Chapter 17 IDs

Bessemer Process - A process by which iron could be transformed into steel- a much more durable and versatile material- had been
discovered in the 1850s almost simultaneously by and English man, Henry Bessemer, and by an American, William Kelly. The process
consisted of blowing air through molten iron to burn out the impurities. Became known as the Bessemer process, and after the Civil war it
transformed the metal industry. 1868- New Jersey ironmaster Abram Hewitt introduced from Europe another method of making steel- the
open-heart process. These techniques made possible the production of steel in great quantities and in large dimensions, for use in the
manufacture of locomotives, steel train tracks, and girders for the construction of tall buildings
Andrew Carnegie- in steel, the central figure was Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish immigrant who had worked his way up from modest
beginnings and in 1873 opened his own steelworks in Pennsylvania. Soon he dominated the industry, his methods were like those of other
industrial titans. He cut costs and prices by striking deals with railroads and then bought out rivals who could
not compete with him.
With his associate Henry Clay Frick- he bought up coal mines and leased part of the Mesabi iron range in Minnesota, operated a fleet of ore
ships on the Great Lakes, and acquired railroads. Carnegie controlled the process of steel from mine to market. He financed his undertakings
but now out of his own profits, but out of the sale of stock. 1901 he sold it for $450 million to banker J. Pierpont Morgan, who merged the
Carnegie interests w/ others to create the giant US Steel Corporation- a $1.4 billion enterprise that controlled almost 2/3 of the nations steel
production

Gospel of wealth - Some businessmen attempted to soften the philosophy of Social Darwinism with a more gentle ideas. People of great wealth
advocates of this idea argued, had not only great power but great responsibilities; it was their duty to use these riches to advance social progress.
Carnegie- elaborated on the creed in 1901 in his book The Gospel of Wealth, - wrote that the wealthy should consider all revenues in excess of th
needs as trust funds to be used for the good of the community; the person of wealth, was the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren.
Carnegie- was only one of the many great industrialists who devoted parts of their fortune to philanthropic works- much of it to libraries and sch
institutions he believed would help the poor to help themselves
Thomas Edison - 2 pioneers of electrical lighting: Charles Brush, who devised the arc lamp for street illumination; Thomas Edison, who
invented the incandescent lamp (light bulb), which could be used for both street and home light. Edison and others designed improved
generators and built large power plants to furnish electricity to whole cities. By the turn of the century, electric power was becoming
commonplace in street railway
systems, in the elevators or urban skyscrapers, in factories, and in offices and homes
Henry Ford - Charles and Frank Duryea built the first gas driven motor vehicles in America 1906. 3 yrs later, Henry Ford- produced his
famous car. 1910-industry had become a major force in the economy. Most important change in production technology- emergence of mass
production and the moving assembly line. Henry Ford introduced the moving assemble line in his automobile plants in 1914. It cut the time
for assembling a chassis from 12 hrs. to 1 hrs. It enabled Ford to raised the wages and reduce the hours of his workers while cutting the
base price of his Model T from $950 in 1914 to $290 in 1929
Taylorism - Changes in the techniques of production. By the new century- many industrialists were turning to the new principles of scientific
management- principles known as Taylorism. Frederick Winslow Taylor- controversial ideas; he argued that scientific management was a
way to manage human labor to make it compatible with the demands of the machine age; it also was a way to control the employers control
of the workplace, to make working ppl less independent. He urged employers to reorganized the production process by dividing tasks which
would speed up production and make workers more interchangeable (diminish a mangers dependence on 1 employee). Said that modern
machines could perform simple tasks at greater speeds (increasing the productive efficiency).
Horatio Alger - Horatio Alger- was the most famous promoter of the success story. He was originally a minister in a small town in
Massachusetts, but was driven from his pulpit as a result of a sex scandal, he moved to NY, where he wrote his celebrated novels- more than
100 in all; the story and message to every book were the same: a poor boy from a small town goes to the city to seek his fortune. By luck and
perseverance, he became rich. His name became synonymous- even later own- that anyone could advance to the great wealth through hard
work. He became a American folk hero. He was homosexual, but he kept that private.
J.P. Morgan - the failure of the pools, led to a new technique of consolidation resting less on cooperation than on centralized control. At first,
the most successful technique was the creation of the trust- pioneered by Standard Oil in the early 1880s and perfected by banker J.P.
Morgan. Overtime the word trust became a term for any great economic combination; but the trust was in face a particular kind of
organization. Under a trust agreement, stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of trustees in exchange
for shares in the trust itself. Owners of trust certificates often had no direct control over the decisions of the trustees; they simply received a
share of the profits; but the trustees could control over many. 189- the state of NJ helped produce a 3rd form of consolidation by changing its
laws of incorporation to permit companies actually to buy up other companies- other states soon followed. That made the trust unnecessary
and permitted actual corporate merges. Ex: Rockefeller quickly relocated Standard Oil to NJ and created a holding company- a central
corporate body that would buy up the stock of various members of the Standard Oil trust and establish direct ownership of the corporations in
the trust. End of 19th century, 1 % of the corporations in America were able to control more than 33% of the manufacturing. System of
economic organization was emerging that held the power in the hands of a very few men: J.P. Morgan, Rockefeller. 1901 he sold it for $450
million to banker J. Pierpont Morgan, who merged the Carnegie interests w/ others to create the giant US Steel Corporation- a $1.4 billion

