Measuring The Online Popularity of Solutions Focused News On The Developing World

Measuring
the online popularity of

solutions focused news about the
developing world

Las Clemente Pereira
laisclep@gmail.com

A dissertation in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master in International
and Online Journalism

School of Arts & Media
University of Salford

March 2015
List of contents
1) Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 3
2) Abstract ................................................................................................................................ 4
3) Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5
a) Analysing media negativity .................................................................................................... 5
b) Consequences to the public: the danger of a single story ............................................ 6
c) Why does the media focus on the negative? ...................................................................... 7
d) Why do we like problem-focused news? ............................................................................ 9
e) Proposals for the portrayal of the developing world ..................................................... 9

PART I: LITERATURE REVIEW
4) Attempts to balance the negativity bias ................................................................. 12
a) Constructive News ................................................................................................................... 12
i) Writing techniques ................................................................................................................................ 12
b) Peace Journalism ..................................................................................................................... 13
i) Choice of words ...................................................................................................................................... 14
ii) Newsgathering: beyond the 5Ws and H ..................................................................................... 15
iii) Reporting on peace plans ................................................................................................................ 15
c) Solutions Journalism ............................................................................................................... 15
i) Elements of a Solution story ............................................................................................................. 16
d) Industry experiments ............................................................................................................. 16
i) DR News ..................................................................................................................................................... 16
ii) Guardians Global Development ..................................................................................................... 17
iii) New York Times Fixes column ...................................................................................................... 17
e) Engaging audiences in the digital world .......................................................................... 18

PART II: EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
5) Audience preferences on news from developing countries ............................ 22
a) Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 22
i) Crafting the survey ................................................................................................................................ 22
ii) Participant recruitment ..................................................................................................................... 23
iii) Sample ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
iv) Crafting the headlines ........................................................................................................................ 24
b) Findings ....................................................................................................................................... 24
i) Which articles did respondents choose to read? ..................................................................... 24
ii) Which headlines would respondents share on social media? ........................................... 27
iii) What determined respondents reading choices? .................................................................. 28
iv) Positive impact ..................................................................................................................................... 29
v) Negative impact ..................................................................................................................................... 30
vi) Perceived reliability ........................................................................................................................... 31

PART III: CONCLUSION
6) Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 34
7) Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 38
8) References ........................................................................................................................ 45

1) Acknowledgments
I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Seamus Simpson, for the assistance
throughout this process. I am also truly thankful to Catherine Gyldensted, for her
insights and vital support in the initial stages of this dissertation.

I would like to thank Deniges Maurel Regis Neto, who helped me make sense of the
academic world. I am grateful for the people who took the time to answer the
survey present in this dissertation, especially the ones who were curious enough to
contact me to learn more on the theories behind this research. I am thankful to my
family and friends, and eternally grateful to the people I met in my travels, which
have and still are helping me question my own cultural stereotypes. I dedicate this
work to Sonia Maria Pereira, the most avid consumer of news I have ever seen. May
she have a daily diet of more complex and balanced representations of the world.

2) Abstract
When the subject is online news from developing countries is the jargon 'If it
bleeds it leads' still valid? Recent studies show that of the five most negatively
portrayed regions by international media, four are in the developing world. Is
this negativity bias sustained by audiences interest? This study investigates the
reception and popularity of theories and techniques that aim to balance this
negativity bias. Through analysis of existing literature, this study presents the
concepts of Constructive News, Peace Journalism and Solutions Journalism.
These theories are analyzed in order to determine whether and how they can
help journalists portray positive achievements in the developing world.

To evaluate the extent of interest on these theories, 138 participants completed
an online survey. Participants choose between two different headlines on the
same topic. One of the headlines was crafted to highlight the problem at hand
and the other to analyze a possible solution. Topics regarded social issues in
Brazil, Sierra Leone and Syria.

Results point to an expressive interest in reading articles with a solution focus
headline than articles with headlines focused on problems. An even bigger
number of participants chose to share headlines that focused on solutions,
especially from the male sample.

Media professionals have an important role on shaping how audiences see the
wider world. This study expands current research on the theories mentioned,
proposing their application as a complement for a more balanced coverage of
developing nations.

4 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

THE DEVELOPING WORLD

3) Introduction
a) Analysing media negativity
If it bleeds, it leads. Only bad news counts as news. There are many jargons that
take into account a negativity bias in the media. They convey a theory that is
corroborated by numbers: Levine (1977), for example, studied evening
television newscasts. He wanted to find out whether the news programmes were
provoking so called learned helplessness, a mental state in which the viewer
becomes unable or unwilling to avoid subsequent encounters with those
stimuli, presumably because it has learned that it cannot control the situation
(Nolen, 2014, para.1). Analysing the stations CBS and NBC, Levine, (1977, p.100)
found that such phenomenon occurred 71% of the time.

Decades later, modern researchers also find a tendency to problem reporting in
news. Roland Schatz, founder and CEO of the media research institute Media
Tenor have found that "up to 60% of all news stories deal with problems and
things that are wrong, depending on the country and the media" (as cited in
Haagerup, 2014, p.16).

When the subject is the developing world, it seems news media companies have
an even bigger tendency to focus on problems. As Deborah Doane, director of the
World Development Movement describes: "Usually issues with the global South
only come to the attention of the media when there's war, famine, when there's a
crisis, absolute mayhem or terrorism." (IDS, 2012a, 0:04).

Another report by Media Tenor (Motshekga & Thomas, 2015, p.11) found that
the coverage of all continents, including North America and Western Europe, has
been mostly negative. However, four out of the five regions with the most intense
negative focus are part of the developing world, as the following graphic shows:
(Motshekga & Thomas, 2015, p.11)
MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 5

DEVELOPING WORLD

Motshekga and Thomas (2015, p.7) also observed that inside each continent,
"the international focus has primarily been on countries marred by socio-
political problems, e.g. Zimbabwe and Sudan, which contributed for the overall
negative portrayal of regions.

For journalist Jon Snow, the worry is not only regarding the negativity of the
reports, but also the depth in which those issues are treated: "Most news
bulletins will give a story like Somalia two minutes maximum and maybe a
minute of just distended bellies and bones of dead camels. It doesn't really lead
to a wider understanding of what's going on" (IDS, 2012a, 6:09).

It is not only media professionals that perceive this tendency. In a research
conducted in the UK by Edge, Morris and Smith (2006, p.6), participants
discussed their impressions on TV programs and documentaries about the
developing world. Respondents felt that the media was "to be largely responsible
for peoples overwhelmingly negative image of the developing world." Edge,
Morris and Smith (2006, p.6) found that "there was a very strong sentiment
across the sample that these countries are portrayed in too negative a light."
"While we know that the London suicide bombings do not define the UK,
journalist Jonathan Dimbleby writes, we are prone to suppose that Asian and
African disasters tell us all we know, and all we need to know, about the
developing world." (Edge, Morris & Smith, 2006, p.1)

b) Consequences to the public: the danger of a single story
There is no doubt that problem-focused news is important and that audiences
need to be informed about problems in order to make better informed decisions.
But are media professionals helping create in audiences a realistic picture of the
world?

Hans Rosling and his foundation Gapminder make every year surveys to evaluate
how much people know about the current situation of the world. Most people
understand the world by generalizing personal experiences which are very
biased", he says (Hillman, 2013, 7:13). A survey Gapminder (2013, para.6)
conducted in the UK asked the question: "What % of adults in the world today
are literate, i.e. can read and write?" The correct answer is 80% of adults, which
was chosen by 8% of Brits. When the sample is narrowed down to respondents
with a university degree, the number of correct answers falls to 4%. The study
also showed an unrealistic view of long-term trends. 58% of respondents believe
that the proportion of the world population living in extreme poverty has
increased in the past 30 years, when in fact it has decreased. 10% of respondents
got the answer right. In a documentary shown by the BBC (Hillman, 2013,
44:26), Rosling states, "the common view about the world is out-dated with
several decades. Media have missed to communicate it." He attributes this to the
gatekeeping process of media, which focuses on unusual swift changes without
paying much attention to slow and steady trends. For Rosling, "the danger is that

we, and our politicians, make the wrong decisions if we base them on a false
picture of the world (as cited in Haagerup, 2014, p.19).

Deborah Doane, director of the World Development Movement believes that the
problem-focused media is creating a disconnection between countries in the
developed and developing world. "People are presented with images of
hopelessness, (...) you seldom get issues that would give you the impression that
there are people just like you and I living in most developing countries" (IDS,
2012a, 0:20).

