ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATION

ANTHROPOLOGY

Is the combination of the Greek wordanthrope which means man and thelogy meaning

science. Hence, anthropology is the science of man.

According to the American college dictionary is defined as the science of man that treats of the

origin of man, development (physical, intellectual, moral etc,) of man.

Jacob stern also defined anthropology as the scientific study of the physical, social, and cultural
development and behavior of human beings since their appearance on earth.

MAN is considered as the highest form of animals.

DIFFERENCES OF MAN TO THE LOWEST FORM OF ANIMALS BIOLOGICAL

Man walks erect on two feet. Others walks on four feet and their bodies are horizontal towards

the ground.
Man has two free hands used for handling things.
Man has a more complex brain than animals.

BEHAVIORALLY

Man is a rational being.

Man has s complex technique of producing, procuring, and preparing foods.
Man has a social, educational, economic, and governmental organizations.
Man communicates by means of complex language, oral or written.
DIVISIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

1. PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. This deals with the study of man as a product of evolution. It is
concerned with mans bodily structures and studies and analyzes human population.
2. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY. It deals with the study of mans behavior and his habits, practices,
beliefs, etc.
SUBDIVISIONS OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
1. ARCHEOLOGY

This deals with the study of ancient cultures, based on documents, paintings, stones, carvings, etc.
It is the study of the antiquity through excavation and description of remains. Through digging
fossils remains, age of man has been established

2. ETHNOLOGY

This the study of subdivisions of mankind, their origins, practices, relations, institutions, etc.
The five races of mankind are white, black, red, yellow

3. LINGUISTICS

This concern mans language and his manner of communication.

It is narrowly defined as the scientific approach to the study of language, but language can be
approached from a variety of directions, and a number of other intellectual discipline are relevant
to it and influence its study.

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ERAS ESTABLISHED BY ARCHAEOLOGY
a. ARCHAEOZOIC PERIOD

This the period when primitive forms of life appeared.

The time from 3, 800 million to 2, 500million years ago; earth's crust formed; unicellular

organism are the earliest form of life.

The archaeozoic period was the first geological period. It was by the absence of animal life and
extensive volcanic activity.

b. PROTOZOIC PERIOD

The period when early life form increased.

It began 2.5 million years ago ended543 million.
First abundant fossils of living organisms, mostly bacteria and Achaeans, and eukaryotic cells
appeared.

c. PALEOZOIC PERIOD

543 to 248 million years ago.

The period when fish, amphibians, and other marine form appeared.

d. MESOZOIC PERIOD

The period when huge reptiles predominantly. This was also called the age of reptiles, 230 to 65

million years ago.

Mesozoic means middle animals deriving from the Greek prefix meso meaning between.

e. CENOZOIC PERIOD

The period when more advanced forms of animals appeared, commence65 million years ago.
It has been the a long-term cooling.
TWO DIVISIONS OF THE CENOZOIC ERA

1. THE TERTIARY PERIOD

This is the age of mammals, 62 million years ago.

DIVISIONS OF THE TERTIARY MAMMALS

They are as follows:

Paleocene, 11 million years ago;

Eocene epoch, 16 million years ago;
Oligocene epoch, 12 million years ago;
Miocene epoch, 14 million years ago;
Pliocene epoch, 9 million years ago.

2. QUATERNARY PERIOD

This was the age when the modern form of man appeared, 2.5 million years ago.
DIVISIONS OF QUATERNARY PERIOD

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a. PLEISTOCENE PERIOD

This called the Ice Age when first man appeared, 2,5 million years ago.

b. HOLOCENE PERIOD

This is called the Stone Age when tools implements, houses were made of stones. And it is called
the recent years 10,000 years ago
USES OFANTHROPOLOGY

It helps historical facts and events. Through archaeology, many historical facts in ancient past

have been established.

It gives as knowledge of the diverse culture. Through ethnology, we study the races of mankind

and their subcultures and their different subcultures.

It gives us an appreciation of the different cultures of the world and this promote understanding,

friendship, and peace among the different cultures of the world.

It gives us a picture of the current condition in the different countries of the world. Deplorable
conditions in the different nation man inspire or move some affluent nation to give military,
Economic, technical, or medical assistance to nation which are far behind in these aspects of
national life.
Culture is Considered as Established Pattern of Behavior

Obviously, human behavior impacts every area of life in organizations, churches, schools, as well as, the
occurrences taking place in everyday life.
While all cultures have these and possibly many other universal traits, different cultures have developed
their own specific ways of carrying out or expressing them.

Cultural Universals.
These are learned behavior patterns that are shared by all of humanity collectively. No matter where
people live in the world, they share these universal traits. Examples of such "human cultural" traits include:
1. communicating with a verbal language consisting of a limited set of sounds and
grammatical rules for constructing sentences
2. using age and gender to classify people (e.g., teenager, senior citizen, woman, man)
3. classifying people based on marriage and descent relationships and having kinship
terms to refer to
them (e.g., wife, mother, uncle, cousin)
4. raising children in some sort of family setting
5. having a sexual division of labor (e.g., men's work versus women's work)
6. having a concept of privacy
7. having rules to regulate sexual behavior
8. distinguishing between good and bad behavior
9. having some sort of body ornamentation
10. making jokes and playing games

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11. having art
12. having some sort of leadership roles for the implementation of community decisions
Cultural norms are behavior patterns that are typical of specific groups. Such behaviors are learned from
parents, teachers, peers, and many others whose values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors take place in the context
of their own organizational culture.
Some norms are healthy and some are not. Some contribute to the betterment of individuals, families, and
communities; others are precisely the kinds of high-risk behaviors that mainstream American society would like
to reduce or eliminate. Conflict or uncertainty over which cultural norms should be acceptable in which
circumstances has contributed to change and instability in the fields of education and prevention during recent
years.
Cultural norms often are so strongly ingrained in an individual's daily life that the individual may be
unaware of certain behaviors. Until these behaviors are seen in the context of a different culture with different
values and beliefs, the individual may have difficulty recognizing and changing them. The goal of prevention and
effective youth development is to understand and improve cultural norms, and thereby reduce alcohol, tobacco,
and other drug (ATOD) use.
How are culture acquired?
We humans are in the process of acquiring our culture, consciously and unconsciously, throughout our
lives, though most of our basic cultural understandings are acquired early on from our parents and other intimates,
schools, and religious teachings. By the time a child is 5 years old, many of the foundational aspects of culture
have been internalized. By the teen years, these foundations have been thoroughly elaborated upon through the
process of socialization.
It is important to remember that culture is learned through language and modeling others; it is not
genetically transmitted. Culture is encoded in the structure, vocabulary, and semantics of language. Persons
acquainted with more than one language are aware that there are concepts, norms, and emotions that are available
in one language/culture that are not available in the other, and this is a reminder of the inextricable link between
language and culture.
Much of culture is acquired out of consciousness, through exposure to the speech, judgments, and actions
of others. Because we learn all of our lives, we are constantly learning our cultures. We may even pick up and
incorporate parts and pieces of a culture different from our own through that process known as acculturation if we
have the opportunity to live in a different cultural environment or associate frequently with persons from another
culture.
The unconscious operation of cultural learnings in our minds is both beneficial and problematic. It is
beneficial in the sense that much of the time we automatically know how to behave appropriately in many
situations, and we have values by which to rapidly evaluate the actions and ideas of others. On the other hand, the
internalization of our cultural values ill prepares us for interaction with, and evaluation of, people from other
cultures.

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