Christopher Columbus- born, reared in Genoa, Italy; served Portuguese, believed world smaller than it

actually was; failed to win support of his proposal from Portuguese, turned to Spain, ships: Nina, Pinta, Santa
Maria- reached Bahamas, then Cuba (thought Cuba was China); headed for Caribbean, discovered Hispaniola,
then reached South America. name of New World went to Amerigo Vespucci, a member of a later Portuguese
expedition to the New World who wrote a series of details about the land he visited. Columbus- strongly
religious
Conquistadors- Spanish explorers in the new World, thought of America as a source of wealth, even better than
the real Indies. Spanish claimed The Whole New World, except Brazil (Portuguese).
Hernado Cortez- led people to Mexico. +----------------------------Mayflower Compact-a document that established a civil government and proclaimed their allegiance to the
King. Signed by 41 of the saints Puritan Separatists that came to Plymouth on the Mayflower. Signed because
Plymouth lay outside London Companys territory and they realized they had no legal basis for settling there.
Signed to make it legal. Settled in Plymouth on cleared land that had once been an Indian village.
William Bradford- leader/historian of the Mayflower. Chosen to be governor by the Pilgrims (people of
Plymouth Plantation). As early as 1621, he persuaded council for New England to give them legal permission
to live there. He ended the communal labor plan and distributed land among families.
Pilgrims-(separatists from England began leaving England with out consent from England. Fled to Holland to
worship without interference. Decided to move to New World. King said he wouldnt harass them if they
carried themselves peacefully. Migrating Pilgrims Puritans. September 1620-left from Plymouth, England on
Mayflower. 35 saints puritan separatists and 67 strangers-people who werent members of the Church.
Landed on Cape Code-Plymouth. 1st winter was cold, 12 died/perished from malnutrition. Made Indian friendsSquanto and Samoset.
Massachusetts Bay Colony- Puritans target of Charles I policies-imprisoned for beliefs. Decided to take
advantage of America. Obtained grant from King for land in New England-Massachusetts/New Hampshire. King
unaware they were Puritans. Created Massachusetts Bay Company-brought equipment/supplies. Members:
Puritans saw it more as a business venture. Began creating haven for Puritans in New England. Brought more
Puritans to America. Soon became more of a colonial government.
Puritans- Christians moved to America from England because were direct targets for Charles I-some imprisoned
for their beliefs. Fled to America to take advantage of new opportunities. Obtained large grants. No intention
of breaking away from Church. Serious/pious people-lead useful, conscientious lives, hard work, very holy
John Winthrop- owner chosen by the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Company. He was an affluent, university
educated gentleman with a deep piety and forceful character. Organized the migration of other Puritans that
sailed for New England 1630. 17 ships, 1000 people. Leader of Puritans
Anne Hutchison-intelligent/charismatic. Women from a substantial Boston family. Came to Massachusetts with
her husband. A Part of the community led by John Cotton. Shared Cottons beliefs that only the elect were
entitled to any religious/political authority, living righteous life not enough to be an elect; to be a saint.
Necessary to have undergone a conversion experience. Antagonized leaders of colony-argued that members of
Massachusetts clergy who werent among elect had no right being there. Made many claims about a lot of
clergy members. She was a threat to spiritual authorities. Prevented Winthrops reelection, but the next year,
he took office again. Moved to Rhode Island with followers
Roger Williams- (Rhode Island)-engaging but controversial minister who lived for some time in Salem,
Massachusetts. Believed land belonged to the Indians. Argued that the Massachusetts church should abandon all
allegiance to the Church of England. Called for complete separation of church and state to protect the church
from corruption of the secular world. BANISHED- with followers created the town of Providence. Obtained a
charter permitting him to establish a government.
Half-way Covenant- Conference of ministers instituted this in New England when the problem of unconverted
churchgoers asked if their children should be baptized. (1662)- gave people of the third and later generations
the right to be baptized but not the right to partake of communion or vote in church affairs.