Press negativity seems to have a bigger impact in disengaging younger
audiences. A study conducted by the Associated Press and The Context-Based
Research Group (2008, p.44), indicates a high level of news fatigue of consumers
between the ages of 18 to 34 years old. Participants reported receiving a high
quantity of facts and updates as opposed to back-stories and future stories or
spin-offs. "The irony in news fatigue is that these consumers felt helpless to
change their news consumption at a time when they have more control and
choice than ever before." This state of learned helplessness resulted in a more
passive attitude towards news consumption. Participants weren't actively
seeking news anymore. "The more overwhelmed or unsatisfied they were, the
less effort they were willing to put in" (Associated Press & The Context-Based
Research Group, 2008, p. 43). The study also found that respondents believed
that 'all news today is negative.' Over and over again in the study, the negativity
of news tragedy, crisis, war, terror added to the desire to tune out"
(Associated Press &The Context-Based Research Group, 2008, p.43).

When the subject is international news, Padania, Coleman and Gergiou (2007)
go further. They believe that this fatigue might be driving younger audiences
away from world news all together. A study conducted by them found that young
people between 18 and 25 years old had a hard time relating to world news,
especially from developing countries. It might be lack of interest, but the
accounts they heard "told more of frustration in trying to make sense of the
wider world rather than indifference. A number of them exhibited embarrassed
confusion about world events they felt they ought to know more. (...) Talking to
young people, left us with a strong impression that they want more from the
media than fleeting images, spectacular stories, stereotypical depictions and
narrow visions of global reality" (Padania, Coleman & Gergiou, 2007, p.4).

c) Why does the media focus on the negative?
What sustains this tendency to highlight problems? Why the focus on the
hopelessness? Is it audiences interest? Or are journalists and news media
companies to blame? This chicken or the egg dilemma is most likely a
combination of both. For Danish reporter and researcher Gyldensted (2011), one
of the pillars sustaining this tendency comes from important journalism
coverages: The Vietnam War, the 1970's leak of the Pentagon Papers and the
Watergate scandal. These are all examples of watchdog investigative journalism
at its best: the professionals that worked on those cases managed to expose

DEVELOPING WORLD
wrongdoing and to hold those in power accountable for their actions. Reporters
in Vietnam managed to change the view of the world on the war, showing the
brutality beyond the official military statements. Carl Bernstein and Bob
Woodwards work started a movement that ultimately brought down a corrupt
government. Since then, their work has been an inspiration for many journalists
not only in the United States, but also in the whole world. But while they had a
positive impact in the craft, there's also an unwanted negative effect. Carl
Bernstein mentioned that one of the downsides of the Watergate coverage was
the deep mistrust in authority, which can make journalists miss the most
important facts: "What happens is you lose context so that if youre covering city
hall and what youre really looking for most of the time is to catch the mayor
saying something thats a little untrue and turning it into a big story when, in
fact, the sewer system of the whole city is falling apart and people cant get their
water and theyre getting poisoned, youre missing the news. And I think thats a
big problem." (as cited in Andres, 2002, para.30).

That also meant that positive pieces of news became, in the eyes of journalists,
synonym of propaganda. In the last decades companies and politicians have
invested greatly in PR and according to Haagerup (2014, p.15). "They also know
that media coverage is both cheaper and more credible to the citizens and try to
influence the stories covered by news media."

The lack of depth in reports from the developing world can be partially
attributed to the media financial crisis. Lack of money makes the deployment of
international correspondents harder. When it is time to choose, news companies
rather concentrate forces in conflict areas and cities with big financial or cultural
influence. As Caroline Nursey, Director of BBC World Service Trust puts it "few
newspapers now and television channels can on the whole afford to have as
many journalists working on international issues. So you don't have people who
are consistently understanding and talking about countries in Africa and in Latin
America. When a disaster occurs they aren't the people who really understand
the situation and can talk about the disaster within that context" (IDS, 2012a,
4:20).

Filmmaker and activist Seja Majeed talks about a reaction that she sees as
common for professionals going on assignment for the first time in developing
countries or in conflict situations: "Sometimes what happens, if they have never
been there before is that everything overwhelms them straight away. So they are
probably more likely to show more negative things, than somebody who has
seen things like that before" (IDS, 2012b, 0:53).

When journalists do arrive on the field, some of the voices of specialists on the
region are the ones of NGOs, who have their own agendas. Speaking specifically
of African countries, Mark Goldring of VSO [Voluntary Service Overseas]
acknowledged the role that NGOs still play in helping the media construct
stereotypes, suggesting that we cant raise money without them." (Edge, Morris
& Smith, 2006, p.13)


Hans Rosling is more emphatic: The Aid-industry should be ashamed of
themselves. They have a clear financial interest in having the media focus only on
the bad stories from Africa. But their picture is manipulated when they try to
make the public ignore the facts, Rosling told members of the European
Broadcasting Union in 2013 (as cited in Haagerup, 2014, p.75).

Finally, with advertising being a major factor in the survival of companies in such
a competitive market, there is a belief amongst media professionals that negative
news is what the audience wants from their news reports. Journalist Charlie
Beckett is a believer that people consume world news in their curiosity of what's
dramatic about the events in the world. So inevitably they will tend to focus on
things like wars and disaster when they are thinking about the rest of the world,
rather than that kind of that long-term story about developments" (IDS, 2012a,
5:02).

d) Why do we like problem-focused news?
Williams (2014, para.9) from Psychology Today explains, "Many studies have
shown that we care more about the threat of bad things than we do about the
prospect of good things. Our negative brain tripwires are far more sensitive than
our positive triggers. We tend to get more fearful than happy." This
predisposition can also be explained from an evolutionary point of view. In the
early years of humanity, Williams (2014, para.8) says, the need for survival
meant "anything novel or dramatic had to be attended to immediately for
survival. So while we no longer defend ourselves against sabre-toothed tigers,
our brains have not caught up."

Another theory is that people like to reaffirm their own ideas of the world. "In
psychology and cognitive science, confirmation bias (or confirmatory bias) is a
tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's
preconceptions, leading to statistical errors." (Science Daily, para.1). This
psychology theory says that people are more prone to search for and recall
information that confirms their own hypotheses or beliefs. So if you associate
developing countries with wars, violence, corruption or poverty, according to
this theory, you will be more likely to read news that reaffirm your belief.

e) Proposals for the portrayal of the developing world
It makes sense that, psychologically, audiences would be drawn into local news
that alerts them of some danger in their neighbourhood, or a road accident in
their route to work. But does that apply to distant countries? Is it true that we
rather have a news diet rich in problem-focused stories about places we have
never been to? If so, why?

This dissertation proposes to measure the popularity of journalism tools that
aim to balance the negativity bias present in the overall news coverage. This will
be put in the context of news from developing nations.


DEVELOPING WORLD
The literature review presents theories and tools from Constructive News, Peace
Journalism and Solutions Journalism to find out if its possible to report on
positive achievements in a way that still honours the standards of good
journalism and respects the watchdog role of news media. The research will
examine interviewing and writing techniques and analyse the players in the
journalism industry and their attempts in balancing the negativity bias on
developing countries in their newsrooms. The literature review will also analyse
the results obtained by these news medium and existing research measuring its
impact and popularity in online audiences.

The empirical research will be based on the knowledge gathered by the
literature review by using the techniques examined. They will be used to craft
headlines on subjects from developing world countries. Respondents interest
will be compared to classical news headlines, which tends to be problem focused.

Even though there are some studies that discuss the psychological impact of
these theories and even begin to evaluate reader engagement, none of them
dedicates solely to the subject of world news on developing countries. This
dissertation proposes to start a constructive conversation on the media
representation of these regions. As most of the negatively portrayed regions in
the world are in the developing world, it seems necessary to seriously consider a
revaluation of the news values for the reporting of these areas. However,
industry efforts will be in vain if there is no audience interest in consuming this
type of news. This information is the main gap in knowledge this study attempts
to fill.

PART I
Literature review

Solutions focused theories,

tools and experiments

DEVELOPING WORLD

4) Attempts to balance the negativity bias
a) Constructive news:
The term constructive news was coined in 2008 in Denmark. This theory wishes
to emphasize that journalism portrays events out of ordinary, "so when most
things work fine, the logic is that news is about things that do not. But who told
us that deviation from the norm is only of interest, when it turns to be negative?"
(Haagerup, 2014, p.47)

To look for constructive stories Haagerup (2014, p.65) advises journalists to not
only think of the past as it happened when print journalism was the main
source of information or the present as it often happens with live TV and
online media. "Constructive news focuses on the future. This gives the Now a
perspective without ignoring the Past, on which the present is based". However,
thinking of a better future doesn't mean ignoring problems or wrongdoing nor
reporting in order to make audiences feel good. Even though journalists should
be looking for ways society is or could be acting to tackle its problems, news
stories shouldn't define solutions, as to not cross the line between newsmaking
and advocacy.

Constructive journalists defend adding to the profession the role of the journalist
as a mediator for solutions: "just as professional journalists can facilitate a public
debate on problems, we can facilitate a debate on how to solve them. And just as
journalists can look for bad examples, we can also look for good examples"
(Haagerup, 2014, p.105).