enterprise that controlled almost 2/3 of the nations steel production

Horizontal integration - Businessmen created large, consolidated organizations primarily through 2 methods: horizontal integration- the
combining of a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation. Ex: the consolidation of many diff railroad lines
into 1 company.
Vertical integration - vertical integration- the taking over of all the different businesses on which a company relied for its primary function.
Ex: Carnegie Steel, which came to control not only steel mils, but mines, railroads, and other enterprises. The most celebrated corporate
empire of the late 19th century was John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil- a great combination created through both horizontal and vertical
integration.
John D. Rockefeller - The most celebrated corporate empire of the late 19th century was John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil- a great
combination created through both horizontal and vertical integrationa. shortly after the Civil war- Rockefeller launched a refining company in
Cleveland and immediately began trying to eliminate his competition. Allied himself with other wealthy capitalists, he proceeded carefully to
Standard Oil
Company of Ohio; w/ in a few yrs it had acquired 20 of the 25. refineries in Cleveland as well as plants in Pittsburgh,
Philadelphia, NY, and Baltimore. First he only expanded horizontally, but then he began expanding vertically as well. he built his own barrel
factories, terminal warehouses, pipes. Standard Oil owned its own freight cars and developed its own marketing organization. by the 1880s,
Rockefeller had established such dominance w/ in the petroleum industry that to much of the nation, he served as the leading symbol of
monopoly. He controlled access to 90% of the refined oil in the US. Rockefeller and other industrialists saw consolidation as a way to cope
with what they believed was the greatest curse of modern economy: cutthroat competition. most businessmen claimed to believe in free
enterprise and a competitive market place- but they feared that too many competing firms would ruin all. Rockefeller had begun as a clerk ;
but most of the new business tycoons had begun their careers from positions of wealth and privilege. Their rise to power was not always a
result of hard work and ingenuity; it was also a result of
ruthlessness, arrogance, and rampant corruption. industrialists made large
financial contributions to politicians, political parties and gov. officials in exchange for assistance and support. The average industrialist of
the late 19th century was not a Rockefeller of Vanderbilt, but a more modest entrepreneur engage in highly risky ventures in an unstable
economy . for every succeeded millionaire, there were dozens of businessmen whose efforts failed
Standard Oil - 1901- discovered Spindletop oil field in Texas- one of the greatest deposits in the world; and Standard Oil (the dominant
industry firm) quickly established facilities there. discoveries followed in Texas, Oklahoma These states became the leading oil producers
of the nation for decades; California also impt oil fields. These new oil fields broke Standard Oils monopoly of the industry, it was unable to
dominate the cast new producing regions like it had done with Penn. and Ohio. the most celebrated corporate empire of the late 19 th
century was John D. Rockefellers Standard Oil- a great combination created through both horizontal and vertical integration. shortly after the
Civil war- Rockefeller launched a refining company in Cleveland and immediately began trying to eliminate his competition. Allied himself
with other wealthy capitalists, he proceeded carefully to Standard Oil. Company of Ohio; w/ in a few yrs it had acquired 20 of the 25
refineries in Cleveland as well as plants in Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, NY, and Baltimore. First he only expanded horizontally, but then he
began expanding vertically as well. he built his own barrel factories, terminal warehouses, pipelines. Standard Oil owned its own freight cars
and developed its own marketing organization. by the 1880s, Rockefeller had established such dominance w/ in the petroleum industry that to
much of the nation, he served as the leading symbol of monopoly. He controlled access to 90% of the refined oil in the US. at first, the most
successful technique was the creation of the trust- pioneered by Standard Oil in the early 1880s and perfected by banker J.P. Morgan. that
made the trust unnecessary and permitted actual corporate merges. Ex: Rockefeller quickly relocated Standard Oil to NJ and created a
holding company- a central corporate body that would buy up the stock of various members of the Standard Oil trust and establish direct
ownership of the corporations in the trust
Trusts - The Trust and the Holding Company. the failure of the pools, led to a new technique of consolidation resting less on cooperation than
on centralized control. at first, the most successful technique was the creation of the trust- pioneered by Standard Oil in the early 1880s and
perfected by banker J.P. Morgan. Overtime the word trust became a term for any great economic combination; but the trust was in face a
particular kind of organization. Under a trust agreement, stockholders in individual corporations transferred their stocks to a small group of
trustees in exchange for shares in the trust itself. Owners of trust certificates often had no direct control over the decisions of the trustees; they
simply received a share of the profits; but the trustees could control over many. 189- the state of NJ helped produce a 3 rd form of
consolidation by changing its laws of incorporation to permit companies actually to buy up other companies- other states soon that made the
trust unnecessary and permitted actual corporate merges. Ex: Rockefeller quickly relocated Standard Oil to NJ and created a holding
company- a central corporate body that would buy up the stock of various members of the Standard Oil trust and establish direct ownership
of the corporations in the trust
Social Darwinism - . Social Darwinism, the application of Charles Darwins laws of evolution and natural selection among species to human
society; just as only the fittest survived in the process of evolution, in human society only the fittest individuals survived and flourished in the
marketplace. Social Darwinism appealed to all business men because it seemed to legitimize their success and confirm their virtues. it
appealed to them because it placed their activities within the context of traditional American ideas of freedom and individualism and it
justified their tactics. Social Darwinists insisted that all attempts by labor to raise wages by forming unions would fail, because economic life
was controlled by natural law, the law of competition

