbs

_____e.

Growerperiod

5.

012lbs

Completethefollowingchartregardingnutrientrequirementsofswinebyfillingineachblank
withthecorrectnumber.

Requirements

11.

12.

StageofDevelopment

%Protein

%Calcium

%Phosphorus

Prestarter

(a)________

(b)________

(c)________

Finisher

(d)________

(e)________

(f)_________

Threemethodsofimprovingefficiencyinhogsare:
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

Describehealthandsanitationproblemsoftheswineindustry.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

310G43

13.

14.

Listfouradvantagesofprovidingcreepfeedduringprestarterandstarterperiods.
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

d.

___________________________________________________________________________

Explaintherecommendedprocedureforweaningpigsfromthesow.
Preparationoffacilities
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Atweaning
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

15.

Listfivefactorstoconsiderwhendesigningatotalconfinementsystemforswine.
a.______________________________________________________________________________
b._____________________________________________________________________________
c.______________________________________________________________________________
d._____________________________________________________________________________
e.______________________________________________________________________________

310G44

16.

Describeimportantcharacteristicsassociatedwiththefollowingtypesofswinemarkets.
a.

Salesauction:________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

b.

Terminalmarkets:____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

c.

Interiorpackingplants:________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

17.

18.

Listsevenkeyhandlingtechniquesforshippingswinetomarket.
a.

___________________________________________________________________________

b.

___________________________________________________________________________

c.

___________________________________________________________________________

d.

___________________________________________________________________________

e.

___________________________________________________________________________

f.

___________________________________________________________________________

g.

___________________________________________________________________________

Placean"H"beforemonthswhereswinemarketpricesaretraditionallyhigherandan"L"before_
monthswhenswinemarketpricesaretraditionallylower.
______a.

February

______d.

July

______b.

April

______e.

August

310G45

______c.

May

______f.

November

310G46

19.

Describefactorstoconsiderwhenplanningfacilitiesforswine.
a.

Housingfacilities:___________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
b.

Feedingandwateringequipment:________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
c.

Handlingfacilitiesandequipment:_______________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

310G47

SWINEMANAGEMENT
AG310G
ANSWERSTOTEST
1.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

1
5
9
7
17
16

g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.

14
18
4
11
6
15

m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.

3
2
8
13
10
12

2.

Toanalyzemanagementdecisions;Todetermineprofitabilityofenterprise;Toidentifysuperior
breedingstock;Asabasisforfuturedecisionmaking

3.

Answershouldincludeanythreefromthefollowingineachcategory:
Breedingrecords:Dategiltorsowisbred;Nameornumberofboarused;Identificationofsowor
gilt;Numberofrebreedingattempts,ifnecessary
Productionrecords:Sizeoflitteratbirth;Sizeoflitteratweaning;Litterweightatbirth;Litter
weightatweaning;Earnotchingormarkingoflitter;Averagedailygain;Feedefficiency;Carcass
traits
Feedrecords:Kindofrationorrationsfed;Amountofrationfed;Costoffeedpurchased
Laborrecords:Hoursofselflabor;Dateandhoursofpaidlabor;Rateperhourofpaidlabor
Completeenterpriserecords:Cashincome;Expenses;Beginningandclosinginventory;Overhead
costs;Deathlosses

4.

Answershouldincludefourofthefollowing:Purebredbreeding;Crisscrossing;Crossbreeding;
Upgrading;Inbreeding;Linebreeding

5.

Descriptionshouldinclude:
Increaseinlittersizeatbirthandweaning;Increaseinlitterweightsatbirthandweaning;
Improvedmotheringability;Increasedfeedefficiency;Increasedaveragedailygain;Better
performanceandconstitution;Greaterresistancetostressanddisease

6.

a.

b.

7.

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

C
P
C
P
C

f.
g.
h.
i.

8.

Alfalfa;Sweetclover;Ladinoclover;Bluegrass;Redclover

9.

a.
b.
c.

4
1
3

d.
e.

5
2

10.

a.

24

b.

.70

C
P
P
C

c.

j.
k.
l.
m.

P
P
C
C

c.

.60

d. 1

310G48

d.

12

e.

.60

f.

.50

310G49

11.

Crossbreeding;Selection;Improvedmanagementpractices

12.

