Miologijos

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Raumeninio audinio sandara

Raumens sandara
Raumen grups

Structure of the 3 muscle types. The drawings at right show these muscles in cross section. Skeletal muscle is composed of large,
elongated, multinucleated fibers. Cardiac muscle is composed of irregular branched cells bound together longitudinally by intercalated
disks. Smooth muscle is an agglomerate of fusiform cells. The density of the packing between the cells depends on the amount of
extracellular connective tissue present.

Skeletal muscle in longitudinal section. Note the striation in the muscle cells and the moderate
amount of collagen (yellow). PSP stain. High magnification.

Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle fibers. Note the dark-stained A bands and the light-stained I
bands, which are crossed by Z lines. Giemsa stain. High magnification.

Striated skeletal muscle in longitudinal section (lower) and in cross section (upper). The
nuclei can be seen in the periphery of the cell, just under the cell membrane,
particularly in the cross sections of these striated fibers. H&E stain. Medium
magnification.

Epimysiumas

Raumens sandara

Perimysiumas
Endomysiumas
Sarkolema

Miofibril

Miosinas
Aktinas

Electron micrograph of skeletal muscle of a tadpole. Note the sarcomere with its A, I, and H bands and Z line.
The position of the thick and thin filaments in the sarcomere is shown schematically in the lower part of the
figure. As illustrated here, triads in amphibian muscle are aligned with the Z line in each sarcomere. In
mammalian muscle, however, each sarcomere exhibits 2 triads, one at each AI band interface x35,000.

Transverse section of skeletal muscle myofibrils illustrating some

of the features diagrammed in Figure 1011. I, I band; A, A band;
H, H band; Z, Z line. x36,000.

Schematic representation of the thin filament, showing the spatial configuration of 3 major
protein componentsactin, tropomyosin, and troponin. The individual components in the
upper part of the drawing are shown in polymerized form in the lower part. The globular actin
molecules are polarized and polymerize in one direction. Note that each tropomyosin
molecule extends over 7 actin molecules. TnI, TnC, and TnT are troponin subunits.

Muscle contraction, initiated by the binding of Ca2+ to the TnC unit of troponin, which exposes the myosin
binding site on actin (cross-hatched area). In a second step, the myosin head binds to actin and the ATP
breaks down into ADP, yielding energy, which produces a movement of the myosin head. As a
consequence of this change in myosin, the bound thin filaments slide over the thick filaments. This process,
which repeats itself many times during a single contraction, leads to a complete overlapping of the actin
and myosin and a resultant shortening of the whole muscle fiber. I, T, C are troponin subunits.

Electron micrograph of a transverse section of fish muscle, showing the surface of 2 cells limiting
an intercellular space. Note the invaginations of the sarcolemma, forming the tubules of the T
system (arrows). The dark, coarse granules in the cytoplasm (lower left) are glycogen particles.
The section passes through the A band (upper right), showing thick and thin filaments. The I band
is sectioned (lower left), showing only thin filaments. x60,000.

Segment of mammalian skeletal muscle. The sarcolemma and muscle fibrils are
partially cut, showing the following components: The invaginations of the T system
occur at the level of transition between the A and I bands twice in every sarcomere.
They associate with terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), forming
triads. Abundant mitochondria lie between the myofibrils. The cut surface of the
myofibrils shows the thin and thick filaments. Surrounding the sarcolemma are a
basal lamina and reticular fibers.

Electron micrograph of a longitudinal section of the skeletal muscle of a monkey. Note the mitochondria (M) between adjacent myofibrils. The
arrowheads indicate triads2 for each sarcomere in this musclelocated at the AI band junction. A, A band; I, I band; Z, Z line. x40,000.

Three-dimensional reconstruction of a mammalian skeletal

muscle fibre, showing in particular the organization of the
transverse tubules (orange) and sarcoplasmic reticulum (buff).
Mitochondria (blue) lie between the myofibrils and a muscle
nucleus (green) at the periphery. Note that transverse tubules are
found at the level of the A/I junctions, where they form triads with
the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle. The expanded

motor end-plate of the axon is filled with vesicles containing
synaptic transmitter (ACh) (above) and the deep infoldings of the
sarcolemmal sole plate (below) form subsynaptic gutters.

Ultrastructure of the motor end-plate and the mechanism of muscle contraction. The drawing at the upper right
shows branching of a small nerve with a motor end-plate for each muscle fiber. The structure of one of the bulbs of
an end-plate is highly enlarged in the center drawing. Note that the axon terminal bud contains synaptic vesicles.
The region of the muscle cell membrane covered by the terminal bud has clefts and ridges called junctional folds.
The axon loses its myelin sheath and dilates, establishing close, irregular contact with the muscle fiber. Muscle
contraction begins with the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles of the end-plate. This
neurotransmitter causes a local increase in the permeability of the sarcolemma. The process is propagated to the
rest of the sarcolemma, including its invaginations (all of which constitute the T system), and is transferred to the
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The increase of permeability in this organelle liberates calcium ions (drawing at upper
left) that trigger the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction. Thin filaments slide between the thick
filaments and reduce the distance between the Z lines, thereby reducing the size of all bands except the A band. H,
H band; S, sarcomere.