If news is what deviates from the norm, then there is even more need for stories
that shed light on attempts to embetter societies in developing countries. "The
bigger the problems, the more the need to create meaning for the public by
facilitating a debate on how to deal with those problems." (Haagerup, 2014,
p.107)

i) Interview and writing techniques
Worried about the effects that a surplus of media negativity has on society,
Danish journalist Gyldensted (2011) decided to gather knowledge from Positive
Psychology and adapt it to constructive news. Her study uses four positive
valenced narratives (peak-end narrative, hero narrative, 3-1 positive ratio,
meaningful narrative) and tested them against negative valenced narratives
(classical journalism narrative and victim narrative). In the results, she found
that classic news reporting has a significant emotional impact on readers where
negative emotion grows and positive emotion falters Across conditions, the
negatively valenced classical story negatively impacted mood. (Gyldensted,
2011, p.32)

Another technique analysed by Gyldensted is the meaningful interview, which
explores posttraumatic growth or posttraumatic growth-like experiences. When
conducting it, the journalist should avoid victimizing questions like, Why are

you angry at the mayor? but explore meaningfulness, like What could you do to
change the situation, Have you learned anything meaningful from this conflict
with the mayors office? etc. (Gyldensted, 2011, p.34)

b) Peace journalism
Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung coined the term Peace Journalism in the
1970s. Deriving from theories in Peace and Conflict Analysis, it was only
developed 1997 during a summer school at Taplow Court, UK (Transcend Peace
& Development Network, 1997).

Peace Journalism attempts to alter the coverage of conflicts and wars by
shedding light on non-violent alternatives. Galtung observed that "a great deal"
of conflict coverages resembled Sports Journalism. "There was a focus on
winning as the only thing in a zero-sum game of two parties" (Lynch &
McGoldrick, 2000, p.26).

Peace journalism theory brings a defined understanding of what violence is.
Violence does not only comprise of physical violence. In fact, some forms of
violence dont have any visible effect. Galtung (2000) divides violence in three
types:

Direct Violence: caused by "individuals or groups intending to hurt/kill people"
(Lynch & McGoldrick, 2000, p.9). This type of violence can be seen in beatings,
shootings, rapes, bombings or stabbings.

Structural violence: Galtung (2000, p.6) defines this as a pattern of interaction in
which members of a society enact roles without reflecting on their effects. This is
done because 'everybody does it' (in social space), and 'we always did it that
way' (over time)". For that reason, structural violence can happen even when
there is no conscious intent to harm. Galtung (2000) subdivides structural
violence in two forms. It may be vertical, such as political repression, economic
exploitation and cultural alienation; or horizontal: keeping people who want to
live apart together or vice versa. Other examples of this built in to custom
interaction are excessive material inequality, apartheid, colonialism and
institutionalized racism or sexism (Lynch & McGoldrick, 2000). "Structural
violence may be the frozen direct violence of past conquest and/or repression,
like colonialism, slavery, economic exploitation." (Galtung, 2000, p.2)

Cultural violence: this type of violence is heavily justified by culture. It defines
"violence/war as good, some types of killing as right, even sacred (holy war) and
beautiful (aesthetics of violence/war)" (Galtung, 2000, p.8). Cultural violence is
often used to justify the use of structural and direct violence. It can appear in the
form of xenophobia, religious justifications for war, gender violence or hate
speech. (Lynch, & McGoldrick, 2000)

Therefore, when reporting on the effects of violence, this type of coverage
focuses not only on the count of casualties or material losses. Structural and

DEVELOPING WORLD
cultural effects, which are invisible, are also taken into account. This definition
should bring journalists attention to a conflict much sooner than when shots are
fired. Lynch and McGoldrick (2000) believe that by waiting for an outbreak of
direct violence in order to report, the media risks sending the message that
causing direct violence is the way to get the media's attention to their problem.

Another key element of peace journalism is context. During conflict, Galtung's
table (as cited in Transcend Peace & Development Network, 1997) suggests that
journalists indicate the conflicts deeper connections in time and space. That
means that needs and motivations of all players in a conflict not just the main
ones - must be properly contextualized, as Lynch and McGoldrick (2000, p.31)
explain: "If you exclude everything else you suggest that the only explanation for
violence is previous violence (revenge); the only remedy, more violence
(coercion/punishment)".

i) Choice of words
In the crafting of a news report, Lynch and McGoldrick (2000, p.32) advise
journalists to be mindful with their choice of words, as it may contribute to
further polarization of conflicts. They suggest avoiding the use of demonizing
words such as terrorist; extremist; fanatic or fundamentalist. Instead, use
names groups describe themselves with or more descriptive language such as
"bombers" or "suicide attackers". It is also suggested the elimination of
victimizing words such as devastated; defenceless; pathetic and tragedy.
During interviews, that means that questions asked are not only victimizing, but
should also include "what has been done and could be done by the people. Dont
just ask them how they feel, also ask them how they are coping and what do they
think? Can they suggest any solutions? (Lynch & McGoldrick, 2000, p.31)

Finally, professionals are also advised to only use highly impactful words such as
"genocide", "tragedy", "assassination", "massacre" and qualifying an act of
violence as "systematic" when their use is precise.

Genocide' literally means the wiping-out of an entire people in UN
terminology today, the killing of more than half a million people.
'Tragedy' is a form of drama, originally Greek, in which someones fault
or weakness ultimately proves his or her undoing. 'Assassination' is the
murder of a head of state. 'Massacre' the deliberate killing of people
known to be unarmed and defenceless. Are we sure? Or do we not know?
Might these people have died in battle?
(Lynch & McGoldrick, 2000, p.31)

ii) Newsgathering: beyond the 5Ws and H
One of the basic teachings in journalism, the 5 Ws and H of newsgathering, aims
to make sure that professionals wont forget to discover what happened, who
was involved, where did the event take place, when did it happen, why it
happened and how (Edwards, 2012). Rosemarie Schmidt, of the Conflict

Resolution Network Canada (as cited in Lloyd & Howard, 2004), proposed
changes to this device, adapting it to the work of peace journalists:

Who: Who is affected by this conflict; who has a distinct stake in its
outcome? What is their relationship to one another, including relative
power, influence, and affluence?
What: What triggered the dispute; what drew it to your attention at this
time? What issues do the parties need to resolve?
When: When did this conflict begin; how long have the circumstances
existed that gave rise to this dispute? Where What geographical or political
jurisdictions are affected by this dispute? How has this kind of thing been
handled in other places?
Why: Why do the parties hold the positions they do; what needs, interests,
fears and concerns are the positions intended to address?
How: How are they going to resolve this, e.g., negotiation, mediation,
arbitration, administrative hearing, court, armed warfare; what are the
costs/benefits of the chosen method?
Options: What options have the parties explored; how do the various options
relate to the interests identified?
Common Ground: What common ground is there between the parties; what
have they agreed to so far?
Rosemarie Schmidt (as cited in Lloyd & Howard, 2004, p.56)

iii) Reporting on peace plans
When reporting on a peace treaty, media professionals should question the
sustainability of the plan and whether it contains long-term measures for conflict
resolution. Some of the suggestions by Lynch and McGoldrick (2000) include
investigating the method behind the plan and the extent of acceptability by all
parties involved. They also suggest addressing the long-term sustainability of the
plan, and whether it foresees on-going conflict resolution for the elites and/or
societies involved.

c) Solutions journalism
The main actor in the promotion of this type of journalism is the Solutions
Journalism Network, cofounded by David Bornstein, Courtney E. Martin and
Pulitzer Prize winner Tina Rosenberg (Solutions Journalism Network, n.d.a) to
encourage the production of stories that explore responses to social problems.

Solutions journalism "investigates and explains, in a critical and clear-eyed
way, examples of people working toward solutions. It focuses not just on
what may be working, but how and why it appears to be working, or
alternatively, why it may be stumbling."
(Solutions Journalism Network, n.d.c, para.1)

On their websites and lectures Bornstein clarifies that what he calls solutions
journalism is not advocacy because the organization, company or government

DEVELOPING WORLD
implementing the solutions are not central to the narrative, but the innovative
ideas (Solutions Journalism Network, n.d.c). As it is the case of all types of
journalism discussed in this dissertation, advocates of solutions journalism do
not want to erase the watchdog aspect of journalism. But journalism that fails to
cover responses to social problems provides an inaccurate and biased view of
reality" (Solutions Journalism Network, n.d.d, para.4)

i) Elements of a solution story
Solutions stories should contain most of these elements: the causes of the social
problem to clarify the opportunity for a solution to create leverage and impact
(Solutions Journalism Network, n.d.b, para.2); present and describe a response
to the problem; show evidence of results linked to the response; describe
limitations of the response as "there is no such thing as a perfect solution to a
social problem." (Solutions Journalism Network, n.d.b, para.7); offer insight into
how the world works or a teachable lesson on how it can work better; and have
sources with field experience, not only theoretical knowledge.

