Introduction to Machine Protection Functions

Introduction to Machine
Protection
Power System Protection

ECCE 5302
Ass. Prof. Abdelsalam M. Elhaffar
D. Sc. Tech., Senior Member IEEE
Electrical Engineering Dept.
College of Engineering, SQU
Block C, Office 211, a.elhaffar@squ.edu.om
What are Machines and what is Machine

Protection?
What are Machines and what is Machine

Protection?
The protection devices must fulfil the
following 3S criteria:
Generators (asynchronous and synchronous)

Motors (asynchronous and synchronous)
Selectivity (switch off of the faulty
Machine protection includes all numerical

devices which are able to
system)
detect faults and abnormal operating
Speed (fast as necessary)

Security (high security and reliability)
conditions on machines and
react according the situation. It protects the

objects against
inadmissible stress and is indirectly also a

human protection.
Page 1
Faults in Synchronous Generators (1)
Machine
Fault Categories
1. Winding and terminal faults
Internal Faults:
2. Sustained or uncleared external faults
Stator:
Earth Faults
Short Circuits
(two and three phase)
Interturn Faults
(at separate stator
windings)
Overload
3. Abnormal operating conditions such as overload,

overvoltage and overfluxing
4. Core fault
5. Rotor Faults
Faults in Synchronous Generators (2)
Rotor, Excitation Circuit:

Earth Faults
(single, double)
Failure in the Excitation
(partly or loss of
excitation)
Voltage Rise
Overexcitation (U/f)
Main Components of Machine Protection (Part 1)

Generator - Differential Protection
External Faults:
Grid/Transformer:
In Turbine, Regulation:
Earth Faults
Loss of Prime Mover
Short Circuits
(Reverse power)
Overload
Over- and
Unbalanced Load
Undervoltage
Asynchronous Condition
Over- and
(cap.Load, long short circuit
Underfrequency
duration)
Overexcitation (U/f)
Torsion Stress
Underfrequency (PG < PL)
87G
Transformer - Differential Protection
87T
Overcurrent Time Protection
50, 51V
Impedance Protection
21
Stator Earth Fault Protection for:

Generators directly connected
67N
Generators connected via unit transformer

Protection Range 90 %
Protection Range 100 %
Page 2
64
64 100%
Rotor Earth Fault Protection
64R
Unbalanced Load Protection
46
Reverse Power Protection
32R
Proposal for Selection of Protection Functions
Main Components of Machine Protection (Part 2)

Overvoltage Protection (Undervoltage) 59, (27)
Over and Underfrequency Protection 81
Underexcitation (Loss of field) Protection 40
Stator Overload Protection 49
Overexcitation (U/f) Protection 24
Out of Step Protection 78
Breaker Failure Protection 50BF
Rotor Overload Protection 49R
(Overcurrent at excitation transformer)
Interturn Fault Protection 87G / 87T
(separate Stator windings - hydro generators)
Tripping matrix (Software matrix) 94
Y: Pump storage stations (motor /phase shift operation) O: option
Tripping Concept
Redundancy (Large Units) 2 devices per

Object
In unit schemes, protection is required to trip more than one

breaker.
It depends on the fault type, the plant design and plant
operation, generator operation and general operation
philosophy
Generator Breaker
Excitation Breaker
Turbine Rapid Shut Down
HV Network Breaker
Auxiliary Supply Breaker
Aux. Supply Changeover
Unit-transformer , Aux.-transformer
Page 3
Requirements for Communication Eaxmple 1
Requirements for Communication Example 2
Introducing IEC61850 Ethernet based

Communication
IEC61850 Configuration Principles
Page 4
Protection functions
Rotor Faults:
Rotor Faults:
Resistance measurement with a square wave voltage
of 1 to 3 Hz
The square wave voltage injected through the controlling unit leads to
permanent recharging of the rotor earth capacitance.
By way of a shunt in the controlling unit, the flowing earth current is
measured and is injected into the protection unit (measurement input).
A higher sensitivity is required for larger generators.

On the one hand, the disturbing influence of the
rotor earth capacitance must be eliminated more
effectively
In the absence of a fault (RE=

), the rotor earth current after charging
of the earth capacitance is close to zero. In the event of an earth fault,
the fault resistance including a coupling resistance, and also the
injecting voltage, defines the stationary current.
On the other hand, the noise ratio with respect to

the harmonics (e.g. 6th harmonic) of the excitation
equipment must be increased.
Injecting a low-frequency square wave voltage into
the rotor circuit has proven itself excellent.
100% stator earth-fault protection with 20 Hz injection
Rotor Faults:
Injecting a 20 Hz voltage to detect earth faults even at the

neutral point of generators has proven to be a safe and
reliable method.
The current square wave voltage and the frequency are

measured via the second input (control input).
Contrary to the third harmonic criterion, it is independent

of the generators characteristics and the mode of
operation.
Fault resistance values up to 80 k