Swinediseasesandparasitesareresponsibleforlossesamountingtomillionsofdollarsannually;
Onlyaboutonethirdofthefarrowedpigsgrowoutashealthypigs(Onethirddiebeforeweaning;
Onethirdarestuntedorunprofitablebecauseofdiseaseorparasites);Sanitationismostimportant
factorincontrollingdiseasesandparasites;Diseaseandparasitefreebreedingstock;Rotated
legumepastures;Cleananddisinfectedhouses;Balancedrationsfortifiedwithvitaminsand
antibiotics;Somediseasesandparasitesmustbecontrolledbyvaccinationandmedication

13.

Answershouldincludefourofthefollowing:
Supplementssow'smilkjustpriortoweaning;Morepigssavedperlitteratweaning;Healthier
pigsatweaning;Greaterlitterweightatweaning;Providesabalanced,fortifiedpreweaning
ration

14.

Explanationshouldincludethefollowing:
Preparationoffacilities:Thoroughlycleannurseryatleast7daysbeforeweaning;Disinfectall
surfacesandletdry;Eliminatefloorleveldraftsbyenclosingareawithplywood,sheetmetal,etc.;
Placeheatsourceoversleepingarea;Maintainfloorleveltemperatureat8085oF;Provide1
feederholeforevery4or5pigsweaned;Provide1watererforevery2025pigs;Provide2to3
squarefeetofroomperpig
Atweaning:Penbysizeorlitter,butnotover25pigsperpen;Donotmixolder"tailenders"
fromlastbatchwithnewpigs;Limitfeedconsumptionduringfirst48to72hours;Include
antibioticssupplementsinfeeds

15.

Answershouldincludefiveofthefollowing:Feedhandlingsystem;Manuredisposalsystem;
Slottedfloors;Insulation;Ventilation;Heatingequipment;Coolingequipment;Wateringsystem

16.

Descriptionsshouldincludekeypointsfromthefollowing:
SalesAuctions:Publicauctionprovidingopenbiddingonswinebymeatprocessorsandother
swineproducers;Sellsbreedingstockandfeederpigsaswellasotherlivestockspecies
Terminalmarkets:Publicstockyards;Commissionfirmspurchasehogs;Selltomeatpacking
plants;Centrallylocatedandaccessibletolargenumberofswineproducers,usuallyinmorethan
onestate
Interiorpackingplants:Meatpackingplantspurchasingmarketswinedirectlyfromproducers;
Locatedinsmallertowns;Accessibletoasmallernumberofswineproducers

17.

Answershouldincludesevenofthefollowing:
Donotfeedhogsheavilybeforeshipping;Allow31/2squarefeetper200poundanimal;Clean
truckbeforeloading;Usesandforbeddinginhotweather,strawincoldweather;Separateheavy
fromlighthogsbeforeshipping;Wetorsprinklehogsduringhotweather;Removeallprotruding
boltsandnailsfromloadingchute;Havesturdy,wellconstructedloadingfacilities;Handlehogs
quietlyandwithcare;Donotbruiseswinewhileloading;Donotshipswinewithotherkindsof
livestock;Eliminatedraftsduringshipping;Avoidsuddenstopsduringshipping

310G50

18.

a.
b.
c.

H
L
L

d.
e.
f.

H
H
L

19.

Answershouldincludeinformationfromthefollowing:
HousingfacilitiesSpacerequirements:Toofewpigsincreasesperpigoverheadcostsand
reducesprofits;Toomanypigs:Tailbiting;Cannibalism;Reducegain;Increasedfeed
requirements;Gastriculcers;Stress;Ventilationrequirements:WinterRemovemoistairbefore
dampnesscondensesoncoldsurfaces;SummerRemoveheatgeneratedbyanimals;Allseasons
Minimizeodor;Wastedisposal:Storage;Removal;Disposal
FeedingandwateringequipmentKeepfeedlevelslowinselffeeders;Floorfeedingcloseto
sleepingareaencouragescleanliness;Liquidfeedingminimizesdustandwaste;Watersystems
Onewatererforeach20pigs;Atleast2gallonsofwateradayperpig
HandlingfacilitiesandequipmentLoadingpensandchutes;Handlinggatesandhurdles;Holding
facilities;Breedingfacilities(ifneeded);GatesWoodormetal