King Phillips War- (1675)- between the whites and the Indians. The Wampanoags rose up to resist English
invasion into their lands. Natives terrorized a string of Massachusetts towns and killing as man as 1000 people.
War weakened both the economy and society of Massachusetts. White settlers fought back and prevailed.
Joint Stock Company- financing model that allowed companies to raise large amount of capital while lowering
risk by diversifying contributed capital among multiple ventures. The joint stock company became a more
viable financial structure than previous guilds or state regulated companies. It is because of joint stock
companies that the colonization and settlement of America was possible.
John Smith- Captain; famous world traveler. Helped those in Jamestown survive the crisis. Became council
president and organized raids on neighboring Indian villages to steal food and kidnap natives. Named Plymouth.

John Rolfe- Experimented with tobacco in Virginia that local Indians had been growing. Produced crops of high
quality and found ready buyers in England. Cultivation spread up and down the James and transformed
Chesapeake society.
Bacons Rebellion- (1676) Virginia- fighting between the white settlers and Indians escalated. Bacon resented
Berkeleys measures to defend against the Indians. Bacon and men set out to attack and defeat the Indians
without Berkeleys approval> Burned Jamestown and drove governor into exile. Part of continuing struggle to
define boundary between Indian and white lands. Most powerful rebellion until the revolution.
James Oglethorpe- Led the first colonial expedition to Georgia. Wanted land to be a buffer between South
Carolina and the Spanish in Florida. Was granted land between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. Feared slave
labor would produce revolts; excluded Africans. Our Perpetual Dictator. Resisted demands of the settlers, but
later grew frustrated with its failure to grow. Gave up all visions.
Pennsylvania, William Penn- Evangelist for Quakerism. Received a valuable grant of land from king in order for
the king pay him back the debts he owed his father. Named the province, Pennsylvania-in name of his father.
Helped create a liberal Frame of Government with a representative assembly. Sailed to America and supervised
the laying out of Philadelphia. Believed that land belonged to the Indians. No major conflicts with the Indians,
looked at as an honest white man.
Congregationalism- form of parish organization in Plymouth and Massachusetts. Chose its own minister and
regulated own affairs.
Harvard and Yale- First American college established in 1636 by general court of Massachusetts at the behest
of Puritan theologians who wanted to create a training center for ministers. College named for Minister John
Harvard, died, left half estate and library to college.
Yale- 1701 conservative Congregationalist dissatisfied with what they considered growing religious liberalism
founded Yale. Named for one of the first benefactors, Elihu Yale- New Haven, Connecticut.
John Edwards- Northampton, Massachusetts. Outstanding preacher of the Great Awakening. Attacked new
doctrines of easy salvation for all. Descriptions of hell could terrify listeners. Sinners came seeking his aid.
Quakers- tremble at the name of the lord. Rejected the concepts of predestination and original sin. Granted
women a position in the Church generally equal to that of men. Most anarchistic and most democratic.
Confirmed pacifists who refused to fight in wars.
Middle Passage- the journey to America (from Africa-to get slaves). Black prisoners were chained in bowel of
ship during journey. Park of the Triangular trade.
Great Awakening- Resulted from colonists beliefs that religious piety was in decline and opportunities for
spiritual regeneration were dwindling. Began in 1730s and reached its climax in 1740s. Believed that the
movement was not purely religious. Created sharp division in the established denominations between New
Light and Old Light ministers. Weakened authority of established churches. Created hostility to traditional
clergy. Made American religion more open and diverse that it had been before.
Town meetings- Meetings held yearly by residents in New England. Met to decided important questions and to
choose selectmen. Adult males were only allowed to participate in the meeting.
Triangular Trade- Transatlantic trade linking North American colonies and England, Europe and the west coast
of Africa. Merchants carried rum and other goods from New England to Africa, exchanged merchandise for
slaves, then transported to the West Indies then exchanged the slaves for sugar and molasses which was
shipped back to New England. Triangular trade was really a maze of highly diverse trade routes
George Whitefield- Powerful open air preacher from England. Made several evangelizing tours through the
colonies. Drew tremendous crowds no matter where he went. Offered people relief from guilty by telling them
that they could atone their sins by admitting them directly to God.
