Sharif University of

Technology

Introduction to AVR
Programming
Applied Electronics (28846)
Fall 2014

Ali Shayei

Block Diagram and

Pin Configurations

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Fuse Bits

There are few parameters in the chip which are used to

configure it before it can be used for external
environment. These parameters are set with the use of
Fuse Bits.
Once the fuse bits are set for a particular configuration,
the controller can be used again and again
You dont have to set the fuse bits every time you are using
the controller till the time you want to use it under the
same configuration.
Fuse bits need to be changed only in case you want to
change the initial configuration of the controller.

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System Clock and Clock Options

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Device Clocking Options Select

The Clock Source is determined by CKSEL fuse bits

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Input/Output Ports

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I/O Ports and

The communication channels

through which information
flows into or out of the
microcontroller
Example:

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PORTB

Pins PB0 PB7

May not be contiguous

Often bi-directional

Port Pin Data Directionality

Input
When

you want to take information from the external world

(sensors) into the MCU

Output
When

you want to change the state of something outside the

MCU (turn a motor on or off, etc.)

Pins default to input direction on power-up or reset

Your program can set or change the directionality of a

pin at any time

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Setting the Pin Data Direction

Each port pin consists of three register bits: DDxn, PORTxn, and PINxn. the
DDxn bits are accessed at the DDRx I/O address, the PORTxn bits at the PORTx
I/O address, and the PINxn bits at the PINx I/O address.

The DDxn bit in the DDRx Register selects the direction of this pin. If DDxn is
written logic one, Pxn is configured as an output pin. If DDxn is written logic
zero, Pxn is configured as an input pin.

If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input pin, the
pull-up resistor is activated. To switch the pull-up resistor off,PORTxn has to be
written logic zero or the pin has to be configured as an output pin. The port
pins are tri-stated when reset condition becomes active, even if no clocks are
running.

If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an output pin, the
port pin is driven high (one). If PORTxn is written logic zero when the pin is
configured as an output pin, the port pin is driven low (zero).
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Setting the Pin Data Direction

Traditional Coding

DDRB = 0x3F

PORTB = 0x2F

Arduino

pinMode(pin_no., dir)

Ex. Make Arduino pin 3 (PD3) an output

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pinMode(3, OUTPUT);

Note: one pin at a time

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Pin Voltages

Microcontrollers are fundamentally digital devices. For digital IO pins:

Information is coded in two discrete states:

HIGH or LOW (logic: 1 or 0)

Voltages

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TTL

5 V (for HIGH)

0 V (for LOW)

3.3 V CMOS

3.3 V (for HIGH)

0 V (for LOW)

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Pin Used as an Output

Turn on an LED, which is connected to pin Arduino

pin 0 (PD0) (note the resistor!)
What

should the data direction be for pin 0 (PD0)?

pinMode(___,
______);
0
OUTPUT

Turn

on the LED

0
HIGH
digitalWrite(___,______);

Turn

off the LED

ATmega328
Arduino
pin 0
(PD0)

digitalWrite(___,______);
0
LOW

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Pins as Inputs and Pull-up Resistors

Using a switch as a sensor

Ex. Seat belt sensor

Detect the switch state

What should the data direction be for Arduino pin 3 (PD3)?

3
INPUT
pinMode(__,
______);

What will the voltage be on PD3 when the switch is closed?

What will the voltage be on PD3 when the switch is open?

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ATmega328
Arduino
pin 3
(PD3)

Indeterminate!

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Pins as Inputs and Pull-up Resistors

Switch as a sensor, cont.

Make the voltage on the pin determinate by turning

on the pull-up resistor for PD3

ATmega328
VTG= +5V

Assuming PD3 is an input:

digitalWrite(3,HIGH);

turns on

the pull-up resistor

PD3
0

pinMode(3,INPUT_PULLUP);

What will the voltage on PD3 be when the switch is

open?

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VTG

What will the voltage on PD3 be when the switch is

closed?

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Example 1

Make Arduino pins 3, 5, and 7 (PD3, PD5, and PD7)

to be outputs

Arduino approach
pinMode(3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(7, OUTPUT);
Or if me106.h is used:

pinMode(PIN_D3, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D5, OUTPUT);
pinMode(PIN_D7, OUTPUT);

Alternate approach
DDRD = 0b10101000;

or
DDRD = 0xA8;
or
DDRD | = 1<<PD7 | 1<<PD5 | 1<<PD3;

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Example 2

Make pins Arduino pins 0 and 1 (PD0 and PD1)

inputs, and turn on pull-up resistors

Arduino approach
pinMode(0, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(1, INPUT_PULLUP);
digitalWrite(0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(1, HIGH);
Or if me106.h is used:
pinMode(PIN_D0, INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(PIN_D1, INPUT_PULLUP);
digitalWrite(PIN_D0, HIGH);
digitalWrite(PIN_D1, HIGH);

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Alternate approach
DDRD = 0; // all PORTD pins inputs
PORTD = 0b00000011;
or
PORTD = 0x03;

or better yet:
DDRD & = ~(1<<PD1 | 1<<PD0);
PORTD | = (1<<PD1 | 1<<PD0);

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Structure of an Arduino Program

An arduino program == sketch

Must have:

setup()

loop()

setup()

configures pin modes and

registers

loop()

runs the main body of the

program forever

like while(1) {}

Where is main() ?

Arduino simplifies things

Does things for you

/* Blink - turns on an LED for DELAY_ON msec,

then off for DELAY_OFF msec, and repeats
BJ Furman rev. 1.1 Last rev: 22JAN2011
*/
#define LED_PIN 13 // LED on digital pin 13
#define DELAY_ON 1000
#define DELAY_OFF 1000
void setup()
{
// initialize the digital pin as an output:
pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
}

// loop() method runs forever,

// as long as the Arduino has power
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH); // set the LED on
delay(DELAY_ON); // wait for DELAY_ON msec
digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW); // set the LED off
delay(DELAY_OFF); // wait for DELAY_OFF msec
}

Analog to Digital Conversion

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ATMEGA328 ADC Features

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ADC Timing Diagram

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How to use ADC in Arduino?

Use the analogRead() function to read an analog value from a given pin:
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

// Note: A0 is predefined

.....
}

A0-A5 can be used for analogRead()

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Pulse-width modulation (PWM)

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Pulse-width modulation (PWM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a modulation technique used

in communications systems to encode the amplitude of a signal
into the width of the pulse (duration) of another signal.

its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to

electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors.

The term duty cycle describes the proportion of 'on' time to the
regular interval or 'period' of time

The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching

devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no
current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the
load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch

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Pulse-width modulation (PWM)

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PWM in Arduino

analogWrite() writes an analog value (PWM wave) to a pin.

A call to analogWrite() is on a scale of 0 - 255, such that

analogWrite(255) requests a 100% duty cycle (always on), and
analogWrite(127) is a 50% duty cycle (on half the time) for
example.

The frequency of the PWM signal on most pins is approximately

490 Hz. On the Uno and similar boards, pins 5 and 6 have a
frequency of approximately 980 Hz.

On most Arduino boards, this function works on pins 3, 5, 6, 9,

10, and 11.

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