One vital element is that throughout the narrative, the solution solving process
must be the main theme. The text also should not read like feel good news.

d) Industry experiments
i) DR News
From 2012, The news division of the Danish national broadcasting corporation
has been adding constructive elements to their journalism programs. "Every day
we wanted to have at least one story which could inspire by focusing on the
things that work or the people, companies or countries who do something out of
the ordinary" (Haagerup, 2014, p.49). To further motivate journalists into
pursuing constructive stories or on adding constructive elements to their craft,
the company has started awarding the best constructive news story.

One of the constructive international stories was made in Beirut in 2005, in the
aftermath of the publication of Muhammad cartoons by a Danish newspaper. The
drawings sparked protests and violent demonstrations in Muslim countries
when newspapers in France, Germany, Spain and Italy reprinted the caricatures.
As a result, the Danish embassy in Damascus was burned down and violent
protests were registered across many Middle Eastern countries (Eriksen, 2010).
"The political reality soon became that the Muslim world hated Denmark and
Danes were in danger everywhere in The Middle East" (Haagerup, 2014, p.79).
The DR news division decided to question the dimension of this hatred. To
address this, they sent a reporter to walk the streets of Beirut carrying a giant
Danish flag, "and absolutely nobody reacted."(Haagerup, 2014, p.79)

One of the elements of constructive news is the defence of the role of the
journalist as a mediator. In a TV special about the conflict in Egypt in the
aftermath of the Arab Spring, correspondent Puk Damsgaard put three
representatives of different opponent groups on a boat on the Nile. The
program further revealed where the opponents, in the aftermath of the Arab

Spring, fundamentally disagree and where future common ground might be

found. (Haagerup, 2014, p.79)

ii) Guardians Global Development
The Guardians Global Development website was created in 2010 with the goal of
tracking the worlds progress on the Millenium Development Goals (Cummins,
2010). In order to do so, it provides a mixture of problem and solution focused
stories on topics such as hunger, gender equality, malaria and aids (Global
development subjects, 2013). It also covers summits and conferences in global
development. Even though the focus is on development worldwide, the main
emphasis is given to developing countries where theres more advance to be
done. One sign of that is a section dedicated solely dedicated to discussing the
challenges and improvements in the worlds least developed countries (Least
developed countries, n.d).

iii) The New York Times Fixes column
In 2010 the New York Times started publishing the column Fixes, written by co-
founders of the Solutions Journalism Network David Bornstein and Tina
Rosenberg. Their weekly columns follow the style and present the elements held
by Solutions Journalism. The column describes solutions in the US, but often
portrays projects in developing countries. The column analyses initiatives in the
US, but often talks about issues in the developing world.

Thought at the beginning authors were worried about finding content for a
weekly column, now Bornstein (2011b, para.8) sees that the task has become
easier. Initiatives portrayed tend to be forward looking: "We usually explore
ideas we believe have potential to grow, as opposed to events that occurred in
the past". For Bornstein (2004, p.5), innovation comes in different levels: There
are those who are driven to pursue change at the national or global level.
But we also need a lens to recognize the heroic efforts that take place in front of
our noses. Social entrepreneurship is not about a few extraordinary people
saving the day for everyone else.

In one of his columns, he writes: some of the greatest advances come from
taking old ideas or technologies and making them accessible to millions of
people who are underserved. (Bornstein, 2011a, para.1)
e) Engaging online audiences
The website Buzzfeed has made its mark of creating content that could go viral.
Among so many posts with pictures of puppies, cats and babies, the headline of
the most shared article in the website's history has none of the above. The article
named "21 Pictures That Will Restore Your Faith In Humanity" (Shepherd, 2012)
was viewed more than 15 million times until 4th of February 2015. It contains
images on subjects such as the group of 200 Japanese seniors who volunteered
to help in the Fukushima nuclear crisis so that young citizens wouldn't have to
take the radiation risks; or the Subway restaurant that distributes free meals for

DEVELOPING WORLD
the homeless. Realising this potential for inspirational stories online, Eli Pariser
and Peter Koechley created in 2012 Upworthy (n.d.a), a website that has viral
online content at its core. Its mission is to draw massive amounts of attention
to content "that educates and inspires while being as rich and compelling as the
best viral videos on the web" (Upworthy, n.d.b., para.6). So far the recipe seems
successful, as two years after launching Upworthy is attracting big audiences in
February 2015 they were 27 million unique views (Quantcast, n.d.).

Buzzfeed and Upworthy, with their numbered lists and adjective-heavy
headlines dont aim to have the depth in their articles suggested by theories in
constructive, solutions or peace journalism. But these websites are an indication
that there is audience for positive stories online. And the recipe for this
popularity doesnt seem to be fully anchored on click baiting using headlines to
cause curiosity to cause web surfers to click. On a post on the blog Upworthy
Insider (2013) entitled What Actually Makes Things Go Viral Will Blow Your
Mind. (Hint: Its Not Headlines Like This.), the websites editors explain that
while they do care about creating a catchy headline, that this is not their secret
for making content go viral. Upworthy posts dont go viral because people click
Upworthy posts go viral because people share (Upworthy Insider, 2013,
para.5).

While this high sharing potential of positive news is not an exclusivity of viral
content focused websites, this phenomenon might not be applicable to old
media. The if it bleeds rule works for mass media that just want you to tune in,
says social psychologist researcher Jonah Berger (as cited in Tierney, 2013,
para.3). They want your eyeballs and dont care how youre feeling. But when
you share a story with your friends and peers, you care a lot more how they
react. You dont want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.

At The New York Times, Solutions Journalism Networks co-creator David
Bornstein is also celebrating good numbers on reader engagement. "What we
have seen is that our Fixes columns make the most emailed list most of the time,
which is very unusual considering that we write about things like malaria,
homelessness and foster care. We are in the most emailed list most of the time.
And often right at the top." On the podcast produced by Albeanu (2014, 4:20) he
continues, "I did a story on how to respond better to children who have trauma
in early childhood programs and it was the most e-mailed story in the NYT, most
facebooked, most tweeted, it was the most shared story in all social medias."

The online version of Deseret News, a newspaper from Utah, United States, has
also seen audience interest in Solutions Journalism stories. The company started
actively searching for and reporting on solutions in 2012. A case study on the
newspaper's rise in readership conducted by Noack, Orth, Owen, and Rennick,
(2013) compared the readership and social media sharing of two news stories on
the similar subjects. The two international subjects that were analysed in the
study can be seen in the graphic below, which identifies the solutions stories in
bold:

(Noack, Orth, Owen, & Rennick, 2013, p.8)

Solutions journalism was the subject of a 2014 study conducted in the United
States by Curry and Hammonds (2014). They analysed the effect of solutions
oriented stories in readers. Participants were invited to read articles on one of
three subjects: traumatic experiences by children in American schools,
homelessness in the United States of America or lack of clothing in India.
Participants that read versions of the article that contained solutions elements
expressed more desire to further learn about the issue than the ones who read
articles that didn't contain solutions elements.

(Curry & Hammonds, 2014, p.4)

The reason for the significant number of shares of positive or solutions oriented
stories might be not exactly in the information, but on what the information says
about the sharer. Jack Shepherd, from Buzzfeed shares his experience (as cited
by Dockterman, 2013, para.17): Anecdotally, I can tell you people are just as
likely to click on negative stories as they are to click on positive ones. But theyre
more likely to share positive stories. What youre interested in is different from

DEVELOPING WORLD
what you want your friends to see what youre interested in. Eli Pariser, from
Upworthy also believes that (as cited by Dockterman, 2013, para.5): You dont
want to be that guy at the party whos crazy and angry and ranting in the corner
its the same for Twitter or Facebook.

The theories and industry experiments in constructive, solutions and peace
journalism will guide the construction of the headlines described in the
methodology section of this dissertation. The studies and field observations from
experts in viral content raise questions that will be tested: is it true that online
news consumers are interested in positive stories? If so, does that apply to news
reports from the developing world? Are they actually interested in sharing these
types of articles on social media? What are the reasons for doing so?

The theories described in this section have been developed in different parts of
the world in different times, hence the different names for them. There are many
other names used to describe what this dissertation will from here on call
solutions focused news. This is done not as a way to create yet another term, but
solely for the sake of simplicity when analysing results.


PART II:
Empirical research

Audience preferences on news from
developing countries


DEVELOPING WORLD
5) Audience preferences on news from developing countries

a) Methods
i) Crafting the survey
In order to better analyse online news consumers choices in news from
developing countries, a survey was created on Google Forms. The goal was to
simulate the choices readers make on a news website front page. Respondents
chose between two headlines on the same subject (one focused on the problem
and the other on a possible solution or positive aspect). The study is comprised
of three of these choice questions in issues in different parts of the developing
world: extreme poverty in Brazil, the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone, and the
conflict in Syria.

