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Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

Monitoring the performance of single and triple junction amorphous


silicon modules in two building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV)
installations
Rustu Eke , Ali Senturk
Mugla Stk Kocman University, Clean Energy Research & Development Centre, 48120 Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey
Mugla Stk Kocman University, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Physics, Photovoltaic Material and Device Laboratory, 48120 Kotekli, Mugla, Turkey

h i g h l i g h t s
 The rst and the largest BIPV of Turkey were installed.
 Single and triple junction amorphous module performances in BIPV applications are analyzed.
 Total generated electricity of the BIPV system is measured as 103,702 kW h for 36 months of operation.
 Annual energy rating is calculated as 856 kW h/kWp for a non-optimally oriented plant.
 The PR of the system is found 0.74 and 0.81 for PV systems on towers and facade respectively.

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 13 July 2012
Received in revised form 23 March 2013
Accepted 25 March 2013
Available online 28 April 2013
Keywords:
PV system
BIPV
Amorphous silicon PV module
Outdoor performance

a b s t r a c t
Mugla is located in south west Turkey at 37130 N latitude and 28360 E longitude with yearly sum of horizontal global irradiation exceeding 1700 kW h per square meter. Mugla has a Mediterranean Climate
which is characterized by long, hot and dry summers with cool and wet winters. Mugla Stk Kocman University is the largest PV Park in Turkey consisting of 100 kWp installed Photovoltaic Power Systems
(PVPSs) with different PV applications. The 40 kWp building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system which
is the rst and largest in Turkey was installed on the faade and the two towers of the Staff Block of the
Education Facultys Building of Mugla Stk Kocman University in February 2008. Triple junction amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules are used on the faade and single junction amorphous silicon PV
modules are used on the East and West towers of the building. In this paper, the 40 kWp BIPV system
in Mugla, Turkey is presented, and its performance is evaluated. Energy rating (kW h/kWp energy yield),
efciencies and performance ratios of both applications are also evaluated for 36 months of operation.
Daily, monthly and seasonal variations in performance parameters of the BIPV system in relation to solar
data and meteorological parameters and outdoor performance of two reference modules (representing
the modules on faade and towers) in a summer and a winter day are also investigated.
Crown Copyright 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
BIPV is a photovoltaic (PV) application close to being capable of
delivering electricity at less than the cost of grid electricity to end
users in certain peak demand niche markets [1]. BIPV is growing in
popularity as more and more architects and constructors begin to
understand the possibilities available for their clients [2]. Compared with PV systems, one of the important advantages of BIPV
systems is that PV modules can replace conventional building
materials. The savings in the purchase and installation of conventional materials can lower the net cost of BIPV systems. PV modules provide fully integrated electricity generation while also
Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 2522111601; fax: +90 2522111472.
E-mail address: erustu@gmail.com (R. Eke).

serving as part of the weather protective building envelopes. If


BIPV systems are properly designed, the cooling load of building
envelopes which PV modules are integrated into can also be eliminated. Apart from the electricity generation of PV modules, the
cooling energy consumption reduction due to cooling load reduction of building envelopes should also be regarded as parts of the
total electricity saving when the energy performance of BIPV systems is evaluated. In recent years, many theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted to maximize the energy
benets of BIPV systems, in terms of the power output of PV modules, environmental payback time and thermal analysis with the
cooling load reduction of buildings [314].
PV and also BIPV have great potential to contribute to electricity
production in the urban environment of the south of Turkey. Mugla
Stk Kocman University has been involved in R&D for photovoltaic

0306-2619/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.087

R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

155

Nomenclature
PV
BIPV
PVPS
STC
PVSYST
PR
POA
mpp
Isc
Voc
Pmpp
Impp
Vmpp
A
Pout

photovoltaic
building integrated photovoltaic
photovoltaic power system
standard test conditions
photovoltaic systems simulation software
performance Ratio
Plane of array
maximum power point
short circuit current (A)
open circuit voltage (V)
nominal power, power at mpp (Wp)
current at mpp (A)
voltage at mpp (V)
PV area (m2)
inverter output power (W)