NERVIN SAUSGYSLIN VERPST

Drawing of a Golgi tendon organ. This structure
collects information about differences in tension
among tendons and relays data to the central
nervous system, where they are processed and help
to coordinate fine muscular contractions.

NERVIN RAUMENIN
VERPST

Muscle spindle showing afferent and efferent nerve fibers that make
synapses with the intrafusal fibers (modified muscle fibers). Note the
complex nerve terminal on the intrafusal fibers. The two types of intrafusal
fibers, one with a small diameter and the other with a dilation filled with
nuclei, are shown. Muscle spindles participate in the nervous control of
body posture and the coordinate action of opposing muscles.

Structure and function of skeletal muscle. The drawing at right shows the area of muscle detailed in the enlarged segment. Color
highlights endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium.

Cross section of striated muscle stained to show collagens type I and III and cell nuclei. The endomysium is indicated by arrowheads and the perimysium by arrows.
At left is a piece of epimysium. Picrosirius-hematoxylin stain. High magnification.

Striated skeletal muscle in longitudinal section. In the left side of the photomicrograph the insertion of collagen fibers with the muscle is clearly seen. Picrosirius
polarized light (PSP) stain. Medium magnification.

Longitudinal section of striated muscle fibers. The blood vessels were injected with a plastic material before the animal was killed. Note the extremely rich network of
blood capillaries around the muscle fibers. Giemsa stain. Photomicrograph of low magnification made under polarized light.

Sausgysl,
raumens prisitvirtinimas prie
kaulo

Raumens dalys:
galva, pilvelis, uodega
Raumens prisitvirtinimas:
Sausgysl ir sausplv,
fiksuotas takas, judamasis
takas, raumens pradia,
raumens pabaiga
Raumens vartai

A generalized example to illustrate the biomechanical effects of the force generated

by a muscle. The muscle (which does not represent a specific anatomical muscle)
arises from a fixed base or origin, crosses a single multiaxial joint, and is attached at
its insertion to a mobile bone.

Raumen priedai:
Fascija
Tepalins sausgysli maktys,
tepaliniai maieliai (tepalinis
sluoksnis).
Intarpiniai sausgysli kauliukai

Raumen rys:
Ilgieji (eiviniai,
vienplunksniai, dviplunksniai,
juostinius), platieji
(trikampiai, rombiniai,
kvadratiniai, trapeciniai,
iediniai), trumpieji,

iediniai
paprastieji ir sudtiniai
(dvigalviai, trigalviai,
keturgalviai, keturuodegiai,
dvipilviai, daugiapilviai)
Vien-, dvi-, daugiasnariai

Raumen vard sudarymo principai:

morfologija (trapecinis raumuo, kvadratinis launies raumuo,)
topografija (poodinis kaklo raumuo)
Agonistai
funkcija (sukamasis galvos raumuo)
atliekantys pagrindin funkcij
skaidul kryptis (tiesusis pilvo raumuo)
Antagonistai
raumens galv skaiius (dvigalvis sto raumuo)
Sinergistai
prisitvirtinimo vieta (krtininis polieuvio raumuo)
raumens dydis (didysis sdmens raumuo)
Fiksuojantys raumenys

SVERTAI:
SVERTAI
Dviej pei pusiausvyros
Vieno peties greiio
jgos

SVERT TAKAI:
TAKAI
atramos
jgos veikimo ( raumens prisitvirtinimo)
pasiprieinimo (svorio)

GRIAUI RAUMENYS
Galvos
Kaklo
Liemens: nugaros, krtins ir pilvo
Galni: virutins ir apatins

Galvos raumenys
Veido raumenys: antgalvinis (kaktinis ir pakauinis pilveliai, sausplvinis almas),
nosinis, iedinis akies, iedinis burnos, burnos kampo nuleidiamasis, virutins lpos
keliamasis, apatins lpos nuleidiamasis, burnos kampo keliamasis, andinis.
Kramtymo raumenys: kramtomasis, smilkininis, oninis ir vidinis sparniniai.

Kaklo raumenys
Paviriniai raumenys: poodinis, galvos sukamasis.
Virutini bei apatini polieuvini raumen grups: malamasis
polieuvio raumuo
Gilieji raumenys: onin ir vidin grups

Liemens raumenys
Nugaros
Krtins
Pilvo

Nugaros raumenys

Paviriniai
galniniai nugaros raumenys: trapecinis, plaiausias nugaros, didysis ir
maasis rombiniai, ments keliamasis.
savieji nugaros raumenys: apatinis ir virutinis upakaliniai dantytieji, dirinis,
Gilieji : ilgieji - nugaros tiesiamasis, trumpieji

Krtins raumenys
Galniniai krtins raumenys: krtins didysis ir maasis, priekinis dantytasis.
Savieji krtins raumenys: ioriniai ir vidiniai tarponkauliniai, diafragma.
Diafragma: juosmenin, onkaulin ir krtinkaulin diafragmos dalys, sausgyslinis
centras, aortos, stempls ir tuiosios venos angos.