Herbert Spencer - . English philosopher Herbert Spencer was first and most impt in this theory. He argued that society benefited from the
elimination of the unfit and the survival of the
strong and talented, his books were published in 1870 and 80 ; his teachings found
prominent supporters who promoted similar ideas such as William Graham Sumner of Yale. Many industrialists seized Sumners and
Spencers theories to justify their own power survival of the fittest
Edward Bellamy - ?????
National Labor Union - . individual unions could not hope to exert significant power in the new corporate economy and in the 1860s some
labor leaders began to search for new ways to combing the energies of the various labor organizations. The first attempt to federate separate
unions into a single national organization came .
from William H. Sylvis founded the National Labor Union- a polyglot association,
claiming 640,000 members, that included a variety of reform groups having little direct. relationship with labor. After the Panic of 1873- the
National Labor Union disintegrated and disappeared. The National Labor Union, like most of the individual unions that joined it, excluded
women workers male workers arged that women were used to drive down their wages, and they justified their hostitliy by invoking the ideal
of domesticity. Women was created to be mans companion, to be presiding deity of the home. circle. Most women agreed that man
should be the breadwinner, but many also argued. that as long as conditions made it impossible for men to support their families, women.
should have full and equal opportunities in the workplace

Knights of Labor- The Knights of Labor. First major effort to create a national labor organization- founding in 1869 of the Noble Order of the. L
Stevens, this groups welcomed all women, including gamblers or other low status women. The Knights were loosely organized without much ce
direction. their program was vague- the leaders were more interested in the long-range reform of the economy. The Knights remained secret for
but then became open under Terence V. Powderlays leadership. Short lived victory, later crushed and organization later disappeared

