Setting analog signal input:

Expt no:

SIGNAL SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION

Date:

Aim:
To study different types of signal sampling and its reconstruction
Apparatus Required:
Sampling and Reconstruction trainer kit - ST2101
CRO and Connecting probes
Power supply and Power cords
Patch cords
Theory:
Signal Sampling:
The signals we use in the real world, such as our voice, are called analog signals. At the transmitter, to process these
signals for digital communication, we need to convert analog signals to digital form. Sampling is the process of converting
analog signal into discrete time signal. The amplitude of the analog signal is measured at certain intervals in time. Each
measurement is referred to as a sample. Non linear mixing of analog signal with sampling pulse signal results in sampled
discrete pulses. For a perfect sampling, the minimum sampling rate is equal to twice the highest frequency of analog signal
called Nyquist sampling theorem.
In natural sampling, the sampled pulse amplitude takes the shape of the analog waveform for the period of the
sampling pulse. Natural sampling is accomplished by Sampler circuit. In flat top sampling, the sampled pulse takes the
amplitude of the analog waveform during the sampling period and the pulse amplitude is held relatively constant until the next
sample is taken. Flat top sampling is accomplished by Sample and Hold circuit.
Signal Reconstruction:
Reconstruction is the process of getting back the original analog signal from its discrete form. It is accomplished by
low pass filter circuit.
Procedure:
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Set the INTERNAL / EXTERNAL sampling selector switch in INTERNAL position.

Put the DUTY CYCLE SELECTOR switch in position 5 (to set 50 % duty cycle).
Connect 1 KHz internally generated sinusoidal signal available at t.p.12 to SIGNAL INPUT on the Sampling Circuit
board.
Turn the ON/OFF switch of the kit to ON.
Observe the analog signal of frequency 1 KHz (t.p.12), sampled output (t.p.37) and sample & hold circuit output
(t.p.39).
Connect the sampled output (t.p.37) to the input of 4th order LPF (t.p.43).
Observe the reconstructed signal at the output of the 4th order LPF (t.p.46).
Trace the sampled output at t.p.37. Note that 40 samples are appearing in one cycle of the analog signal, as the default
value of the sampling frequency is 40KHz.
Now, keep on changing the sampling frequency by successive presses of FREQUENCY SELECTOR switch and
observe the effect of lower sampling frequencies.
Keep the sampling rate constant at some appropriate value, and vary the position of DUTY CYCLE SELECTOR
switch, and observe the sampled signal (t.p.37) and the reconstructed signal at the output of the 4th order LPF (t.p.46).
Connect the sample & hold circuit output (t.p.39) to the input of 4th order LPF (t.p.43).
Observe the reconstructed signal at the output of the 4th order LPF (t.p.46).
Trace the sample & hold circuit output at t.p.39. Note that 40 samples are appearing in one cycle of the analog signal,
as the default value of the sampling frequency is 40KHz.
Now, keep on changing the sampling frequency by successive presses of FREQUENCY SELECTOR switch and
observe the effect of lower sampling frequencies.
Keep the sampling rate constant at some appropriate value, and vary the position of DUTY CYCLE SELECTOR
switch, and observe the sample & hold circuit output (t.p.39) and the reconstructed signal at the output of the 4th
order LPF (t.p.46).

Signal sampling and reconstruction using natural sampling:

Signal sampling and reconstruction using flat top sampling:

Tabulations:
S.no.
1.

Signal
Analog input signal

2.

Sampling pulse

3.

Natural sampling output

4.

Reconstructed output

5.

Flat top sampling output

6.

Reconstructed output

Amplitude ( )

Timeperiod ( )

Frequency ( )

Result:
Thus different types of signal sampling and reconstruction have been studied.