materials, devices and systems since 1996. Currently Mugla Stk


Kocman University Clean Energy R&D Centre is one of the leading
establishments in the eld having the largest PV park with many
different demonstration photovoltaic power systems (PVPSs) in
the main campus. With the installed PVPS, Mugla Stk Kocman
University covers approximately 4% of the electricity demand of
the main Campus. The rst and largest BIPV application of Turkey
was installed on the faade and the two towers of the Staff Block
of Education Facultys Buildings which is formerly an administration building of Mugla Stk Kocman University (Fig. 1) [15].
In this study, single junction and triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules are installed on a building and chosen in different
applications to compare the energy rating results in a Mediterranean climate but in a high altitude province.
The single junction cell has the limitation that it cannot absorb
low energy photons and as such has relatively low efciency. To
overcome this limitation, multi junction solar cells, such as double
and triple junction solar cells, based on the spectral splitting principle have been devised. In addition to better efciency, the
stacked solar cell also shows better stability as the problem of
photo degradation associated with amorphous silicon solar cells
is less manifested in it than its single junction counterpart [16].
Each cell is composed of three semiconductor junctions stacked
on top of each other. The bottom cell absorbs the red light, the middle cell the green/yellow light and the top cell absorbs the blue
light and this spectrum splitting capability is one of the keys to
higher efciencies and higher energy output, especially at lower
irradiation levels and under diffuse light [17]. Seasonal effects on
the outdoor performance of amorphous modules are also reported
for various locations in previous studies [18-22].

Vin
Iin
Iout
Vout
Po
Yf
Ht
Yr

inverter DC input voltage (V)


inverter DC input current (A)
inverter AC output current (A)
inverter AC output voltage (V)
nominal power at STC (W)
nal yield (kW h/kWp)
plane of array irradiation (kW h/m2)
reference yield ((kW h/m2)/(kW/m2))
gA,mean array efciency (%)
gPV,STC PV module efciency at STC (%)
gave
overall system efciency (%)
Tm
module operating temperature (K)
Euse or Eout useful energy (kW h)

Single and triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules are


used in this 40 kWp BIPV demonstration project. Daily, monthly
and seasonal variations in performance parameters of the system
in relation to solar data and meteorological parameters are monitored and results are available internally at the University website.
2. Description of the 40 kWp BIPV system
TWIN 140 and TWIN75 triple junction amorphous silicon modules were used on the faade of the ve oors. Totally 405 m2 of
the faade is covered. Totally 210 TWIN140 and 10 TWIN75 modules are installed on 54 m length and 21 m height with 30 southeast facing of the building. The modules were installed using
specially designed mounting units with 60 tilt angles and 25 cm
apart from the building for the ventilation. The PV array is comprised of 10 parallel strings where each string has 21 TWIN 140
and one TWIN 75 module (Fig. 2). The 30.15 kWp PVPS on the faade was connected to the campus grid with four 6 kW three phase
inverters.
SUNone 64 single junction amorphous silicon modules were installed vertically and 10 cm apart from the walls of the east and
west towers of the building (Fig. 3). The 10.24 kWp PVPS cover
136 m2 surface areas on the two towers and the systems are connected to the campus grid with two 5 kW single phase inverters.
The effective photovoltaic area is about 112 m2 and 324 m2 for
the PV modules on both towers and faade respectively.
The PV modules were secured on aluminum rods forming a support framework. The specications of used PV modules and inverters in PV systems are given in Table 1 [23] and Table 2 [24]
respectively.

Fig. 1. Mugla Stk Kocman University BIPV System (single and triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules on 2 towers and faade).

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R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162


Table 1
PV module specications under STC (sunset-a 2011).
PV module type

Nominal power (Wp)


Impp (A)
Vmpp (V)
Isc (A)
Voc (V)
Area (m2)
PV cell area (m2)
Temperature coefcient,
lP,mpp [%/K]

On towers (vertically
installed)
Single junction
amorphous Silicon

On faade (60
tilted)
Triple junction
amorphous silicon

SUNone 64

TWIN75

TWIN
140

64
0.96
66.50
1.20
86.00
0.95
0.76
0.25

75
4.40
17.00
5.20
21.00
0.99
0.95
0.21

140
4.25
32.80
5.20
47.10
1.95
1.87
0.21

Fig. 2. Installation of ventilated faade BIPV installation (with 30 south-facing


triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules).
Table 2
Inverter specications (sunset-b 2011).
Inverter type

Pout (W)
Min. Vin (V)
Max. Vin (V)
Max Iin (A)
Max Iout (A)
Vout (V)

Sun3Grid 5000
single phase

Sun3Grid 6000
3 phase

5000
340
600
14.5
20.9
195254

6000
340
600
18.0
26.0
195254

to show some electrical outputs of the BIPV system to public. The


display allows seeing the following parameters:
 Actual power and electricity output of the BIPV systems from
start-up faade and towers (individually).
 Measured vertical irradiation.
 Measured backside temperature of a PV module on the towers.
 Measured ambient temperature.