American Federation of Labor - The AFL. Association of craft unions and represented skilled workers- hostile towards unskilled workers. Samu
Gompers: It is the so-called competition of the unorganized, defenseless woman worker, the girl and the wife, that often tends to reduce the wag
father and husband. Demanded a national eight hour day, strike if not met by May 1, 1886. Haymarket Square incident: protest going on betwe
workers and McCormick Harvester Company. police ordered the crowd to disperse and someone threw a bomb into the crowd. police then fired
crowd. Chicago officials charged 8 anarchist with murder and were found guilty

Samuel Gompers- The AFL. Association of craft unions and represented skilled workers- hostile towards unskilled workers. Samuel Gompers: I
so-called competition of the unorganized, defenseless woman worker, the girl and the wife, that often tends to reduce the wages of the father and
husband. Demanded a national eight hour day, strike if not met by May 1, 1886. Haymarket Square incident: protest going on between workers
McCormick Harvester Company. police ordered the crowd to disperse and someone threw a bomb into the crowd. police then fired into the crow
Chicago officials charged 8 anarchist with murder and were found guilty

Haymarket Square - . Haymarket Square incident: protest going on between workers and McCormick Harvester Company. police ordered the cro
disperse and someone threw a bomb into the crowd. police then fired into the crowd. Chicago officials charged 8 anarchist with murder and were
guilty

Homestead Strike - The Homestead Strike. In Carnegies labor system, Union had a foothold on the Homestead Plant. Tried to get rid of Amalga
Association of Iron and Steel workers at Homestead. by constantly cutting wages Amalgamated went on strike when Henry Clay Frick cut wage
without consulting them about a wage cut; called in Pinkertons strikebreakers. Strikers defeated Pinkertons, but government of Penn. Called in th
National Guard at the companys request

Pullman Strike - 1. George M. Pullman: owner of Pullman Palace Car Company that made sleeping cars for RR. Rented houses to workers, slash
wages by 25% but refused to lower rent. Workers went on strike and encouraged American Railway Union- led by Eugene Debs to support. them
using Pullman Cars, led to a chain of firing and walking off as retaliation, paralyzed transportation from Chicago to Pacific. Government of Illin
supported the strikers, but company went over his head to the federal government President Grover Cleveland and they complied, strikers, and D
were thrown in jail when they refused to end strike

Eugene Debs - Workers went on strike and encouraged American Railway Union- led by Eugene Debs to support. them by not using Pullman Ca
to a chain of firing and walking off as retaliation, paralyzed transportation from Chicago to Pacific. Government of Illinois supported the strikers
company went over his head to the federal government President Grover Cleveland and they complied, strikers, and Debs were thrown in jail wh
refused to end strike
Injunction - ????
Chapter 18
(no outline but study for final and AP Exams)