Mercantilism- Theory that any wealth flowing to another nation could come only at the expense of England
itself. Offered benefits to colonies and provided them with a ready market for raw materials produced and a
source for the manufactured goods they did not. England use colonies as a market for trade and for their
exports.
Witchcraft- Adolescent girls began to show strange behavior and leveled accusations of witchcraft. Accused
servants from West Indies. Spread throughout the town of Salem, Massachusetts. Trials ended 1962. Original
accusers of witchcraft later said that they made up the story. Reflection of social strains peculiar to
community. Spread to Puritans- who didnt tolerate women independence.
Benjamin Franklin- Most celebrated amateur scientist in America. Won international fame with experiments of
electricity. Helped found the Academy and College of Pennsylvania.
Salutary Neglect- Undocumented longstanding British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary
laws meant to keep the American colonies subservient to Great Britain.
Albany Plan-1754 Proposed by Ben Franklin. Colonies would retain their present constitutions but would grant
to the new general government such powers as the authority to govern all relations with the Indians. Proposed

when French and Indians were at war. NONE approved. Between New England, New York, Maryland and
Pennsylvania
French and Indian War- 1754-1763- In North America between the English, the French, and the Iroquois.
Established dominance for the English societies throughout the region. Raised tensions in the colonial
relationship
Iroquois Confederacy- most powerful native group. Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. Formed
defensive alliance in the 15th century. Most powerful tribal presence in the Northeast since the 1640s.
Proclamation of 1763- to prevent escalation of fighting that might threaten western trade; British government
issued this to forbid settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along the Appalachian Mountains.
Salutary neglect- Great Britain left colonies alone so they could do it for themselves. Prime minister believed relaxing
conditions would stimulate commerce. England had weak authorities on colonies. Policy of neglect- weakened Englands
hold on the colonies
Albany Plan- colonies were faced with threat from French and Frances Indian allies and decided to have a conference of
colonial leaders with delegates from Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York and New England- meeting in Albany, NY to
negotiate treaty with Iroquois forming colonial federation against Indians. Parliament would set up for America one general
government for all the colonies (except Georgia and Nova Scotia). Each colony would still retain its present constitution.
King would pick the president general of the central government
French and Indian WarIroquois Confederacy- most important Indian group. Consisted of five Indian nations (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga
and Oneida). Had been the most important tribal presence in northeast since 1640s. Had an important commercial
relationship with the British, but still traded with French. Key to remaining independence was to play 2 groups against each
other. Maintained an uneasy balance of power in the Great Lakes region.
Proclamation of 1763- English settlers moved over mountains and west to Ohio Valley. Indians objected and Ottawa chief
Pontiac struck back. British government formed Proclamation of 1763- forbid settlers to advance beyond a line drawn along
Appalachian Mountains. Allowed London to control westward movement of the white population expansion and help it to
happen in an orderly manner. Conflicts with tribes would be limited. End- failed to meet expectations of Indians and whites
still swarmed across boundaries
Currency Act (1764)- Grenville ministry increased authorities in colonies. With the Currency Act it required the colonial
assemblies to stop issuing paper money and to write on schedule all the paper money already in circulation
Sugar Act (1764)- it was designed partly to eliminated the illegal sugar trade between the continental colonies and the French
and Spanish West Indies, raised the duty on sugar (while lowering the duty on molasses, further damaging the market for
sugar grown in the colonies). It also established new vice admiralty courts in America to try accused smugglers- thus
depriving them of the benefit of sympathetic local juries
Stamp Act (1765)- imposed a tax on most printed documents in the colonies: newspapers, almanacs, pamphlets, deeds, wills,
licenses. The taxes hurt everyone.
Patrick Henry- Against the taxes, already famous for fiery oratory and occasional defiance of British authority. Made
dramatic speech to House of Burgesses- concluded with a vague prediction that if present policies were not revised, George
III- might lose his head. Henry introduced a set of resolutions declaring that Americans possessed the same rights as the
English, especially the right to be taxed by their own representatives of Virginia and that Virginians should pay no taxes
except those voted by Virginia assembly.