Fig. 3. Installation of 30 south-facing single junction amorphous silicon PV


modules on two towers.

The operation of the monitoring system started on July 2008,


and since then, it has been in continuous operation.
The data acquisition system consists of a Sun-log data logger,
two PT100 temperature sensors and two irradiation sensors which
are silicon photodiodes and used only to show the irradiation values on the display for both tilted surfaces and they are installed on
the east side of the building. The electrical parameters; DC input
voltage and current, AC output voltage, current, power and daily
electricity output of each inverter are collected from 6 inverters
for 15 min period. A large display is also installed with the system

The operating temperature of a single junction amorphous silicon module on towers is measured (Fig. 4a) on west tower and presented in Fig. 4b for two representative days of summer and
winter. It can be easily seen that module operating temperature
reaches only 45 C for both representative days because of the incident angle of sunlight during the day. Measured POA irradiation on
vertical surfaces reaches up to 980 W/m2 in 17th of January where
maximum POA irradiation on vertical surfaces is only measured as
680 W/m2 in 17th of June.
2.1. Performance indicators
The most appropriate performance indicators of grid-connected
PV systems are given in Table 3 [2527]. Yf is the nal PV system
yield and dened as the ratio of Eout or Euse (the PV system output)
to PV array nominal power:

Yf



Eout kW h
Po kWp

where Po is the installed PV power at STC. The reference yield Yr is


the ratio of total plane of array (POA) irradiation Ht (kW h/m2) to array reference irradiation (1 kW/m2),

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R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162


Table 3
Performance indicators.

PR

Derived parameter

Symbol

Useful energy
Nominal power (W)
Final yield (kW h/kWp)
Reference yield ((kW h/m2)/(kW/m2))
Performance ratio
Array efciency
Overall system efciency
PV module efciency at STC
Module temperature

Euse or Eout
Po
Yf
Yr
PR

Yf
Yr

gA,mean
gave
gPV,STC
Tm

PR is an index that gure out the relationship between the actual and theoretical energy outputs of the PV system. Using the
PR, one can compare the energy output of the PV system with that
of other PV systems with different geographically location or rated
power or monitor the status of the PV power plant over a long period [2831], PR is a measure of the quality of a PV power plant that
is often described as a quality factor [3234].
3. Results
The PV system at the Staffs block of Education Faculty Building
of Mugla Stk Kocman University was installed and began operation in 17th February 2008. The performance of the PV system
has been monitored continuously since July 2008. Single and triple
junction amorphous silicon based PV modules are used in PV systems. There are several phenomena mainly inuence the behavior
of an amorphous silicon PV plant [35].
These are:
 optical losses due to the 90 and 60 tilt of the 2 BIPV systems;
 degradation and regeneration cycles due to the typical a-Si
StaeblerWronski effect [36];
 spectral effects due to the narrow spectral response of a-Si [21];
 intrinsic loss of power due to higher operating temperature
(negative temperature coefcients), particularly pronounced
in this case due to the full integration of the PV system.

Fig. 4. (a) Temperature sensor location and (b) temperature prole of a single
junction amorphous silicon PV module on towers.

Yr



Ht kW h=m2
1 kW=m2

The other important parameter is the overall system efciency,

gave, which denes the real conversion efciency of the solar energy to useful energy collected from the PV covered area A (m2),

gav e

Eout
%
Ht  A

The performance ratio (PR) indicates the overall effects of losses


on a PV arrays normal power output depending on array temperature and incomplete utilization of incident solar radiation and
system component inefciencies (primarily inverter efciency
and line losses) or failures. PR is the ratio of PV energy actually produced with the energy which would be delivered if the PV plant
were operating at STC conditions and expressed as:

Initial predictions using the PVSYST simulation program indicated that the PV systems would deliver about 40,000 kW h per
year [15]. Despite this, the PV systems are not performing as expected because of some severe shading effects. But the total generated electricity is measured as 103,702 kW h for 36 months of
operation between July 2008 and June 2011. Daily and cumulative
electricity outputs of both PV systems on faade, towers and their
total are depicted in Fig. 5. Cumulative output of the PV systems
on the faade and towers are measured as 79,914 kW h and
23,788 kW h respectively. Monthly total electricity output of each
PV systems in the BIPV application is given in Table 4. Annual energy rating for triple junction amorphous modules based PV system
on the faade is 884 kW h/kWp and single junction amorphous
modules based PV systems on the towers is calculated as
774 kW h/kWp. Triple junction PV modules which are installed on
the faade produces 77% of the total electricity where these modules form 75% of the installed power. Normalized monthly electricity output of the PV systems are also calculated for the monitoring
period and given in Fig. 6. It is known that the triple junction PV
modules always perform better than single junction PV modules
because of its large spectral response. But it is clear that in winter
per installed power performances are closer because of the installation tilt. Only in December 2010 and in January 2011, monthly performances of single junction modules are more than triple junction

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R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

Fig. 5. Daily and cumulative electricity output of PV systems (on faade, towers and total).