When answering the survey participants first read the privacy information,
which stated that any data would be used for academic purposes, and that no
private information would be shared with third parties. Respondents were also
informed that in the study they would be asked to choose (between two
headlines on the same subject) the one they would wish to read. No indication
was made as to what type of manipulation was made on the headlines.

The first questions aimed to gather general data such as gender, age, nationality
and online news reading and social media sharing habits.

After that, users were presented with the headlines. After making their choice,
they were asked to justify their option by choosing from 17 sentences
randomly ordered by the software the ones that guided their choice. The
sentences were crafted based on two studies on news values theories. The first
11 sentences came from Galtung & Ruge (1965). In the following list the value as
written in their research is cited, followed by the sentence crafted for the
purposes of this research:

Bad news: It has a more negative approach to the subject; it makes me aware of
an imminent threat
Conflict: It has more conflict
Consonance: I am more used to reading this type of news
Continuity: It tells me something I have already seen in the media, it's related to
a major story in the media
Meaningfulness: The information is more relevant to my life
Personalization: It makes me feel closer to the characters
Unambiguity: Tells the story in a simpler way
Unexpectedness: It tells me something out of the ordinary
Reference to elite nations: It has more effect on elite nations

For a more updated approach, four sentences were added, all based in the study
by Harcup and ONeill (2001):

Entertainment: It's more entertaining
Good News: It has a more positive approach to the subject; it gives me hope

Surprise: Fresh angle on something I already knew

The researcher added an additional value: credibility. Looking at the headlines
from the perspective of the reader, it was important to measure which headlines
would sound more or less credible or trustworthy. Two other justifications came
from that:

Credibility: It is more informative; it is less biased

After making their choices, participants were asked questions to determine their
impressions on the headlines. They were asked which of the headlines seemed
most and least reliable, which had the most positive and negative effect on them.
After each question, there was space for them to further explain their choices.
Respondents were also asked which article they would share on social media
and why.

ii) Participant recruiting
Participant recruitment was made solely online. The survey was advertised on
Reddit boards, Facebook and LinkedIn groups, forums and Twitter hashtags
dedicated to the discussion of international news or news from the developing
world. No geographical limitations were made, but participants should be
speakers of English of more than 18 years of age and with an interest in world
news. Participants left their e-mail (anonymously) in order to prevent duplicated
responses. As a form of appreciation, participants who also decided to leave their
emails at the end of the study were inserted in a raffle for a 20 Amazon voucher.
The study was not shared in groups, forums or hashtags dedicated to any of the
theories discussed in the literature review, as these participants could be more
partial in their responses.

iii) Sample
An initial sample of 150 respondents answered the online survey. Respondents
that chose less than two headlines were excluded from the sample, resulting in a
total of 138 participants. Respondents from countries that are subject of the
headlines of this study had responses about their own countries discarded (e.g.
Brazilian respondents choices on the headline about Brazil were not considered).
That was done because the focus of this study was to measure preferences in
international stories, and not national ones.

The final sample contained 42 men and 98 women from different parts of the
world, mainly from developed countries in Europe and North America (97
respondents against 41 from developing nations in Latin America, Africa, the
Middle East, South and Southeast Asia). A copy of the survey can be found in the
Appendix section of this dissertation.


DEVELOPING WORLD
iv) Crafting the headlines:

The headlines were crafted based on actual pieces of news. They were purposely
chosen to represent three different regions: Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa
and the Middle East.

Numbers and facts in the news pieces were not altered. However, choices were
made in order to put either the most impactful information on a problem or on a
solution on the headline. All headlines on the same subject were crafted as to
have around the same number of words. More details on how each of these
headlines were crafted can be found bellow:

Extreme poverty in Brazil:
The headline on extreme poverty in Brazil was crafted based on Bedinelli (2014),
reporting for the Brazilian edition of El Pas. Additional context information was
added to both headlines so that the content would be understandable for
international audiences. The solutions focused headline brings to respondents
elements of a Solutions Journalism approach, where the response for a social
problem is the main subject, but challenges of this approach are also mentioned.

Sierra Leone:
The headlines on Sierra Leone received very little modification. Both of them
came from The Guardians Global Development page (Bayoh, 2014; Ebola in
Sierra Leone, 2015). Both of them highlighted the experience of two different
people working closely with the affected by Ebola in Sierra Leone. Both
headlines already had a quote, but the solutions headline was replaced by
another found in the text to better contrast with the problem-focused quote.

Syria:
The headlines on the Syrian conflict were crafted with two main sources: an
article by James (2014) for the online version of the Positive News newspaper
and a news piece by Schatz (2014) for the Mens Journal magazine. The focus of
these two headlines were already really different, with Schatz focusing on the
danger Syrian Civil Defence Workers went through on a daily basis and James
putting emphasis on the nonviolent initiative. As Schatzs headline already
brought the hero perspective to the subject, focusing on the bravery, the same
manipulation was made to the solution-focused headline. Both headlines were
rewritten to highlight the most positive and the most negative valence
information within the articles. The solutions oriented headline brings to
respondents some aspects encouraged by Peace Journalism, as it approaches a
peacekeeping initiative and suggests a coverage of the conflict by relying not
only on official governmental interviewees or sources.

b) Findings
i) Which articles did respondents choose to read?
Results showed a general tendency among participants to read and share the
solutions focused headlines. The data therefore contradicts the statement by
journalist Charlie Beckett (IDS, 2012a) that audiences wish to read what is

dramatic, wishing to read on disasters when the subject is the developing world.
Also contrary to Jack Sheperds beliefs (as cited by Dockterman, 2013)
respondents did not choose to click just as much on PFH as on SFH. Overall, 70%
of respondents choices were for solutions focused headlines (SFH) and 30% for
problem focused headlines (PFH).

Among the headlines, numbers for the story on Ebola in Sierra Leone and the
war in Syria had similar results, with around three fourths of participants
choosing to read articles with solutions focused headlines.

Difference can be seen in the headline on extreme poverty in Brazil, which
divided participants in 58% for the SFH and 42% for the PFH. There is no
previous study to offer an explanation for that, but an hypotheses can be raised:
while Ebola in Africa and the war in Syria have been widely covered by
international media in recent years, the subject of extreme poverty in Brazil
hasnt been in the centre of the medias attention. In fact, the report by
Motshekga and Thomas (2015) showed South America as the region with the
least negative non-domestic coverage. The Solutions Journalism Network (n.d.b)
describes the importance of documenting the causes of a problem, so as to make
clear the need for a solution. The survey data also gives some indications that
respondents were less aware of the problem showed on this headline. Research
participants seldom used the reason "Fresh angle on something I already knew"
to justify their choice for reading either of the Brazil headlines (5% for the SFH
and 2% for PFH). The headlines on Syria and Sierra Leone received this
justification between 10% and 18% of the time. A female participant from the UK
chose the SFH on poverty in Brazil as the less reliable out of all headlines

DEVELOPING WORLD
presented in this study simply because I am unaware of anything in regards to

this topic.

Participants that declared having an interest in stories from the developing
world chose the solutions focused headline 10% more than the ones who
declared not having an interest in the matter (77% and 67% respectively).

Nationality seems to have some influence on respondents headline choices.
While 68% of respondents from the developed world chose SFH, 75% of
nationals from developing countries made that same choice. The justifications
might shed some light as to why this happened: For a Filipino male respondent,
the PFH on extreme poverty in Brazil seemed the less reliable out of all headlines
in the study because he saw it as a way to only to gain 'clicks' on the news
website. The headline also had the most negative impact on him: There is
dignity even in poverty so personally, I don't like it when poor people are
objectified. A Brazilian female argued that the PFH headline on the Syrian
conflict had the biggest negative impact because it gave her less hope to help
people. The PFH on the Syrian conflict also had the most negative impact on one
Pakistani male respondent because it depicts a hopeless, defeated mentality and
a disappointingly negative attitude. All of these respondents chose to read the
SFH of the subjects mentioned.

Choice of what to read by gender also showed disparity with men and women
having a 10% difference on what they would like to read. 77% of mens choices
were for solutions oriented headlines. Women made the same choice 66% of the
time. The discrepancy becomes wider when the question is which headline to
share on social media. While 25% of women decided to share a problem focused
headline, they were divided on which headline to share. The male sample,
however, chose 100% to share solutions oriented stories, with an impressive
percentage of them opting for the Syrian solutions focused headline.

PFH = Problem-focused headline SFH = Solution-focused headline

ii) Which headlines would respondents share on social media?

The study supports Jack Sheperds observation (as cited by Dockterman, 2013)
that online newsreaders are more likely to share solutions focused stories. 81%
of them chose to do so.