Immigrant ghettoes
Assimilation
Tweed Ring
Tenements
Jacob Riis
Catalogs
Department Stores
Mark Twain
Chapter 19 IDs
Stalwarts/half breeds - the Stalwarts
(led by Roscoe Conkling of NY) and the Half-Breeds (led by James G. Blaine of Maine) were
competing for control of the Republican Party threatening to split. The dispute between the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was characteristic
of the political battles of the era- it had virtually no substantive foundation. The Stalwarts favored traditional, professional machine politics
while the Half-Breeds favored reform
neither group was much interested in political change; each simply wanted a large share of the patronage pie. Hayes tried to satisfy both
parties but ended up satisfying neither. The Republicans managed to retain the presidency in 1880, in part because they managed to agree on
a ticket that made it possible for the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds briefly to paper over their differences. After a long convention deadlock,
they nominated a dark horse, James Garfield, a veteran congressman from Ohio and a Half-Breed. To conciliate the Stalwarts, the
convention gave vice presidential nomination to Chester Arthur, a Conkling henchman. Garfield began his presidency by trying to defy
Conkling and the Stalwarts in his appointments by showing support for the civil service reform. a. he soon found himself in a ugly public
quarrel with Conkling and Thomas Platt, the other senator from New York and another important Stalwart leader. Before it could be resolved,
Garfield was victimized by the spoils system. On July 2, 1881- 4 months after his inauguration, Garfield was shot twice while standing in the
Washington railroad station by a deranged gunman who shouted that he was a Stalwart and Arthur would be president now
Pendleton Civil Service Act - In 1883 Congress passed the first national civil service measure, the Pendleton Act, which identified a limited
number of federal jobs to be filled by competitive written examination rather than by patronage. At first few offices fell under the civil service
system, but by the mid-20th century most
federal employees were civil servants
Electoral Commission - ????
Mugwumps - The Republicans rejected Arthur (who was already suffering from an illness) and chose instead a popular and controversial
figure (Sen. James G. Blaine)- known to his admirers as the plumed knight but to thousands of others a symbol of unpleasant party politicsb.
an independent reform faction, known by critics as the mugwumps announced they would split from the Republicans and support the
Democrats. the Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland, the reform governor of New York. He differed from Blaine on no substantive
issues but had acquired a reputation as an enemy of corruption.
Rum, Romanism and Rebellion - What may have decided the election was a last minute introduction of a religious controversy. shortly before
the election, a delegation of Protestant ministers called on Blaine; their spokesman Dr. Samuel Burchard referred to the Democrats as the
party of rum, Romanism, and rebellion Blaine was slow to reject Blanchards indiscretion, and Democrats quickly spread the news that
Blaine had tolerated a slander on the Catholic Church. Clevelands narrow victory may well have been a result of a heavy Catholic vote for
the Democrats in New York
Sherman Antitrust Act - . if antitrust legislation was to be effective, it would have to come from the national gov. b. responding to popular
demands, both houses of Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which declared illegal every contract, combination in the form of
trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states, or with foreign nations; it gave the Justice
Department authority to take legal action against such combinations in federal court for the purpose of breaking them up. But the act had its
weaknesses- because it failed to specify clearly what kings of combinations it was forbidding. Efforts to enforce the law also encountered
difficulties. for over a decade, the Sherman Act had no impact. By 1901- the Justice Department had instituted only 14 suits under the law
against business combinations and had obtained few convictions. In United States vs. E.c. Knight Co. (1895)- the gov. charged that a single
trust controlled 98% of refined sugar manufacturing in the country, the Supreme Court rejected
the governments case because the sugar
trust was engaged in manufacturing not in interstate commerce; Congresss only authority for regulating corporations was to control

interstate commerce
US v. E.C. Knight Co. - . In United States vs. E.c. Knight Co. (1895)- the gov. charged that a single trust controlled 98% of refined sugar
manufacturing in the country, the Supreme Court rejected
the governments case because the sugar trust was engaged in manufacturing
not in interstate commerce; Congresss only authority for regulating corporations was to control interstate commerce
McKinley Tariff - . The Republicans were more interested in the issue they believed had won them the 1888 election: the tariff.
Representative William McKinley of Ohio and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island drafted the highest protective measure ever
proposed to Congress. Known as the McKinley Tariff, it became law in October 1890; but Republican leaders apparently misinterpreted
public sentiment, for the party suffered a reversal in the 1890 congressional election

Interstate Commerce Act - Railroad regulation, could only come from federal government. Congress responded grudgingly with the Interstate
Commerce Act- which banned discrimination in rates b/w long and short hauls, required railroads to publish their rate schedules and file them
w/ the gov.- rates must be reasonable and just. A five person agency (Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)- was to administer the
act, but had to rely on the court to enforce its ruling. the controversies over the trusts, tariff, and railroads were signs that changes in
American economy were creating problems that the public considered too dangerous and important to ignore

Long haul/short haul abuse - ???