Pilvo raumenys

Priekiniai tiesusis pilvo raumuo (tiesiojo pilvo raumens maktis, skersin fascija.)
oniniai - iorinis ir vidinis striiniai bei skersinis pilvo raumenys, baltoji linija, bambos
iedas. Kirkninis raitis ir kanalas. Pilvo presas.
Upakaliniai - kvadratinis juosmens raumuo.

VIRUTINS GALNS RAUMENYS

Pei lanko raumen grup: deltinis, antdyglinis, podyglinis, maasis ir didysis apvalieji, pomentinis raumenys;
(II) asto raumen priekin (lenkiamj raumen) grup: dvigalvis asto (ilgoji ir trumpoji galvos), snapinis asto, astinis

(I)

raumenys;
(III) asto

raumen upakalin (tiesiamj raumen) grup: trigalvis asto (ilgoji, onin, vidin galvos) raumuo;
(IV) Dilbio raumen priekin (lenkiamj raumen) grup: pavirinis sluoksnis - apvalusis nugriamasis, rieo stipininis

lenkiamasis, ilgasis delno, rieo alkninis lenkiamasis, pirt pavirinis lenkiamasis raumenys; gilusis sluoksnis - pirt gilusis lenkiamasis,
nykio ilgasis lenkiamasis, kvadratinis nugriamasis raumenys;
(V) Dilbio raumen upakalin (tiesiamj raumen) grup: pavirinis sluoksnis- astinis stipinkaulio, ilgasis rieo
stipininis tiesiamasis, rieo alkninis tiesiamasis raumenys; gilusis sluoksnis - atgriamasis, nykio ilgasis atitraukiamasis, nykio ilgasis
tiesiamasis, smiliaus tiesiamasis raumenys.
(VI) Delno

raumen vidurin grup.

(VII) Rankos nykio pakylos raumen grup.
(VIII) Maylio pakylos raumen grup.

Apatins galns raumenys

(I) Dubens raumen grup: klubinis juosmens,
didysis, vidurinis ir maasis sdmens, vidinis ir
iorinis utvaros, kvadratinis launies raumenys;
(II) launies raumen priekin (tiesiamj
raumen) grup: siuvjo, keturgalvis launies
(tiesusis launies, oninis, tarpinis ir vidinis
platieji) raumenys;
(III) launies raumen upakalin (lenkiamj
raumen)
grup:
dvigalvis
launies,
pusgyslinis, pusplvinis raumenys;
(IV) launies raumen vidin (pritraukiamj
raumen) grup: skiauterinis, ilgasis, didysis ir
trumpasis pritraukiamieji, graktusis raumenys;

Apatins galns
raumenys
(V)
Blauzdos raumen
priekin (tiesiamj raumen)
grup: priekinis blauzdos, pirt
ilgasis tiesiamasis, kojos nykio
ilgasis tiesiamasis raumenys;
(VI)
Blauzdos
raumen
upakalin
(lenkiamj
raumen) grup: pavirinis
sluoksnis - trigalvis blauzdos
raumuo (dvilypis blauzdos ir
plekninis raumenys), kulnin
sausgysl, gilusis sluoksnis upakalinis
blauzdos,
pirt
ilgasis lenkiamasis, kojos nykio
ilgasis lenkiamasis raumenys.
(VII) Blauzdos raumen onin
(atitraukiamj arba eivini
raumen) grup: ilgasis ir
trumpasis eiviniai raumenys.

Apatins galns
raumenys
(VIII)
Pdos nugaros
raumen grup;
(IX)
Pdos nykio
pakylos raumen grup;
(X) Pdos maylio
pakylos raumen grup.

Atsiskaitymai
vadas anatomijos studijas.
Histologiniai tyrim metodai. Lstels ir audini sandaros pagrindai.
Bendroji osteologija.
Bendroji artrologija: jungi apibdinimas, anatomin ir funkcin klasifikacija.
Miologijos pagrindai; raumen grups.
Bendroji neurologija, smegen dangalai ir nugaros smegenys
Galvos smegenys: dalys ir morfofunkcinis apibdinimas.
Periferin nerv sistema. Nugarini nerv rezginiai. Galvini nerv morfofunkcinis apibdinimas.
Autonomins nerv sistemos dariniai.

Sensorini sistem anatomija bei morfofunkcinis apibdinimas. Uosls, regos, klausos ir pusiausvyros
bei skonio sistemos. Somatosensorins ir somatomotorins sistem apibdinimas.

Splanchnologijos pagrindai. Kvpavimo organ anatomija.

Virkinimo organ sandara
lapimo organ sistema. Lytini organ anatomija
Kraujas, irdies ir gysl anatomija
Limfin ir imunin sistema
Belataki liauk morfofunkcinis apibdinimas. Odos sandara