3.

Sampling of signals
Sampling is the conversion of a continuous signal to a discrete signal, by taking
samples from a signal at given moments of times. Sampling is performed by measuring
the value of the continuous signal every Ts seconds, with a sampling frequency of fs=1/Ts.
The sampling frequency the number of samples obtained in one second and it is measured
in hertz or in samples per second. X()s
The ideal sampled signal is:

x ( t ) =

x ( kT ) ( t kT ) .
s

k =

Its spectrum is
1
X ( ) =
Ts

X ( k )

k =

The NyquistShannon Sampling theorem: A finite energy and band limited signal x(t),
with bandwidth B = M is uniquely determined by its samples x ( nTs ) n ] if

s 2M .
where

2
.
T
If we sample the signal with the sampling period Ts we obtain a sampled
signal x ( t ) with the spectrum X ( ) . The original signal is reconstructed from the
s =

spectrum of the sampled signal with lowpass filtering, with the cutoff frequency C , such
that,
M C s M 2M s or
fs 2 fM .

The limit case: The sampling frequency is equal with the bandwidth
s = 2M
and the cutoff frequency is the maximum frequency of the signals spectrum,
C = M
Unfavorable case: The sampling frequency is lower than the bandwidth,
s < 2M
when aliasing appears, the original signal cannot be reconstructed.
The spectrum of the ideal lowpass filter is:
H r ( ) = Ts pC ( ) .
Its impulse response is
hr ( t ) = Ts

sin ( C t )
t

The reconstructed signal is:

xr ( t ) = x ( t ) hr ( t ) =
At the limit we have: C = M =

s
2

k =

2C

x ( kTs )

sin (C ( t kTs ) )

C ( t kTs )

and the reconstructed signal is:

sin k

Ts

xr ( t ) = x ( kTs )
t

k =
k
Ts

Problems
1. Consider the system below

x1(t)

( )2

y(t)

x2(t)
x3(t)
The support of the Fourier transform for the signals xi(t), with i=1,2,3, are [-i, i].
a) Find the maximum sampling period T for which the signal y(t) can be reconstructed
from its samples using ideal low pass filtering.
3

b) Find T for 1 = , 2 = and 3 =

4
4
2
Solution.
a) The output signal and its spectrum are:

y ( t ) = x12 ( t ) x2 ( t ) + x3 ( t ) Y ( ) =

4 2
The support of the Fourier transform X 1 ( ) is:

X 1 ( ) X 1 ( ) X 2 ( ) + X 3 ( )

supp { X 1 ( )} = [ 1 , 1 ]

The support of the convolution of the two spectra is double:

supp { X 1 ( ) X 1 ( )} = [ 21 , 21 ]

The support of the convolution X 1 ( ) X 1 ( ) X 2 ( ) is:

supp { X 1 ( ) X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )} = [ 21 2 , 21 + 2 ]

This means that the support of the spectrum Y ( ) is

supp {Y ( )} = y , y , y = max ( 21 + 2 , 3 )

Applying the sampling theorem we obtain:

s 2 y ,

The sampling period

s y
Therefore, the maximum value for the sampling period is:

Ts =
max ( 21 + 2 , 3 )
Ts =

b)

supp { X 1 ( ) X 1 ( )} = [ 21 , 21 ] = ,
2 2
supp { X 1 ( ) X 1 ( ) X 2 ( )} = [ 21 2 , 21 + 2 ] = [ , ]
3
max ( 21 + 2 , 3 ) = max , =
4
supp {Y ( )} = [ , ]
2. Consider a system with the input signal x(t) and the output signal y(t) with the relation
output-input a polynomial:
N

y = P ( x) = ak x k .
k =0

If the signal x(t) is band limited to the interval [-M, M], find the maximum sampling
period for which the signal y(t) can be recovered from its samples using ideal lowpass
filtering.
Solution.
The Fourier transform of the signal y(t) is:
a
a
Y ( ) = a0 + a1 X ( ) + 2 X ( ) X ( ) + ... + N N X ( ) X ( ) ... X ( )
2
( 2 ) 
N factors

supp (Y ( ) ) = [ N M , N M ]

Sampling theorem: s 2 N M =>

2 N M => T
.
T
N M

3. Consider the band limited signal z(t), in the interval [1, 2], with the spectrum
represented below:

Z()
1

0
Denote C =

2 + 1

; M =

2 1

2
2
a) Show the relation z (t ) = x1 ( t ) e jC t holds, where x1(t) is a bandlimited signal, in

the interval [-M, M].

b) Using the reconstruction theorem for the signal x1(t), find the maximum value of
T for which the relation is true:
t

sin n

j t nT
T
z ( t ) = z ( nT ) e s ( )
t

n =
n
T

Solution.
a) Assume there is a signal x1 ( t ) , a bandlimited signal, in the interval [-M, M], for

which we have

z (t ) = x1 ( t ) e jC t Z ( ) = X 1 ( C )

If the spectrum X 1 ( ) is shifted to the right with C we obtain the spectrum Z ( ) .