National Grange - The Grange originated shortly after the Civil War in a tour throughout the South by Oliver H.
Kelley (a Agriculture
Department official) Kelley was appalled by what he considered the isolation and drabness of rural life and in 1867, he left the government
and founded the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry- which he devoted yrs. of labor as secretary and from which emerged a
network of local organizations. At first, the Granges defined their purpose modestly- they attempted to bring farmers together to learn new
scientific agricultural techniques. They hoped to create a feeling of community, relieve loneliness. an elaborate system of initiation and ritual
and a strict code of secrecy lent to the organization many of the trappings of urban fraternal organizations. The Grange grew slowly for a
time; but when the depression of 1873 caused a major decline in
farm prices, membership rapidly increased. by 1875, the Grange
claimed over 800,000 members and 20,000 local lodges- it had chapters in almost every state; but was strongest in the Midwest and South. as
membership grew, the lodges began to focus less on social benefits and more on economic possibilities. They tried to organize marketing
strategies to allow farmers to evade the hatred
middlemen. They urged cooperative political action to limit the monopolistic practices
of the railroads and warehouses
Farmers Alliances - The Farmers Alliances. the successor of the Grange began to emerge even before the Grange faded 1875- the farmers
in the South (Texas) were banding together in Farmer Alliances. 1880- the Southern Alliance had more than 4 mil. Members, Northwestern
Alliance was
developing in the plain states and Midwest. The Alliance (like Granges) were principally concerned w/ local problems.
they formed cooperatives and marketing mechanisms; established stores, banksfacilities for their members. some Alliance leaders saw the
movement in larger terms- as an effort to build society where economic competition gives way to cooperation. They argued for a sense of
mutual responsibility that would enable farmers to resist
outside forces; lecturers traveled throughout rural areas promoting cooperation
as an alternative to economic system. Women played a prominent role in the alliance. women were full voting members in most Alliances,
held offices and served as lecturers. Mary E. Lease- became on of the fiery populist orators; others emphasized issues of
concern to
women about the impact of drinking; argued sobriety was the key to stability. Alliances became far more widespread than the Granges had
been; but suffered similar problems. their cooperatives didnt always work b/c the market forces against them were too strong to overcome,
b/c the cooperatives were mismanaged. this led to the creation of a national political organization at the end of the 1880s

Populist Party - ???

Omaha Platform of 1892 - the reform program of the Populists was spelled out first in the Ocala Demands of 1890, even more clearly in the
Omaha platform of 1892. it proposed a system of sub treasuries which wouldstrengthen/ replace the cooperatives w/ which the Granges
and Alliances had been experimenting for yrs.. Using the crops as collateral, growers could borrow money from the gov. at low rates of
interest and wait for the prices of their goods to go up before selling them

Panic of 1893 - The Panic of 1893 precipitated the most sever depression the nation had yet experienced. it began in March1893 when the Philad
and Reading Railroad, unable to meet payments on loans from British Banks declared bankruptcy. 2 months later, the National Cordage Compan
new corporation that was trying unsuccessfully to establish itself as the dominant force) also failed. Together the 2 corporate failures triggered a

of the stock market and since many

of the new York Banks were heavy investors in the market, a wave of bank failures soon began. Thi
a contraction of credit, which meant that many of the new, aggressive businesses that had recently begun operations soon went bankrupt b/c th
unable to
secure the loans they needed. (more in outline whichi didnt feel like writing about)
Marc Hanna- ????

Battle of the Standards - ????