PFH = Problem-focused headline SFH = Solution-focused headline

More than half of participants (53%) wished to share the SFH on the Syrian
conflict. Reasons for this choice generally highlighted how the headline was
inspiring or how it made respondents feel hopeful. A female Romanian
respondent made this choice in the belief that the headline offers insights into
aspects that are not usually portrayed in the media when it comes to the Syrian
war. A male respondent from the UK saw on the headline an alternative to
militarism: It's an article that shows how ordinary people are making a
difference in Syria without becoming soldiers. This wish to inform others that
there are peacekeeping initiatives in conflict parts of the Arab world might have
a relationship with the study by (Motshekga & Thomas, 2015). Their report
found the Middle East as the region mostly portrayed in a negative light by
international media. That could indicate a tendency that the more negative a
region is portrayed, the more online users wish to let others know of positive
achievements or initiatives.

In the survey, all participants were encouraged to choose one headline they
would like to share on their social media accounts, whether they declared
normally doing so or not. 92% of respondents that usually share news stories on
social media chose to share the solutions focused headline. Out of the non-
sharers, the choice is still for the SFH, though the gap was narrower. The data
strongly confirms the ideas of social psychologist researcher Jonah Berger (as
cited in Tierney, 2013) as respondents wished to share contents with positive
angle. This can be seen as the wish from respondents to be seen by their social
media circles as more positive. Under the light of Bergers statement, the
disparity between the two groups can be seen as the result of a process:

DEVELOPING WORLD
respondents who share news online already know what type of news will be
more noticed by their followers. Respondents who never share news online did
not go through this learning process, thus not having such a clear sharing
tendency.

iii) What determined respondents reading choices?
Respondents were encouraged to justify each of their choices based on a
randomly ordered range of justifications. The choices for the solutions focused
headlines were most commonly justified by the statement "it has a more positive
approach to the subject" (22%) and it gives me hope (16%).

These headlines also made respondents feel closer to the characters", since they
used this justification for 13% of the time. While in the study by the Associated
Press & The Context-Based Research Group (2008) negativity made research
participants want to tune out, here headlines associated with positivity and hope
were more successful in bringing respondents closer to the characters. PFH
received this justification 9% of the time.

Hope and positivity were in fact two characteristics strongly associated with the
solutions focused headlines. Problem focused headlines were chosen for that
reason respectively 2% and 0% of the time. SFH were also chosen more often for
having a fresh angle on stories readers had already heard of (12% for SFH and
7% for PFH).
For the problem-focused headlines, the most often used justification was "it is
more informative" (20%). 13% of the time, the justification used was that the
headline "tells the story in a simpler way". Simplicity was largely associated with
these headlines as SFH received this justification 4% of the time.

Problem focused headlines were valued for making respondents aware of a
threat and for having more conflict. These were linked to PFH 10% and 12% of
the time, respectively. Awareness of a threat was used 3% of the time to justify a
choice for a SFH and conflict was not used at all.

While positivity was the most noted and valued characteristic of the solutions
headlines its opposite, negativity, didn't receive the same value for either types
of headlines. Negativity was the 6th most used justification, used 8% of the time.
Positivity was used 22% of the time for solutions headlines. Naturally, positivity
was not used as a reason to choose a PFH and negativity was not associated with
SFH.

Regardless of focus, headlines were considered equally relevant to respondents
lives, being chosen 2% of the time for that reason. There were also no big
differences in the perception of biases. When choosing between headlines on the
same subject, solution headlines were chosen for being the less biased 3% of the
time, against 2% of the problem headlines.

iv) Positive impact
Participants were also asked to indicate which of all six headlines in this study
had the strongest positive and negative impact on them. In total, 95% of
respondents chose a SFH has the one with the highest positive impact on them.
66% of respondents chose the solutions focused headline on the Syrian conflict
as having the highest positive impact. A Pakistani male respondent found
inspiration: It gives me hope that the world is not out of kind people yet; there
are still those out there who are willing to sacrifice even their lives to save
others. Heroic and inspiring! Some justifications also mentioned respondents
awareness of a media negativity bias on the subject, like this American woman:
It's good to know that people are working to protect each other in a country I

DEVELOPING WORLD
mostly hear of as war torn and divided. American press coverage of developing
nations is often focused on the bad, so I tend to see positive articles as more
informative.

The explanations for this choice often mentioned how it was inspirational and
out of the ordinary, which is cohesive with the popularity of the most read article
on Buzzfeed, "21 Pictures That Will Restore Your Faith In Humanity" (Shepherd,
2012). Just like the article, the Syria SFH also suggests that the reader will find
stories of ordinary people doing admirable things.

PFH = Problem-focused headline

SFH = Solution-focused headline
v) Negative impact
Negative impact followed the opposite trend. 90% of respondents chose a PFH as
the one that had the strongest negative impact on them. However, the answers
were more divided between the PFHs. 34% of respondents chose the story on
the Syrian conflict. This headline gave a Dutch female respondent the impression
of a hopeless scenario: the article basically says that everyone is in danger of
death. Another female respondent from Romania felt negatively impacted from
what she calls graphic descriptions of death in the headline.

The headline that most negatively impacted 31% of respondents was the PFH on
the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone. An American male respondent justified his
choice: Deeply concerning, feels like it could happen in the developed world too
if things got bad enough. A Brazilian woman classified the headline as a coward
vision of the crisis, aiming to spread panic. The data found in this research
agrees with the findings from (Gyldensted, 2011) that negative valenced stories
negatively impact readers mood.

Even though expressing deep impact by the headline, none of the respondents
mentioned chose to read or share the headline that most negatively impacted
them. These three respondents are far from isolated cases in the sample. In fact,
21% of participants chose to read the article with the headline they said had the

strongest negative impact on them and only 4% of participants decided to share

the headline that had the strongest negative impact on them.

Positivity, however, seems to be linked to reading and sharing choices. The data
supports the high sharing tendencies of solutions journalism articles on the
Deseret News website and the New York Times Fixes column. 84% of
respondents chose to read the headline that had the strongest positive impact on
them. 49% of respondents chose to share the headline that caused the most
positive impact.

vi) Perceived reliability
Overall, solutions and problem-focused headlines were seen as equally reliable.
55% of respondents chose a SFH as the one they perceived as more reliable
against 45% for PFH. There was a tie between three headlines as the most
reliable of the six. The SFH on Ebola in Sierra Leone, the one on poverty in Brazil
and the PFH on the Syrian conflict were each chosen as the most reliable
headline by 20% of participants.

One of the common justifications participants gave for their choices was the use
of data. It was the case of a Romanian female respondent, who chose the SFH on
Brazil: I find more reliable the ones that show data to support their claims,
especially if the data comes from sources considered reliable, such as the UN. But
at the same time, I wouldnt call unreliable the personal story of the nursing aid.
Another reason to attribute reliability to a source was if participants had seen
other news reports on the subject with the same focus or if the writing style was
similar to news companies they already consider reliable. A British male
participant chose the PFH on Sierra Leone because it sounds like the type of
headline by the Guardian or Telegraph, respected journalists.

PFH = Problem-focused headline

SFH = Solution-focused headline

The division as the least reliable was exactly 50-50 between PFHs and SFHs. The
two Brazil headlines were seen as the least reliable out of the six. This can also
be attributed to the fact that, as stated above (see page 25, paragraph 3) the

DEVELOPING WORLD
subject is new for the general public. Justifications for finding an article least
reliable were many: some highlighted that quotes and data sounded exaggerated.
Another reason was a hidden agenda either by political parties or by
organizations: one American man chose the PFH on Brazil because he felt
reading a press release by a political group asking for money, not news.
Another American man was suspicious of the use of the word welfare: Welfare
where I am from tends to be a politically charged word, so I tend to assume an
article mentioning it may have a hidden political bias to it. Overall, justifications
for this seemed to depend heavily on personal perceptions.

PART III:

Conclusion


DEVELOPING WORLD
6) Conclusion
The findings in this study strongly support the hypothesis that online news
audiences have an interest in reading about positive advances from developing
nations. Respondents, who are consumers of online news from different parts of
the world, demonstrate a preference in reading more on these headlines than
others on the same subject, but focusing on the problem.

Respondents associated solution-focused headlines with positivity and hope.
More respondents declare that these headlines makes them feel closer to the
characters, which gives an initial indication that this could be a way to build
audience empathy toward developing world issues.

Results show a tendency of the target audience consumers of online news, with
interest in news from developing countries of being more interested in reading
on potential solutions compared to the whole sample. It also points that readers
that are used to sharing news online will opt to share news stories with positive
statements or achievements in larger numbers than those that dont share news
online.