Table 4
Monthly total electricity outputs of PV systems from July 2008 to June 2011.
Faade (kW h)

January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December

Towers (kW h)

2008

2009

2010

2011

1569
1636
2646
2598
2369
2077
2447
2693
2826
2249
2169
1513

1725
1704
2197
1901
1865
1923

2411
2721
2892
3088
2224
1927

1602
1448
2396
1860
1946
2163
2354
2823
2890
2693
2661
1532

Total, Faade + Towers (kW h)

2008

2009

2010

2011

482
488
786
756
688
571
674
807
906
696
704
470

593
499
335
617
590
610

746
881
932
972
733
619

503
430
693
536
458
601
700
856
926
632
762
479

modules. In fact it is not true to compare the different types of


installations of different types of modules. Thus, two reference
modules, (one single junction, SUNone64) representing the PV systems on the towers and one triple junction (TWIN140) representing
the PV systems on faade are tested in Mugla Stk Kocman University Outdoor Test site which is located on the top of the Mentese Library. Both modules are oriented directly south with 15 and 35 of
inclination during the tests in summer and winter respectively. The
currentvoltage curves of the reference PV modules are taken in a
2 min period from sunrise to sunset for 12 months from March
2008 to April 2009. Two representative days are selected for summer and winter seasons. These are 17th of June 2008 and 17th of
January 2009. January is in the middle of the winter season and June
is in the beginning of the summer season where the selected days
are both representing the days for chosen months with clear sky.
Test results and energy rating calculations of PV modules and systems are summarized in Table 5. Calculated normalized daily electricity from the currentvoltage curves of the tested modules are
given in Fig. 7. Both tested modules start generating current at
7.15 am and stop after 10 h of operation in 17th of January and they
operate more than 14 h in 17th of June between 6.27 am and

2008

2009

2010

2011

2051
2123
3432
3354
3056
2648
3122
3500
3733
2945
2874
1983

2318
2203
2532
2518
2456
2533

3157
3602
3824
4061
2957
2546

2106
1878
3089
2396
2403
2764
3054
3680
3816
3325
3422
2011

7.52 pm. Test results show that the single junction PV module generates 8.8% more electricity than the triple junction PV module in a
summer day. Beside this; the triple junction module generates 2.2%
more electricity than single junction module on a clear sky winter
day in Mugla climatic conditions. This would be attributed to the
high ambient temperature in summer (and the encapsulation difference between the modules) where 25 C temperature difference
is measured between the maximum ambient temperatures in summer and winter for the selected days.
Operating temperature reaches its highest value at noon time
and it is measured about 45 C for PV modules on towers (vertically
installed) both in summer and winter but for 15 tilted test modules
the operating temperature in summer is measured about 70 C at
noon. Daily power curves of the PV systems on the building are also
measured and given in Fig. 8 for the same days in summer and winter. In winter months (with low operating temperature and low row
shading effect between oors) powers are measured higher than in
summer months. Because of the facing of the building (30 east
from south) and different daylight saving time there is an obvious
shift between the maximum operating power values of the PV systems in Fig. 8. For faade, the shift between maximum values is

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R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

Fig. 6. Normalized monthly electricity output of the PV systems (on faade and towers).

Table 5
PV system output and test results of reference single and triple junction amorphous silicon PV modules.

Operation hours (h)


Effective solar radiation (kW h/m2)
Average inverter efciency (%)
Average PV efciency (%)
Daily energy rating (kW h/kWp day)

Single junction amorphous module (SUNone 64)

Triple junction amorphous module (TWIN140)

17th of January 2009

17th of June 2008

17th of January 2009

17th of June 2008

Towers

Test module

Towers

Test module

Facade

Test module

Facade

Test module

09.18
4.93
88.00
6.33
3.41 (AC)

10.15
5.55

5.45
3.59 (DC)

13.24
4.34
88.00
5.32
2.53 (AC)

14.30
9.57

6.12
6.95 (DC)

09.17
4.65
92.00
6.92
3.46 (AC)

10.00
5.64

4.87
3.67 (DC)

13.25
5.45
92.00
4.78
2.80 (AC)

14.15
9.57

4.96
6.34 (DC)

Fig. 7. Normalized daily electricity output of the reference modules for selected
days representing summer and winter.