House of Burgesses
Sons of Liberty- mob of colonists that apposed taxes and decided to take laws into their own hands. In Boston- terrorized
stamp agents and burned the stamps. Mob also attacked British aristocrats. Sons of Liberty- helped organized by Samuel
Adams- also became powerful Its members at times formed disciplined bands of vigilantes who made certain that all
colonists respected the boycotts and other forms of popular resistance.
Thomas Hutchinson- British aristocrat, lieutenant governor. Had privately opposed passage of the Stamp Act, but as an
officer of the crown, he felt obliged to support it once it became in law. Target of mobs- protestors pillaged his elegant house
and virtually destroyed it.
Townshend Acts-Chancellor Townshend took over decisions in England because William Pitt fell ill. Imposed Mutiny
(Quartering Act)- which required the colonists to proved quarters and supplies for the British troops in America. Colonists
more angry that this was mandatory for them to do, they had voluntarily been doing it before. To enforce laws- disbanded
New York Assembly until colonists agreed to obey the Mutiny Act. Signaled out New York that way he would avoid arousing
all colonies at once. The Mutiny Act agreed colonists.
Boston Massacre-soldiers were taking jobs of the colonists. March 5, 1770- crowds began throwing snowballs and rocks at
the redcoats, fighting broke out. Red coats fired first shots and 5 people died (among them mulatto Crispus Attucks). Victims
became popular martyrs and even became the subject of lurid/inaccurate accounts. British soldiers were found guilty of
Manslaughter, colonists convinced soldiers were guilty of official murder.
Circular letter- during Townshend time of power, Massachusetts assembly took the lead in opposing the new measures of
Townshend Acts by circulations a letter to all the colonial governments urging them to stand up against every tax, external or

internal, imposed by Parliament. At first it evoked a little response, then Lord Hillsborough issued a circular letter of his own
from London in which he warned the Massachusetts letter would be dissolved. The other colonies then rallied to support
Massachusetts
Samuel Adams- outraged over the Boston Massacre- most effective radical in the colonies, older than other leaders of
colonial protest. Particularly inclined to view public events in stern moral terms. A failure in business, he had occupied
several political and governmental positions. His real importance was as an unflagging voice expressing outrage at British
oppressants. Spoke freely at Boston Town Meetings, proposed the creation of a committee of correspondence- to publicize
grievances against England became its first leader
Committees of Correspondents- stated by Samuel Adams in order for colonists to publicize their grievances against
England. Samuel Adams was the first leader., It was the start of a loose network of political organizations that kept the spirit
of dissent alive through the 1770s
Letters of a Pennsylvania farmer- a pamphlet published by John Dickinson (a Pennsylvania lawyer) when Townshend
levied his external duties It argued that even external taxation was legal only to regulate trade, not to raise revenue.
Gradually Americans came to learn no taxations without representation. Americans believed that it was their right to only
be taxed with their consent.
Boston Tea Party- British East India Company had large stocks of tea which they couldnt sell. Britain imposed a Tea Act of
1773- which gave the British East India Company the right to export its merchandise directly to the colonies without paying
any of the regular taxes that were imposed on the colonial merchants. Colonists boycotted tea, in last week-decided to keep
ships for entering ports- colonists kept the tea from leaving the companys ships. IN Boston, local patriots masqueraded as
Mohawks and went aboard 3 ships and heaved them into the harbor.
Coercive Acts-Boston refused to pay for tea they destroyed, England decided on a policy of coercion to be applied only
against Massachusetts. Parliament closed the port of Boston, reduced powers of self-government and permitted royal officers
to be tired in other colonies or in England when accused of crimes and provided for the quartering of troops in the colonists
barns/ empty houses. Made Massachusetts a martyr to residents of other colonies
Quartering Act- Mutiny Act enforced by Townshend. Forced colonists to provided houses and supplies for British troops
that were stationed there. Said that the troops were protecting them from French/ Indians. But colonists still mad that it was
mandatory, because they would have done it voluntarily.
