Você está na página 1de 8

31-May-15

Module III (13 hours)


Electro encephalogram neuronal communication
EEG measurement. Muscle response Electromyogram
(EMG) Nerve Conduction velocity measurementsElectromyogram
measurements.
Respiratory
parameters Spiro meter, pneumograph, gas exchange
and distribution, respiratory therapy equipment.
Ventilators, artificial heart valves, heart lung machine,
hemodialysis, lithotripsy, infant incubators.

Electroencephalography (EEG)
Bioelectric potentials generated by the neuronal
activity of the brain is called electroencephalogram.
The EEG has a very complex pattern.
The waveform varies greatly with the location of the
measuring electrodes on the surface of the scalp.
Frequency of the EEG seems to be affected by the
mental activity of a person.
Exact analysis is very difficulty.
Special cases like sleep, epileptic seizures can be
analyzed
31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Measurement of EEG

Measurement of EEG

EEG potentials have random-appearing waveforms


with peak-to-peak amplitudes ranging from less than
10 to over 100 microvolts.
Bandwithd below 1Hz to over 100Hz
For EEG measurements, a standard pattern of 10-20
electrode placement system is used
It requires a recording device and sufficient
amplification is essential
Most EEG provides the capability of simultaneously
recording EEG signals from several regions of the
brain.
EEG having 16 channels are available

Because of the low level input signals, EEG must


have high quality differential amplifiers with good
common mode rejection.
It is then followed by a power amplifier to drive
the pen mechanism for each channel.
Most modern EEG include adjustable upper and
lower frequency limits to allow the operator to
select a bandwidth suitable for the conditions of
the measurement.

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

Measurement of EEG

Measurement of EEG

To reduce the effect of electrode resistance changes, the input


impedance of the EEG amplifier should be as high as possible,
usually greater than 10Mega ohm.
The most distinguishing feature of an EEG is the elaborate lead
selector panel
It permits any two electrodes to be connected to any channel of
the instrument.
Either a bank of rotary switches or a panel of pushbuttons is
used
The switch panel also permits one of several calibration signals
to be applied to any desired channel for calibration of the entire
instrument.
Calibration signal is usually an offset of a known number of
micro volts.

The readout in a clinical EEG is a multichannel pen


recorder with a pen for each channel
Standard speed is 30mm/sec
Some are with 60 mm/sec for more details in the
high frequency range.
Oscilloscope read out is also existing, but not
recordable
Many EEG have provisions for interfacing with an
analog tape recorder to permit recording and
playback of the EEG

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Measurement of EEG

Electromyographic (EMG) Measurements

In some cases signals are seperated into their


frequency bands by bandpass filters and recorded
independently
Most of the cases the entire EEG signal is digitized for
computer analysis and through Fourier analysis is
converted into a frequency spectrum
A special form of EEG is the recording of evoked
potentials from various parts of the nervous system.
Here sensory stimulus such as flash of light or audible
click are used

The measurement of action potentials either directly


from the muscle or from the surface of the body
constitutes the electromyogram.
Rather than individual fiber potentials, it is the
electrical activity of the entire muscle that is of
primary interest.
Since the overall strength of muscular contraction
depends on the number of fibers energized and the
time of contraction, there is a correlation between
the overall amount of EMG activity for the whole
muscle and the strength of muscular contraction.

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

Electromyographic (EMG) Measurements

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Electromyographic (EMG) Measurements

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

10

11

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

12

Electromyographic (EMG) Measurements

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

Electroencephalography (EEG)

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

13

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

14

15

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

16

Ranges of EEG

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

Stages of sleep

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Special conditions

17

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

18

Neuronal Communication
The basic unit of the nervous system is the
neuron.
It is a single cell with a cell body called soma, one
or more input fibers called dendrites, and long
transmitting fiber called the axon.
Axon branches near its ending into two or more
terminals.
The portion of the axon immediately adjacent to
the cell body is called the axon hillock
This is the point at which action potentials are
usually generated

Typical human EEG patterns for different stages of sleep.


In each case the upper record is from the left frontal region of the brain and the lower
tracing is from the right occipital region.
(a)Awake and alert-mixed EEG frequencies;
(b) Stage l-subject is drowsy and produces large amount of alpha waves;
(c) Stage 2-light sleep;
(e) Stage 4-deeper slow wave sleep;
(f) Paradoxical or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

19

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

20

31-May-15

Structure of a Typical Neuron

Neuronal Communication
Both axons and dendrites are called nerve fibers
A bundle of individual nerve fibers is called a
nerve.
Nerves that carry sensory information from the
various parts of the body to the brain are called
afferent nerves.
Those that carry signals from the brain to operate
various muscles are called efferent nerves.

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

21

31-May-15

Neuronal Communication

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

22

Neuronal Communication

The brain is an enlarged collection of cell


bodies and fibers located inside the skull
At its lower end, the brain connects with the
spinal cord, which also consists of many cell
bodies and fiber bundles.
Together the brain and spinal cord comprise
one of the main divisions of the nervous
system , the central nervous system (CNS).
31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

23

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

24

31-May-15

Neuronal Communication

Neuronal Communication

Cell bodies and small fibers in fresh brain are gray


in color and are called gray matter
Collection of myelin coating of larger fibers has a
white appearance called white matter.
Collection of neuronal bodies within the central
nervous system are called nuclei
Similar collections outside the central nervous
system are called ganglia
The interconnection between neurons are called
syanpses.

The nervous system consist of several subsystems


The system of affarent nerves that carry sensory
information from the sensors on the skin to the brain is
called somatic sensory nervous system
Visual pathways carry sensory information from the
eyes to the braim
Auditory nervous system carries information from the
auditory sensors in the ears to the brain.
Another major division of the peripheral nervous
system is the autonomic nervous system, which is
involved in emotional responses and controls smooth
muscles in various parts of the body.

31-May-15

25

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

26

27

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

28

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Neuronal Communication
In neurons, action potentials are of very short
duration and are often called neuronal spikes
of spike discharges.
Information is usually transmitted in the form
of spike discharge patterns
These patterns are simply the sequences of
spikes that are transmitted down a particular
neuronal pathway.
31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

31-May-15

Neuronal Communication
When an action potential is initiated in the
neuron, usually at the cell body or axon
hillock, it is propagated down the axon
terminals where it can be transmitted to other
neurons.

31-May-15

EE09 L05 BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

29

Você também pode gostar