Fig. 8. Power output of the PV systems (on faade and towers) for selected days
representing summer and winter.

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R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

Fig. 9. Measured daily horizontal irradiation for 36 months test period in Mugla.

Fig. 10. Average PV system (on faade and towers) efciency variation for 36 months test period.

about 45 min but for towers the shift is less than 30 min. Also the
temperature coefcients lPmpp [%/K] of the used PV modules are
given constant and given at STC as 0.21 and 0.25 for single and
triple junction, respectively (Table 1). In the previous works it is
found out that the power-temperature behavior of amorphous silicon PV modules is nonlinear because of the different cell physics of

amorphous silicon solar cells [3739]. Single junction PV modules


power decreases severely than triple junction PV modules fewer
than 70 C of operating temperature in summer. And this also explains the better performance of single junction modules in winter.
PV systems reach maximum power about 11.00 am in winter because of the east facing (Azimuth 30) of the building. After

R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

161

Fig. 11. Average performance ratio of PV systems on faade and towers.

11.00 am the shading effect starts from the east parts and the power
of the system drops notably. In summer this point shifts towards
noon but again the power drops because of the shading effect. Maximum total power of the systems is measured as 29.32 kW on 24th
of October 2010 at 11.45 am. Besides this, maximum power is measured as 22.27 kW and 8.8 kW for the PV systems on faade and
towers, respectively about 11.00 am and the maximum daily electricity fed to grid is measured as 164 kW h.
The building is facing to an open area, so there is no shading
obstacle except strings shading and a small tree as it can be seen
from Fig. 1. When the sun is high, PV arrays in front of the windows
of each oor represent a source of shading during summer at noon
periods.
Daily horizontal irradiation is measured with a Kipp&Zonnen
CM11 type high precision pyranometer on the top of Mentese Library which is close to the BIPV system. The results are used to
analyze the irradiation distribution in the province for the monitoring period and given in Fig. 9. In contrast with the increasing
irradiation in summer system efciency (Fig. 10) and calculated
PR (Fig. 11) decreases in hot summer months and both increase
in cold winter months as reported in previous works [17,40,41].
The overall system efciency and the performance ratio of the triple junction amorphous silicon PV systems on the faade are calculated higher than the single junction amorphous silicon modules
on the towers for 36 months of operation. The degradation in the
efciencies of PV modules are not analyzed in the present work.

4. Conclusion
The installation and performance results of the largest grid-connected BIPV system in Turkey after 36 months of operation have
been reported. The Single junction (with 10.24 kWp nominal
power and vertically oriented on two towers) and triple junction
(with 30.15 kWp nominal power and 60 x tilt on faade)
amorphous silicon PV modules are used in this 40 kWp BIPV

demonstration project. Total generated electricity of the BIPV system is measured as 103,702 kW h for 36 months of operation between July 2008 and June 2011. The average efciency for the
single junction amorphous silicon PV modules on the towers is
found as 5.58% during the monitoring period while the conversion
efciency increases up to 6.5% in cold but clear sky winter days.
Average efciency of the triple junction amorphous silicon PV
modules on the facade is found as 5.99%. The PR of the system is
also calculated for both PV systems and it is found as 0.74 and
0.81 for the PV systems on the towers and facade respectively. Single junction PV modules power decreases severely than triple junction PV modules fewer than 70 C of operating temperature in
summer. And this also explains the better performance of single
junction modules in winter. It is shown that triple junction amorphous silicon PV systems perform better than single junction
amorphous in a long period. According to the results obtained from
the tested PV modules deployed Mugla Stk Kocman University
Outdoor Test site, single junction amorphous silicon SUNone64
modules daily energy rating is calculated between 3.59 and
6.95 kW h/kWp and for triple junction TWIN140 module daily energy rating is calculated between 3.67 and 6.34 kW h/kWp where
the overall BIPV systems annual energy rating is calculated as
856 kW h/kWp after 36 months of operation.
The cooling load in summer is not analyzed in detail but direct
sun light is shaded with the PV modules installed between the
oors and the staffs using the front side of the building are pleased
from the decreased temperature of their rooms. It is shown that
thin lm amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules are a good
choice for covering the buildings and decreasing the cooling load
of building envelopes if the system is designed well.

Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Mugla Stk Kocman University Scientic Research Projects (BAP) with the code 08/10 and implanted

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R. Eke, A. Senturk / Applied Energy 109 (2013) 154162

by SUNSET Energietechnik GmbH. Some part of this study is presented as a visual presentation in 24th EUPVSEC in 2009.
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