Cross of Gold speech - The Emergence of Bryan Republicans confident of victory in 1896 due to Clevelands failure. Southern, Western deleg
Democratic party wanted to nominate pro-silver candidate. majority report called for tariff reduction, income tax, free silver. Minority opposin
silver. Bryans Cross of Gold speech very powerful for pro silver argument
Populists decided to support Bryan. The Conservative Victory. McKinley did not actively campaign, dignified front-porch style. Bryan was fi
say that he wanted to be president, traveled all across US. Revivalist style antagonized immigrant Catholics and ethnics. Bryan lost, disaster for
Populists, dissolution of the Peoples Party within months. McKinley and Recovery. return to relative calm labor unrest calmed down, also sub
of agrarian protest. committed to higher tariff rates, Dingley Tariff (rose duties to highest point in history). sent commission to Europe to look fo
possibility8 of a silver agreement, no agreement produced. Currency, or Gold Standard, Act of 1900 confirmed commitment to the gold standa
assigning a specific gold value to the dollar
Chapter 20 IDS
Alfred Thayer Mahan - . the ablest and most effective apostle of imperialism was Alfred Thayer Mahan, a captain and later admiral in the US
Navy. his thesis in The Influence of Sea Power upon History was that countries with sea power were the great nations of history; the
greatness of the US, bounded by 2 oceans, would rest on its sea power, the colonies would serves as naval bases. he advocated that the US
construct a cnal across the isthmus of Central America to join the oceans, acquire defensive bases on both sides of the canal in the Carribbean
and Pacific, and take possession of Hawaii and other Pacific Islands. he feared the US didnt have a large enough navy to play the great role
he envisioned
Yellow journalism - the conflict in Cuba came at a particularly opportune moment for the publishers of some American newspapers. Joseph
Pulitzer w/ his New York World and William Randolph Hearst with his New York Journal were revolutionizing American journalism. their
papers specialized in lurid and sensational news; when the news did not exist, editors were not above creating it. It was referred to as
yellow journalism. A growing population of Cuban immigrants in the US- centered in Fl, NY, Philadelphia, and NJ- gave extensive
support to the Cuban Revolutionary Party (whose headquarters were in NY)
and helped publicize its leader. Jose Marti- who was killed
in Cuba in 1895; later Cuban Americans formed other clubs and associations to support the cause of Cuba Libre. In some areas of the
country their efforts were as impt as those of the yellow
journalism in generating support for the revolution
De Lome Letter - Whatever chances there were for a peaceful settlement vanished as a result of 2 dramatic incidents. the first occurred when
a Cuban agent in Havana stole a private letter written by Dupuy de Lome (the Spanish minister in Washington) and turned it over to
American press. The letter described McKinley as a weak man and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd. This was nothing more than
what some Americans and even Republicans were
saying about their president; but coming form a foreigner, it created intense popular
anger. Dupuy De Lome resigned. while excitement over the de Lome letter was still high, the American battleship Maine blew up in Havana
harbor w/ a loss of more than 260 ppl
Remember the Maine - while excitement over the de Lome letter was still high, the American battleship Maine blew up in Havana harbor
w/ a loss of more than 260 ppl. The ship had been ordered to Cuba in Jan. to protect American lives and property against possible attacks by
the Spanish loyalist. Many Americans had assumed that the Spanish had sunk the ship, later evidence
admitted that it was an accidental
explosion
Hysteria swept the country, Remember the Maine became a chant for revenge. McKinley hoped to avoid conflict but his administration
wanted war. March, the president asked Spain to agree to permanent peace and to end all fighting. Spain agreed to stop fighting, but refused
to negotiate with the rebels. A few days later McKinley asked for a declaration of war
Splendid little war - . Secretary of State John Hay called the Spanish Americans conflict a splendid little war
Declared in April, it was over in August; partly because the rebels had already weakened the Spanish resistance. Only 460 Americans were
killed in battle or died from wounds , but around 5,200 died from perish . But the American effort was not without difficulties. US soldiers
faced serious supply problems: a shortage of modern rifles and ammunition, uniforms too heavy for the warm Caribbean weather, inadequate
medical services, and skimpy, almost indigestible food. The regular army numbered only 28,000 troops and officers, most of whom had

larger-scale
warfare. That meant that, as in the Civil War, the US had to rely heavily on National Guard
units, organized
by local communities and commanded for the most part by local
leaders without military experience. there were also radical conflicts.
a number of the soldiers were black; some were black volunteers, others were members of the 4 black regiments in the regular army, who had
been stationed on the frontier to defend white settlements against Indians and were now transferred east to fight in Cuba. blacks resisted the
restrictions of segregation: stomped into a white park, beat a person who refused them service Radical tensions continued in Cuba itselfwhere American blacks played crucial roles in
some of the impt battles of the war and won medals. nearly the Cuban insurgents
fighting with the Americans were black, and unlike the American blacks, they were fully integrated into the rebel army. The sight of blacks
fighting along side whites equally- gave American blacks a stronger sense of injustice of their own position
Adm. George Dewey - Roosevelt strengthened the navys Pacific squadron and instructed its commander, Commodore George Dewey, to
attack Spanish naval forces in the Philippines, a colony of Spain, in the event of war. Immediately war was declared; Dewey sailed for
Manila. on May1, 1898, he entered Manila Bay and destroyed the Spanish fleet stationed there. Only one American sailor died in the battle
(of heatstroke), and George Dewey,
immediately promoted to admiral, had become the first hero of the war
Platt Amendment - When Cuba drew up a constitution that made no reference to the US, Congress responded by passing the Platt
Amendment in 1901and pressuring Cuba to incorporate its terms into the constitution. The Platt Amendment barred Cuba from making
treaties with other nations (giving the US control of Cubas foreign policy)and left a American naval station at Cuba. . American capital,
which quickly took over the islands economy, made the new nation an American economic appendage as well. American investors poured
into Cuba, buying up plantations, factories, railroads, and refineries. Absentee American ownership of many of the islands most impt
resources was the
source or resentment for decades. Resistance to Yankee imperialism produced revolts against the Cuban gov.
that at time
Teller Amendment - ??????