Even though the qualitative data from the research shows a sample that is aware
that the media plays a role in the negative portrayal of developing nations,
participant reactions to the solutions focused headlines were of surprise. Such
behaviour suggests that even though interested, respondents are not used to
reading news headlines that highlight positive achievements on the developing
world. They sense they are not being told something, though they seem to not
know what that something would be.

It is not the intention of this study to undermine the need for classical reporting
nor problem focused news. In fact, in this study they were associated with some
of journalisms core values, being considered informative and simple.

However, the literature review of this study points at Constructive news, Peace
Journalism and Solutions Journalism as useful tools for reporting societies
positive achievements without being qualified as in the case of this surveys
respondents as propaganda, activism or feel good news. In fact, participants
saw solution and problem-focused headlines as equally credible.

By analysing these different theories, tools and industry experiments dedicated
to balance a negativity bias in the media, this study has found more similarities
than differences between them. However, they all have different areas of
concern. Peace Journalists are concerned with news coverage of conflicts that
might justify or encourage the use of violence; Solutions Journalists are engaged
in shedding light in initiatives that are having success in tackling social
problems; and constructive journalists whish to add the facilitator and mediator
function for journalists in public debates, to help society come to its conclusions
on how to better correct itself.


Even though the study brings some significant findings, it had some limitations.
The idea behind the survey was to simulate the environment of news websites,
but it did not simulate a key aspect of the digital world: complete anonymity.
How much did the fact that respondents were being watched (by the researcher)
influence the responses? Even though the online space has younger audiences, it
would be interesting to compare the data across ages. However, as the sample
was largely between the ages of 18 and 34, it wasnt possible to perceive clear
trends. Another limitation came from the platform used, Google Forms. Although
really useful, it did not offer the possibility to present headlines at a random
order. How much does it affect the results the fact that the whole sample read
the headlines in the same order? Scarcity of time and resources also made the
difference when recruiting participants, as it made the task of finding groups that
could have consumers of online news more time consuming.

This research raises questions that require more investigation. Nationals from
developing nations choose solution-focused headlines more often than
respondents from the developed world. Further research is needed in order to
better establish this tendency. This is specially interesting as the theories and
tools analysed in this study could have a beneficial impact in societies going
through similar problems and could help strengthen South-to-South relations.

It would also be interesting to find out about regional interests. Where is there
more interest for reports on international positive achievements? This study
showed a disparity in the wish to know more about advances from a region that
though is part of the developing world, has not received a largely negative
coverage of news media lately. In other words: in order to wish to be informed
about responses to a problem, do audiences wish to first have extensive
knowledge on the problem? Is there a link between how negatively a region is
portrayed and the wish of users to share positive content?

The results from the empirical study also showed data on gender that could not
be explained by existing literature. Why were men more interested in solutions
focused news? And why almost the totality of male participants decided to share
the solution-focused headline on Syria?

This study used a sample of consumers of online news. Would data be similar for
other mediums such as television, radio or print?

Journalism is good in reporting what is wrong with the world and holding those
in power accountable. But this study suggests that news companies and
professionals are not doing a very good job in portraying the other half of the
story: thorough investigations on how these problems could be solved and
shedding light in existing advances. As we have seen in the introductory part of
this dissertation, developing world news tends to be negative. It is the default
mode through which journalists execute their craft when looking at these

DEVELOPING WORLD
regions. So in order to also report on world events that are having a positive
impact, journalists will need to be educated. In the same way journalists are
trained to effectively identify what is not working in society, they need to be
trained on how to spot the other end of the spectrum. The theories portrayed in
this study provide techniques for looking for stories, newsgathering,
interviewing and storytelling that should have a space in the curriculum of
journalism universities.

By drawing from the knowledge of peace and conflict analysts with ground
experience, early and mid career journalists can have a more realistic view of
conflicts. It can help them better access the effects their reporting might have on
conflicts. From the experience of Solutions Journalists, professionals can be
armed with tools to put innovative ideas on the spotlight, showcasing its positive
aspects and challenges. Finally, by adapting knowledge from positive psychology,
journalists can have a better idea on how to balance the negative psychological
effects their reports can cause on readers.

Our current globalized society cant afford to know about the global south only
through fleeting images of poverty, violence and tales of corruption. In our
complex and intricate economies and multicultural societies, an epidemic in an
African country might spread to other parts of the world. An initiative that is
having good results in tackling poverty in Brazil might help alleviate the same
symptoms in other parts of the world. Highlighting and analysing non-violent
initiatives for a conflict might give alternatives to societies in the same situation.
It might even engage audiences in urging their governments to support
peacekeeping initiatives abroad instead of violent ones. The subjects used for the
crafting of the headlines presented in this study are far from being unique. If
journalistic investigation on Watergate was successful at bringing wrongdoing to
the spotlight, ultimately starting a movement that ended with the resignation of
a corrupted administration, then what could the uncovering of constructive ideas
and successful initiatives do for society?

This studys significance lies on the effort in bringing the discussion of news
negativity bias to the context of the portrayal of the developing world. It suggests
that by focusing on negative as well as on positive achievements in developing
nations, news companies can help break regional stereotypes and foster a much-
needed sense of complexity to world issues. This study also gives arguments for
media professionals to start digging for these types of stories. They not only have
the potential for being interesting, relevant content. If done right, they can
potentially help increase and engage audiences online.

This study was made in an English speaking country for a reason. It is nave to
believe that a news piece on a website in the UK, in the US, or in any English
speaking country will have its audience solely composed by its compatriots. In
the digital world, everything that is reported in a global language has the
possibility of impacting a wider audience. That is due not only to the occasional
international reader, but also journalists in other countries that, for not having

correspondents on the field, resort to quoting international news sources. There

is a great responsibility to our craft. By reporting on the developing world,
English language news companies are not only shaping the view of issues and
nations on their home base. They are also shaping how everyone else sees these
topics. Lets be more conscious on how we do it.


DEVELOPING WORLD
PART IV:
Appendix

Additional texts



7) Appendix
International online news preferences survey:

DEVELOPING WORLD


DEVELOPING WORLD


DEVELOPING WORLD
PART V:

References

8) References

Albeanu, C. (Producer). (2014, 15 August). How constructive journalism can offer
a more positive approach to news. [Podcast]. Retrieved from
https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/why-constructive-journalism-can-help-
engage-the-audience/s2/a557706/

Andres, D. (2002). Watergate: Thirty Years Later. [Television programme].
Washington D.C.: PBS. Retrieved from:
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/media-jan-june02-watergate_6-17/

Associated Press & Context-Based Research Group (2008). A New Model for
News: Studying the Deep Structure of Young-Adult News Consumption.
Retrieved from: http://rumble.me/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/A-New-
model-for-news.pdf

Bayoh, I. (2014, 2 December). Life on the Ebola frontline: 'Fear is overpowering
even the health workers'. The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-
matters/2014/dec/02/ebola-sierra-leone-health-workers

Bedinelli, T. (2014, 20 September). A busca pelos excludos do Bolsa Famlia
encontra brasileiros invisveis [The search for the 'excluded from Bolsa Famlia'
finds invisible Brazilians]. El Pas Brasil. Retrieved from
http://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2014/09/21/politica/1411258987_199737.htm
l

Bornstein, D. (2004). How to change the world: Social entrepreneurs and the
power of new ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bornstein, D. (2011a, 10 January). A Light in India. The New York Times.
Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/10/a-light-in-
india/?_r=0

Bornstein, D. (2011b, 20 December). Why Solutions Journalism Matters, Too.
The New York Times. Retrieved from:
http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/why-solutions-journalism-
matters-too/

Cummins, J. (2010, 12 October). Talk point: How has our first month been for
you? The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://www.theguardian.com/global-
development/2010/oct/12/talk-point-one-month-on

Curry, A. L. & Hammonds K. H. (2014). The Power of Solutions Journalism.
Engaging News Project. Retrieved from solutionsjournalism.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/06/ENP_SJN-report.pdf


DEVELOPING WORLD
Dockterman, E. (2013, 21 August). How the news got less mean. Time. Retrieved
from: http://ideas.time.com/2013/08/21/how-the-news-got-less-mean/

Ebola in Sierra Leone: 'I am here to help the sick, to cook and give them strength'.
(2015, 9 January). The Guardian. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/09/ebola-
workers-sierra-leone-panlap-community-care-centre-unicef

Edge, L., Morris, V., Smith, J. (2006), Reflecting the real world? How British TV
portrayed developing countries in 2005. London: International Broadcasting
Trust.. Retrieved from:
http://oro.open.ac.uk/4259/1/reflecting_the_real_world_tcm8-6530.pdf

Edwards, H. (2012, 15 August). Hum Edward's video - Gathering news:
transcript. BBC News School Report. Retrieved from
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/071011huw_gathering_news.pdf

Eriksen, L. (2010, 26 February) Danish newspaper apologises in Muhammad
cartoons row. The Guardian. Retrieved from:
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/feb/26/danish-cartoons-
muhammad-politiken-apology

Galtung, J. (2000). Conflict Transformation by Peaceful Means (the Transcend
Method). United Nations Disaster Management Training Programme (DMTP).
Retrieved from:
https://www.transcend.org/pctrcluj2004/TRANSCEND_manual.pdf

Galtung, J. & Ruge, M. (1965). The Structure of Foreign News. Journal of Peace
Research, 2 (1), 64-91. Retrieved from
www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/423011?sid=21106044920963&uid=2&uid=4
&uid=70&uid=2134

Gapminder (2013, 03 November). Highlights from Ignorance survey in the UK.
Retrieved from: http://www.gapminder.org/news/highlights-from-ignorance-
survey-in-the-uk/

Global development subjects (2013, 15 November). The Guardian. Retrieved
from: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/nov/15/global-
development-subject

Gyldensted, C. (2011), Innovating News Journalism Through Positive Psychology.
(Master thesis), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Retrieved from:
http://repository.upenn.edu/mapp_capstone/20

Haagerup, U. (2014), Constructive News: Why negativity destroys the media and
democracy - And how to improve journalism of tomorrow. Copenhagen: InnoVatio
Publishing AG.