This implies that the support of Z ( ) is the same as the support of the shifted version of
X 1 ( ) :

supp {Z ( )} = supp { X 1 ( C )} = [1 , 2 ]

The support of Z ( ) is known:

We have supposed that:

supp {Z ( )} = [1 , 2 ]

supp { X 1 ( C )} = [ M + C , M + C ]

This is true if and only if

M + C = 1 and M + C = 2 (true)
b) The signal x1 (t ) = z ( t ) e jC t has the spectrum limited to [-M, M] =>

Sampling with the sampling frequency s 2M

=> The recovered signal
t

sin k

Ts

if C = M = s
x1 ( t ) = x1 ( kTs )
2
t

k =
k
Ts

=> z ( t ) = x1 ( t ) exp ( jC t ) =

=> z ( t ) =

exp ( j t ) x ( kT ) sinc T
C

k =

t
exp ( j ( t kT ) ) z ( kT ) sinc T

k =

k for C = M = s , Ts =

2
M

4. The signal z(t) with the spectrum sketched below is the analytical signal corresponding
to a real signal, x(t).

Z()
1

a) Sketch the spectrum of the real signal x ( t ) .

b) Use the relation between the signals x ( t ) , x ( t ) and z ( t ) , where x ( t ) is the Hilbert
transform of the signal x ( t ) , to find the maximum value of the sampling step T for which
we have:
x (t ) =

n =

x ( t ) =

n =

sin n

T
x ( nT ) cos C ( t nT ) x ( nT ) sin C ( t nT )
t

n
T

sin n

T
x ( nT ) cos C ( t nT ) + x ( nT ) sin C ( t nT )
t

n
T

c) Using the relations from b), systems that recover the original signals x ( t ) and x ( t )
from the sampled signals, xs ( t ) = x ( t ) T ( t ) and xs ( t ) = x ( t ) T ( t ) , respectively, are
represented below. Find the impulse response h1(t) and h2(t) and the frequency responses
H1() and H2() of these systems.
xs(t)

xs(t)

h1(t)

h1(t)

x(t)
xs ( t )

xs ( t )

h2(t)

x ( t )

h2(t)

Solution.
a) x(t) = Re(z(t)), x ( t ) = H ( x ( t ) ) =

1
x ( t ) X ( ) = j sgn X ( )
t

z ( t ) = x ( t ) + jx ( t )
Z ( ) = X ( ) + jX ( ) = X ( ) + j ( j sgn ) X ( ) = X ( ) + sgn X ( )
2 X ( ) ,
Z ( ) =
0,

>0
otherwise

=> < 0 : X ( ) =

Z ( )
2

, > 0 : X ( ) =

Z ( )
2

X()
1/2

-2

-1

b) We have to prove the relation:

x (t ) =

n =

x ( nT ) h1 ( t nT )

h1 ( t ) = cos C t sinc

h2 ( t ) = sin C t sinc

sinc 0t

x ( nT )h ( t nT )
2

n =

t H1 ( )
t H 2 ( )

p ( ) => for 0 = , sinc t Tp ( )

T
0
T
T
0

1
Tp ( ) ( C ) + ( + C )
T
2
1
H1 ( ) = T p ( C ) + p ( + C )

T
2 T
H1 ( ) =

Tp ( ) ( C ) ( + C )
T
2
j
1
H 2 ( ) = T p ( C ) p ( + C )
T

2 j T
H 2 ( ) =

H1()
T/2

-C-/T

-C -C+/T

C-/T C

C+/T

jH2()
T/2

-C
0

=> X ( ) H1 ( ) =

C-/T C

C+/T

T
T
X ( ) and jX ( ) jH 2 ( ) = sgn X ( ) jH 2 ( ) = X ( )
2
2

T
=> X ( ) H 2 ( ) = X ( )
2
X ( ) H1 ( ) X ( ) H 2 ( ) = TX ( )
After sampling of the signals x and x we obtain:
xs ( t ) = x ( nT ) ( t nT ) X s ( ) =