Treaty of Paris - McKinely claimed to be reluctant to support annexation; but he came to believe that there were no acceptable

alternatives. returning them to Spain would be cowardly and dishonorable, they were unfit for self gov.; the only was to take
them and educate them. The treaty of Paris- signed in Dec. 1989- brought a formal end to the war; it confirmed the terms of the
armistice concerning Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Guam. American negotiators startled that the Spanish by demanding that they cede
the Philippines to the US, something not included. The Spanish objected, but an American offer $20 million for the islands
helped them agree. In the US Senate, resistance was fierce. debate over ratification of the treaty, a powerful anti-imperialist
movement arose around the country to oppose acquisition of the Philippines. opposers included: Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain,
their motives were various. Some believed it was immoral. Industrial workers feared being under but by a flood of cheap
laborers from the new colonies. The Anti-Imperialist League established by upper-class Bostonians, New Yorkers, and other late
in 1898 to fight against annexation. favoring ratification was an equally varied group. they were exuberant imperialists such as
Theodore Roosevelt. Some businessmen saw opportunities to profit in the Philippines and believed
annexation would
position the US to dominate the Oriental trade. Bryan, who is usually an anti-imperialist gave the treaty support, so that it could
be an issue for the election of 1900.. He failed because America turned out to be very much imperialist, and was resoundingly
defeated by McKinley yet again
Filipino War - Americans did not like to think of themselves as imperial rulers like Europeans. yet, like other imperial powers,

the US discovered that subjugating other ppl required more than ideals; it also required strength and brutality. In the Philippinesthere fight for independence became long and bloody. The conflict in the Philippines is the least remembered of all American
wars; it was also one of the longest (1898-1902) and most vicious. it involved 200,000 American troops and resulted in 4,300
American deaths, nearly 10 times the # who had died in combat in the Spanish-American war. the number of Filipinos killed in
the conflict seems around 50,000 natives. the American occupier faced guerilla tactics similar to those Spain used on Cuba. The
Filipinos had been rebelling against Spanish rule even before 1898, as soon as they had realized that the Americans had come
to stay. led by Emilio Aguinaldo, who claimed to head the legitimate gov. of the nation, Filipinos harried the American army of
occupation from island to island form more than 3 yrs. At first American thought the rebels only had a small popular following,
but in 1900 General Macarthur wrote that they were many more who were loyal to Aguinaldo. they realized they needed more
severe measures and the military became more vicious and
brutal. captured Filipino guerrillas were treated not as prisoners
of war, but as murderers- most were executed. on some islands entire communities were evacuated- Americans soldiers
sometimes took pleasure in killing. by 1902- reports of the brutality of the American casualties had soured the American public
on the war. by then, the rebellion had largely exhausted itself and the occupiers had established control over most of the
islands. The key to their victory was the March 1901 capture of Aguinaldo, who later signed
a document urging his
followers to stop fighting and declaring his own allegiance to the
US. in the summer of 1901, the military transferred
authority over the islands to William Howard
Taft, who became the first civilian governor. Taft announced that the American
mission in the Philippines was to prepare the islands for independence, and he gave the Filipinos broad local autonomy

Open Door policy - 1. The acquisition of the Philippines greatly increased the already strong American interest in Asia. US was

worried about losing access to Chinese Trade, and so they issued the open door statement. Other European powers had already
been splitting China into pieces, but the US asked for equal trade for all nations. This allowed China to retain its sovereignty at
least in name. The European powers along with Japan did not want this plan, Russia openly rejected it. At this point the Boxer
rebellion took place and the rebels were rebelling against foreigners with a climax when they conducted a siege on the foreign
diplomatic corps. Imperial powers including the Us sent a force to crush the rebellion. McKinley now won support for the open
door policy