First Continental Congress- variously elected by the assemblies and by extralegal meetings, delegates from all 13 colonies
except Georgia were present. September 1774- First Continental Congress-convened In Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia.
They made 5 decisions
Lexington and Concord-Continental Congress had approved preparations for war, and citizen-soldiers awaited an
aggressive move by the British regulars in Boston. General Gage (for British)- received orders to arrest Sam Adams and John
Hancock- hesitated- heard minutemen had stored a large supply of gunpowder in Concord- decided to attack. Paul Revere
rode out to warn villages that they were coming and when the troops arrived the next day several dozen minutemen awaited
them. 8 minutemen killed, 10 more wounded when shots fired. British discovered Americans had removed much of
gunpowder-burnt what was left. On way back to Boston- colonists harassed British with gunfire. At the end British lost 3x
more than Americans
Minutemen- farmers and townspeople of Massachusetts trained to be minutemen- they prepared to fight at minutes
notice. Fought at Lexington and Concord.

Chapter 5 Ids
Hessians- German mercenaries that fought in the war. A handleful of them were left during the winter at Trenton on the
Delaware River while the British settled down for the winter in various points in New Jersey
Common Sense- Thomas Paine was the author; gained a growing support for independence. Paine emigrated from England
less than 2 years before that. Revolutionary propaganda; revelation to readers and grew support for war rapidly in first few
months. Helped change American outlook on war. Wanted to turn anger of Americans away from the specific parliament and
towards root of the problem- king. Argued common sense for America to break completely with a government that could
have a corrupt monarchy. Common Sense- revelation to readers idea of independence
John Locke- philosopher, adapted contract of theory of John Locke to form the 1st part of the declaration of independence
said. Government formed to protect rights of life, liberty, property(pursuit of happiness)
Declaration of Independence- first part adapted from Locke rights, liberty government had to protect that life of the
people. 2nd part was life of alleged crimes against the king who had violated his contract with them. Thomas Jefferson along
with Ben Franklin and John Adams wrote it. Stated old universal America ideas/basics- signed the 4 th of July. All men are
created equal came from George Mason- helped movements of liberation.
Tories- loyalists to Britain/ independence supporters. British wanted Tories to help the out with fighting, money, war.but
didnt in fear of patriots. Mostly from South When British came to south in final part of the war, they wanted the Tories to
help them. But they didnt. After the war most of them fled from the United States to Canada and back to England

Battle of Bunker Hill- actually fought on Breed Hill. Americans suffered heavy losses at Battle, but British took their
greatest punishment there. Suffered more losses than Americans. As a result after it American started to make more success of
the war and gained confidence. Turning pt. British won the battle. Americans driven from their position there.
Marquis de Lafayette- from France; foreign military power. Aided Washington along with Baron Von Steuben during war
Sir William Howe-general for the British had plan with General Burgoyne to meet in the Hudson River. He comes north
from Albany and Burgoyne comes south from Canada- he abandoned his own plan and instead attacked Philadelphia. Part of
the reason while British lost the war. Also failure to move in on Washington during winter and allowed Washington to
regroup. Made bad decisions during war; lack of judgment. Abandoned his most important strategic initiative- the northern
campaign- left Burgoyne to fight alone during Mid-Altlanticc Reigion, Phase 2 of War
Battle of Saratoga- Gates (new leader) took command. Burgoyne who had already been defeated twice retreated to Saratoga.