Harcup, T & O'Neill, T. (2001). What Is News? Galtung and Ruge revisited.
Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261-280. Retrieved from
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616700118449#.VPtHJmTF8np

Hillman, D. (Director and producer). (2013). Dont Panic The Truth About
Population [Documentary]. London: Wingspan Productions for BBC. Retrieved
from: http://www.gapminder.org/videos/dont-panic-the-facts-about-
population/

IDS (Producer). (2012a). Famine, war and corruption: The british medias
portrayal of the global south. [Online documentary]. Retrieved from:
http://www.ids.ac.uk/news/ids-film-examines-how-british-media-portray-
global-south

IDS (Producer). (2012b). Seeja Majeed interviewed on 'The media's portrayal of
the global south'. [Online documentary]. Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZEjAiTfLpw&feature=youtu.be

James, L. (2014, 17 November). Waging nonviolence in war-torn Syria. Positive
News. Retrieved from
http://positivenews.org.uk/2014/peace_democracy/16636/waging-
nonviolence-war-torn-syria/

Kahneman, D. (2010). Daniel Kahneman: The riddle of experience vs. memory. In
official TED conference 2010. Retrieved from
http://www.ted.com/talks/daniel_kahneman_the_riddle_of_experience_vs_mem
ory?language=en

Least developed countries. (n.d). The Guardian. Retrieved 25 February, 2015,
from http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/least-developed-
countries

Levine, G. F. (1977), Learned helplessness and the evening news. Journal of
Communication, 27: 100105. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1977.tb01863.x

Lloyd, F. & Howard, R. (2004). Gender, Conflict & Journalism: A Handbook for
South Asia. Paris: Unesco Communication & Information Sector. Retrieved from:
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/25368/11897847191Gender_Conflict_and_
Journalism.pdf/Gender%2BConflict%2Band%2BJournalism.pdf

Lynch, J. (n.d.). (1) What is Peace Journalism? Transcend Media Service.
Retrieved 26 February, 2015, from https://www.transcend.org/tms/about-
peace-journalism/1-what-is-peace-journalism/


DEVELOPING WORLD
Lynch, J. (n.d.). (2) Peace journalism for journalists. Transcend Media Service.
Retrieved 26 February from https://www.transcend.org/tms/about-peace-
journalism/2-peace-journalism-for-journalists/

Lynch, J. & McGoldrick, A. (2000). Peace Journalism What Is It? How To Do It?
Transcend Media Service. Retrieved from:
https://www.transcend.org/tri/downloads/McGoldrick_Lynch_Peace-
Journalism.pdf

McGoldrick, A. (2014). The evolving case for peace journalism. (PhD thesis),
University of Sydney, Sydney. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12005

Motshekga M.,Thomas, T. (2015). Africa Growth Report 2015. Rapperswil:
InnoVatio Publishing. Retrieved from:
http://us.mediatenor.com/images/library/reports/Africa_Growth_web_preview
.pdf

Noack, M., Orth, J., Owen, B. & Rennick, S. (2013). A Transformational Journey
Adopting solutions journalism at Utah's Deseret News. Brigham Young University,
Provo.

Nolen J. L., (2014). Learned helplessness. Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved
from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1380861/learned-
helplessness

Padania, S., Coleman, S., & Gergiou, M. (2007). Reflecting the real world 2: How
we connect with the wider world: A report at how UK television and new media
portray developing countries. Retrieved from:
http://www.worldview.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Reflecting-the-
Real-World.pdf

Quantcast. (n.d.). Retrieved 25 February, 2015, from
https://www.quantcast.com/upworthy.com

Schatz, B. (2014, December). The Most Dangerous Job in the World: Syria's Elite
Rescue Force. Men's Journal. Retrieved from
http://www.mensjournal.com/magazine/the-most-dangerous-job-in-the-world-
syrias-elite-rescue-force-20141210

Science Daily (n.d.). Confirmation bias. Retrieved from:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/c/confirmation_bias.htm

Shepherd, J. (2012, 20 June). 21 Pictures That Will Restore Your Faith In
Humanity. Buzzfeed. Retrieved from:
http://www.buzzfeed.com/expresident/pictures-that-will-restore-your-faith-in-
humanity#.jxGxyVBMr


Solutions Journalism Network. (n.d.a) Team. Retrieved 2 March, 2015, from

http://solutionsjournalism.org/about/team/

Solutions Journalism Network. (n.d.b) Ten Questions. Retrieved 6 February,
2015, from http://solutionsjournalism.org/tools/ten-noble-questions/

Solutions Journalism Network. (n.d.c). What is Solutions Journalism? Retrieved 6
February, 2015, from: http://solutionsjournalism.org/about/solutions-
journalism-what-it-is-and-what-it-is-not/

Solutions Journalism Network. (n.d.d) Why SoJo? Retrieved 6 February, 2015,
from: http://solutionsjournalism.org/about/why-solutions-journalism/

TEDGlobal (Producer). (2009), The danger of a single story [video]. Retrieved
from:
http://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story?l
anguage=en

Tierney, J. (2013, 18 March). Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks. The New
York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/2013/03/19/science/good-
news-spreads-faster-on-twitter-and-facebook.html?smid=fb-
nytimes&WT.z_sma=SC_GNB_20130319&_r=4&

Transcend Peace & Development Network. (1997). The Peace Journalism Option.
In Conflict And Peace Journalism. Taplow Court. Retrieved 27 February 2015
from
http://web.archive.org/web/20000822111932/www.poiesis.org/pjo/pjotext.ht
ml

Upworthy (n.d.b). About us.. Retrieved 25 February, 2015, from
http://www.upworthy.com/about

Upworthy Insider (2013, 5 December). What Actually Makes Things Go Viral Will
Blow Your Mind. (Hint: Its Not Headlines Like This.). Retrieved from:
blog.upworthy.com/post/69093440334/what-actually-makes-things-go-viral-
will-blow-your

Upworthy. (n.d.a). Eli Pariser. Retrieved 25 February, 2015, from
http://www.upworthy.com/eli-pariser

Williams, R. (2014, 1 November). Why We Love Bad News More Than Good
News. Psychology Today. Retrieved from:
https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201411/why-we-love-
bad-news-more-good-news


DEVELOPING WORLD

Measuring The Online Popularity of Solutions Focused News On The Developing World

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Measuring The Online Popularity of Solutions Focused News On The Developing World

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Measuring

the online popularity of

4 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

(Motshekga & Thomas, 2015, p.11)

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 5

6 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 7

8 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 9

10 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

Solutions focused theories,

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 11

12 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 13

14 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 15

16 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

Spring, fundamentally disagree and where future common ground might be

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 17

18 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

(Noack, Orth, Owen, & Rennick, 2013, p.8)

(Curry & Hammonds, 2014, p.4)

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 19

20 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 21

5) Audience preferences on news from developing countries

22 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

Surprise: Fresh angle on something I already knew

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 23

iv) Crafting the headlines:

24 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 25

presented in this study simply because I am unaware of anything in regards to

26 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

ii) Which headlines would respondents share on social media?

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 27

28 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 29

PFH = Problem-focused headline

30 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

strongest negative impact on them and only 4% of participants decided to share

PFH = Problem-focused headline

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 31

32 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 33

34 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 35

36 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

correspondents on the field, resort to quoting international news sources. There

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 37

38 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 39

40 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 41

42 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 43

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 45

46 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 47

48 MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT

Solutions Journalism Network. (n.d.a) Team. Retrieved 2 March, 2015, from

MEASURING THE ONLINE POPULARITY OF SOLUTIONS FOCUSED NEWS ABOUT THE 49

Você também pode gostar