1
2

X k

T k =
T

1
2

xs ( t ) = x ( nT ) ( t nT ) X s ( ) = X k

T k =
T
X s ( ) = j sgn X s ( )

For the reconstruction of the signal x(t) from xs(t):

< 1 < 2 < C +

T
1
T 1
c) X s ( ) H1 ( ) = X ( ) = X ( )
T
2 2

1
X s ( ) H 2 ( ) = X ( )
2
Therefore, X s ( ) H1 ( ) X s ( ) H 2 ( ) = X ( )
In the time domain:

=>

>

2 1
2

x (t ) =

x ( nT ) cos ( t nT ) x ( nT ) sin ( t nT ) sinc T ( t nT )

k =

For the second relation:

j sgn X s ( ) H1 ( ) =
j sgn X s ( ) H 2 ( ) =

1
1
j sgn X ( ) => X s ( ) H1 ( ) = X ( )
2
2

1
1
j sgn X ( ) => X s ( ) H 2 ( ) = X ( )
2
2

Therefore, X s ( ) H 2 ( ) + X s ( ) H1 ( ) = X ( )
In the time domain:
x ( t ) =

x ( nT ) cos ( t nT ) + x ( nT ) sin ( t nT ) sinc T ( t nT )

k =

5. Consider the signal x(t) with the spectrum sketched below:

X()
1

-2

-1

We use the same relations from problem 3. The signal is ideally sampled with the
sampling frequency 2M .
a) Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal if (4k+3)M = C
b) Sketch the spectrum of the sampled signal if (4k+1)M=C
c) Implement a system that permits the recovery of the original signal x(t) from the
sampled signal in case a) and in case b).
Solution.
a) The sampling pulsation is: s = 2 2M = 4M
The spectrum of the sampled signal:
1
2

X s ( ) = X k

T k =
T

If (4k+3)M = C k=1, C = 7M, 1 = 6M, 2 = 8M

Xs()
1/T

-2

-1

b) (4k+1)M = C k=1, C = 5M, 1 = 4M, 2 = 6M

Xs()
1/T

-2 -1

c) Reconstruction is made using bandpass filters

Hr(), case a)
2M/

-8M -6M -4M

4M

6M

8M

Hr(), case b)
2M/

-8M -6M -4M

4M

6M

8M

6. Consider the system represented below. x(t) is a bandlimited signal at the interval
[-M, M], and p(t) is a periodic signal of period T = M .

x(t)

xs(t)

a) The spectrum of the signal x(t) is X() and an are the

coefficients of the Fourier series for the signal p(t). Show the
spectrum of the sampled signal is:

p(t)
10

X s ( ) =

a X ( n )

n =

How much is s?
b) Assuming the continuous component of x(t) is not null a0 0 , show that x(t) can be
recovered from xs(t) using ideal lowpass filtering. Find the parameters for the lowpass
filter.
c) Implement a system for the reconstruction of the original signal x(t) from the sampled
signal xe(t) for a0=0.
d) For the spectrum of x(t) given below, sketch the magnitude spectrum for the signal
xs(t) in two cases: p(t)=T(t) and p(t)=T(t-).
X()
1

-M

Solution
a) p ( t ) =

P ( ) =

n =

an e

jn

2
t
T

2 a n T

n =

1
X ( ) P ( )
2
2

X s ( ) = an X n
,
T

n
X s ( ) =

2
= 2M
T
2

b) a0 0 => X s ( ) = a0 X ( ) + an X n

n0

s =

H()
1/a0

-M

M
0

11

c) a0 = 0, a1 0 => X s ( ) = a1 X ( ) +

a X n T

n 0,1

H1()
1/a1
xs(t)

x(t)

h1(t)

2/T-M
=M

2M

2/T+M
=3M

exp(-j2t/T)

2
2 ( )
T T
1
1
2

X s ( ) =
X ( ) P ( ) = X k

2
T
T

d) p(t)=T(t); P ( ) =

X()
1/T

0
p(t)=T(t-); P ( ) = e j
X s ( ) =
X s ( ) =

2
2 ( )
T T

1
1
2
X ( ) P ( ) =
X ( ) e j
2
2
T
1
2

X ( ) k
T
T

X s ( ) =

2M

-M

2
jk

k
k

2
T

1
2

X k

T k
T

1
2

X k

T k
T

12

T
2

jk T
e