John Stark and Gates surrounded him and he surrendered to Americans. Short of materials- Burgoyne fought costly battles. It
was a turning pt. because it led to a direct alliance with France
French Alliance- King Lois XV was eager to see British defeated-lent aide. Provided America with much needed supplies,
USs greatest ally both friendly and financially. Ben Franklin went to France to represent US- became a popular hero there
and greatly helped American cause. After battle of Saratoga- France looked on US as a sovereign nation and laid the
groundwork for greatly expanded assistance. Sent over navies, ships. Was Americas truly indispensable ally
Valley Forge- Washington retreated to Valley Forge after an unsuccessful attack at Germantown (just outside Philadelphia)
during the winter. Humble conditions many people died from the starvation and no food, cold, had enough clothes of
blankets2nd phase of war
Benedict Arnold- had been one of the first heroes of war. Commander of a small American force threatened Quebec in lat
1175 after winter of terrible hardship along with Montgomery. Gained hold of city, but after Montgomery died, lost both. 1 st
phase of war. Failed to get Canada on our side. Later convicted that patriots cause was useless so he joined forces with the
British. Traitor conspired to betray patriot stronghold at west point at Hudson River. Got caught and fled to British camp
during last phase in south
Lord Cornwallis- British general who was defeated at Yorktown fought in south and thought loyalists would help them but
didnt. Troops were like foreigners in south at first had brilliant fight and was winning defeating Gates. Then against
Nathanael Green, who killed 1100 tories that were helping Cornwallis, Lost to Greene after Greene developed fast moving,
small armies, lost o many men that he decided to surrender to Greene and abandon Carolina campaign
Yorktown- battle in which Cornwallis surrendered. Washington and Sean Baptiste de Rochambeau trapped Cornwallis at
Yorktown. Marched with Layafette and other French forces. De Grasse sailed with additional troops for Chesapeake Bay.
Patriots were perfectly timed and executed caught Cornwalls between land and sea. His defeat made/ provoked outcries in
England, but didnt mean that US won just yet.
Treaty of Paris- Sep.3,1783- final settlement between Americans n Brits. British went to France to negotiate with Americans
there. Since France wouldnt form treat till Spain got back Gibraltar from British. Americans went ahead and signed while
Franklin tried to pacify everything in France. Finally France and Spain agreed to end hostility. Americans got everything
south of Canadian border, north of Florida border and from Atlantic to Mississippi
Statue of Religious Liberty- war weakened all of religions in America. Proglicanists and Quakers too. But strengthened
Catholic faith because most Catholics supported patriot cause plus France= catholic, Vatican promised America own
hierarchy
Mary Wollstonecraft- English feminist wrote vindication of rights of whom Published in US in 1792. After she wrote that,
Americans were becoming to understand the rights of liberty after war and independence.
Mercy Otis Warren- resistance acts, important in writing dissident literature. Satirical plays that did much to fan colonial
resentments in 1760s
Vindication of the Rights of Women- book about rights of women written by Mary Wollstonecraft in order to show the
rights women should have.
Abigail Adams- wife of John Adams; wrote to husband while he was writing constitution. Told him not to put such unlimited
power in hands of husbands (ex. Divorce) But also told him to protect ladies and put them under husbands care.
Movement for womens rights
Articles of Confederation- continental Congress make it provided for a national structure similar to the one already could
borrow money from nations, conduct war but no taxes that was with the states. Congress was central authority but its powers
were to be expanded, Authority to conduct wars and foreign relations, borrow, issue money, but not regulate trade, draft
troops or levy taxes. Each state would have a single vote in congress. Made in 1777, November. States wanted equal
representation, but larger states wanted representation based on population. Existed from 1781-89, not the complete failure
described. But far from success: lacked powers to deal with interstate issues
Northwest Ordinance of 1787- lands north of Ohio=1 northwest territory and was divided into 3-5. Abandoned ordinance of
1785 made before. if you equal amt of pop as smallest state pop the territory can become a state (60,000). freedom of
religion, no slavery, jury trial. result in order/ stability and prosperous
Ordinance of 1785- system for selling western lands and surveying them. Rectangular townships 4 out of 36 reserved for
gov. one dollar make from sales of land-public schools, sold land to spectator Ohio companies Divided western territory into

10 self governing districts. the money they make from the slaves of land create a public schools. sold land speculators and
Ohio companies
Shays Rebellion- former captain of Continental army-Daniel Shay- wanted paper money, tax relief relocation of state
capital, abolish of imprisonment for debt which created disruption. Went to Springfield and attempted to capture weapons.
Was killed there.