MATH 101 Fundamentals of Mathematics

Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Jose P. Laurel Polytechnic College
Malvar, Batangas
College of Teacher Education
Fundamentals of Mathematics
NUMBER SYSTEM AND ITS PROPERTIES
Four Fundamental Operations:
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
Axioms of Real Numbers
1. Closure Property
For any

a , b R , a+b R

and ab R .

2. Commutative Property
For any

a , b R , a+b=b+ a

and ab=ba .

3. Associative Property
For any

a , b , c R , ( a+b ) +c =a+ ( b+ c ) and ( ab ) c=a(bc) .

4. Identity Property
There exist two real numbers 0 and 1 such that

a+0=0+ a=a and a ( 1 )=1 ( a ) =a . Thus,

0 is the identity element for addition and 1 is the identity element for multiplication.
5. Inverse Property
i.

For each a R , there exists a unique element

a+ (a ) =(a ) +a=0 ,
ii.

()

1
R
a

For any a , b , c R ,

a ( b+c ) =ab+ac

(Left Distributive)

( b+ c ) a=ba+ca

(Right Distributive)

Example:
Give the property expressed by each statement.

( 2 3 ) 5=2 (3 5)

2.

( 10 5 ) +20=50+20

3.

20 ( 10+5 )=200+100

4.

145 0=0

5.

4235 1=4235

such that

is the reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of a.

6. Distributive Property of Multiplication over Addition

1.

such that

a is called the additive inverse of a.

For each a R , there exists a unique element

1
1
1
( a )=a
=1,
a
a
a

a R

MATH 101 Fundamentals of Mathematics

6.

( 18+7 ) +5=25+5

7.

(5+ 5 )7=07

8.

( 24+6 ) + ( 153 )=( 153 )+ ( 24+6 )

9.

( 2 3 ) 5=5 ( 2 3 )

10. ( 53 )+ (12+ 0 )=( 53 ) +12

Order of Operations
When performing multiple operations, remember PEMDAS:
P
Parenthesis (grouping symbols)
E
Exponents
MD Multiply and divide from left to right
AS
Add and subtract from left to right
Examples:
1.

8{[ 2+ (3 )+ 2 ( 5+3 ) ] 4 }

2.

[5 ( 3 )2 +23 ( 127 ) ] 5

3.

13+2 2+ 4 ( 61 ) 5(76)

4.

[ 14( 62 )+18 ] 73 4

5.

6.

3 ( 7+1 ) 4

4
5

95

DIVISIBILITY RULES

1. A number is divisible by 2 if it is even.

2. A number is divisible by 3 if the number formed by the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.
3. A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.
4. A number is divisible by 5 if the number ends in 0 or 5.
5. A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
6. A number is divisible by 7 if the number formed by the difference of twice the last digits
less than the remaining digits in the number is divisible by 7. This process can be done
repeatedly until after the remainder is known to be divisible by 7.
7. A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by the last three digits of the number is
divisible by 8.
8. A number is divisible by 9 if the number formed by the sum of the digits is divisible by 9.
9. A number is divisible by 10 if it ends in 0.
10.A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of the number formed by the sum of the digits
in the odd-numbered positions (1st, 3rd, etc.) and the sum of the digits in the evennumbered positions is a multiple of 11.

MATH 101 Fundamentals of Mathematics

Exercises:
Determine if the following is divisible by 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11.
1. 432
2. 12, 732
3. 70, 367
4. 18, 492
5. 49, 168, 471
6. 406, 494
7. 1, 358, 016
8. 23, 605, 232
9. 25, 199, 100
10.4, 782, 969

Prepared by:
Ms. Rensie Vique F. Falculan
Instructor