can be measured by
this measurement principle.
it is independent of the generators characteristics and the

mode of operation. Measurement is also possible during
system standstill
This protection function is designed so as to detect both
earth faults in the entire generator (100 %) and all
electrically connected system components.
The rotor earth circuit is monitored for discontinuities by

evaluation of the current during the polarity reversals.
Page 5
100% stator earth-fault protection with 20 Hz injection
Out-of-step protection
This protection function serves to detect power
swings in the system.
The protection unit measures the injected 20 Hz

voltage and the flowing 20 Hz current.
If generators feed too long onto a system short-circuit, a

compensation process (active power swings) may take
place between the system and the generator after fault
disconnection.
The disturbing variables, for example stator earth

capacitance, are eliminated by way of a mathematical
model, and the ohmic fault resistance is determined.
If the center of power swings is in the area of the unit, the

active power surges lead to impermissible mechanical
stressing of the generator and the whole generator
mounting including the turbine.
The extending of the characteristic in R direction
determines the detectable power swing angle. 120 are
practicable.
Since these are symmetrical processes, the positivesequence impedance is calculated from the voltage and
current positive-sequence components and the
impedance curve is evaluated.
The characteristic can be tilted at an adjustable angle to

adapt to the conditions when the system is feeding off
several parallel generators.
The impedances of the protected zone seen from
the protection relay are decisive for determining
the setting values.
The symmetry is monitored by evaluating the negativephase sequence system current. Two characteristics in
the R/X diagram describe the range of effect (generator,
unit transformer or system) of the out-of-step protection.
23
> Transformer Protection
Page 6
Parameter overview for out-of-step protection
In the direction of the

generator, the power swing
reactance of the
generator must be taken into
account;
It can be set approximately
equal to the transient
reactance xd'.
This means the transient
reactance related to the
secondary side is calculated
and set for Zb= xd'
LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION
DISTANCE SCHEME 1: UNQUALIFIED TRIP

SCHEME

SCHEME
This scheme employs a single mho element connected at

the generator terminals oriented to measure impedance
looking into the generator and trip with a time delay.
The reactance measured by the LOF relay as the generator

slips poles each slip cycle will then vary between X'd and
X'q if the generator was initially at full load and between Xd
and Xq if initial operation was at light load. Given that Xd is
greater than Xq and that X'd is less than X'q , LOF protection
must be set to encompass all reactance values between X'd
and Xd if it is to operate for all initial values of generator
loading.
It has become standard practice to set the impedance
element for this type of scheme with a diameter of Xd and an
offset of 1/2 X'd
An impedance element cannot detect a failure in the

excitation system directly. Instead, it is set to detect the
generators post failure operation as an induction
generator.
The impedance of a generator operating asynchronously at
final slip with no field excitation is unique and can be used
to differentiate a LOF event from other power system
transients.
27
28
Page 7

SCHEME

SCHEME
The conventional settings for Scheme 1 are:
Outer element
Diameter = Xd =1.48 pu
Offset
Time delay = 1.0 sec
Inner element
Diameter =10 pu
Offset
Time delay = 0.4 sec
Impedances on generator base 104 MVA 13.8

kV
Xd = 1.48 pu Xd ' = 0.196 pu
Xtr = 0.07 pu,
Zsyst = 0.078 pu @ 85min (normal)
= 0.225 pu @ 75max (line out)
29
30
Traditional Generator Protection Package
Overcurrent Protection
Page 8
Transformer Overcurrent Protection
Transient Overreach
Concerns relay response to offset waveforms (DC
transient)
Definition
Requirements
I1 - I2
x 100
I2
Fast operation for primary short circuits

Discrimination with downstream protections
Operation within generator withstand
I2
Non-operation for short or long term overloads
I1
D.C
.
I1 = Steady state
rms
pick up
current
I2 = Fully offset
rms
pickup
current
EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FOR

THE COMPLETE STATOR WINDING
The earth fault protection schemes
(percentage bias differential protection
Earth Fault Protection
or neutral overcurrent relay or voltage

relay) protect a certain portion of the
winding leaving a part of winding at the
neutral end unprotected.
36
Page 9
STATOR PROTECTION
STATOR PROTECTION
Sub-harmonic injection method
2.Injection transformer and

reactor
grounded
generators
distribution
transformer
asaa
1.4.
3.Neutral
Voltage
Injection
injection
transformer
through
and
the
grounding distribution
resistor
transformer
Two different schemes are available for

complete protection of the stator
winding:
1. Low frequency injection scheme.
2. Third harmonic voltage scheme

37
38
STATOR PROTECTION
Third
voltage method
1. Thirdharmonic
harmonic under-voltage
Differential Protection
2. Third
3.
scheme
harmonic ratio
overvoltage
voltagescheme
scheme
39
Page 10
BACK UP FAULT PROTECTION
Basic principles: measuring circuit for a 3-phase system
Motoring protection
Basic circuit for a 3- phase system:

Generator / Motor / Reactor
Mechanical protection: steam turbines
L1
Reverse-power relay (Device 32)
L2
L3
Diff.
Steam turbine
3.0%
Water wheel turbine
0.2%
Gas turbine
50.0%
Diesel engine
25.0%
Rest. current
Conventional
Differential Protection
42
EXCITATION PROTECTION
EXCITATION PROTECTION
Loss of field protection
Over excitation protection

Protection
Protection
1. FIELD MONITORING RELAYS
3. Frequency-sensitive excitation
Device 40
2..
Modified
Two
1.systems
DISTANCEScheme:
SCHEME
1: Impedance
UNQUALIFIED TRIP SCHEME
Elements
2. V/HZ LIMITER
43
44
Page 11
Overfluxing
INTER-TURN PROTECTION BY ZERO SEQUENCE
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
Generator transformers
Usually only a problem during run-up or shut down, but can be
caused by loss of load / load shedding etc.
Interturn faults in a generator with a

single winding can be detected by
observing the zero-sequence voltage
across the machine terminals.
Flux V
f
Effects of overfluxing :

Increase in magnetising current

Increase in winding temperature
Increase in noise and vibration
Overheating of laminations and metal parts (caused by
stray flux)
Protective relay responds to V/f ratio
Stage 1 - lower A.V.R.

Stage 2 - Trip field
45
Overfluxing Basic Theory
V = kf
V/Hz Overfluxing Protection
2m
V K
f
m
CAUSES
Low frequency
High voltage
Geomagnetic disturbances
Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing

Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action
Ie
Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

Settings
EFFECTS
Pick-up 1.5 to 3.0 i.e.
Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing)

Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)
110V x 1.05 = 2.31

50Hz
DT setting range 0.1 to 60 seconds
Page 12
V/Hz Characteristics
Overfluxing Relay
Enables co-ordination with plant withstand characteristics
t = 0.8 + 0.18 x K
(M - 1)2
Ex
1000
K = 63
K = 40
K = 20
K=5
K=1
100
Operating
time (s)
10
VT
AVR
1
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
R
L
1.6
M = V Hz
Setting
Effect of Overload on Transformer

Insulation Life
100
Thermal Overload Protection
Relative
rate
of using
life
10
With ambient of 20 C.
Hot spot rise of 78 C is
design normal.
A further rise of 6 C
doubles rate of
using life.
1.0
98
0.1
80
90 100 110 120 130 140

Hot spot temp C
Page 13
Thermal Overload
Oil Filled Transformers
Trip time (s)
10000
Single
characteristic:
= 120 mins
1000
Dual
characteristic
100
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
Current (multiple of thermal setting)
Single
characteristic:
= 5 mins
Page 14

Introduction to Machine Protection Functions

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Introduction to Machine

Power System Protection

What are Machines and what is Machine

What are Machines and what is Machine

Generators (asynchronous and synchronous)

Selectivity (switch off of the faulty

Machine protection includes all numerical

detect faults and abnormal operating

Speed (fast as necessary)

conditions on machines and

react according the situation. It protects the

inadmissible stress and is indirectly also a

Faults in Synchronous Generators (1)

1. Winding and terminal faults

2. Sustained or uncleared external faults

3. Abnormal operating conditions such as overload,

Faults in Synchronous Generators (2)

Rotor, Excitation Circuit:

Main Components of Machine Protection (Part 1)

Transformer - Differential Protection

Overcurrent Time Protection

Stator Earth Fault Protection for:

Generators connected via unit transformer

Rotor Earth Fault Protection

Unbalanced Load Protection

Reverse Power Protection

Proposal for Selection of Protection Functions

Main Components of Machine Protection (Part 2)

Y: Pump storage stations (motor /phase shift operation) O: option

Redundancy (Large Units) 2 devices per

In unit schemes, protection is required to trip more than one

Requirements for Communication Eaxmple 1

Requirements for Communication Example 2

Introducing IEC61850 Ethernet based

IEC61850 Configuration Principles

A higher sensitivity is required for larger generators.

In the absence of a fault (RE=

On the other hand, the noise ratio with respect to

Injecting a 20 Hz voltage to detect earth faults even at the

The current square wave voltage and the frequency are

Contrary to the third harmonic criterion, it is independent

Fault resistance values up to 80 k

it is independent of the generators characteristics and the

The rotor earth circuit is monitored for discontinuities by

100% stator earth-fault protection with 20 Hz injection

The protection unit measures the injected 20 Hz

If generators feed too long onto a system short-circuit, a

The disturbing variables, for example stator earth

If the center of power swings is in the area of the unit, the

The characteristic can be tilted at an adjustable angle to

> Transformer Protection

Parameter overview for out-of-step protection

In the direction of the

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION

DISTANCE SCHEME 1: UNQUALIFIED TRIP

DISTANCE SCHEME 1: UNQUALIFIED TRIP

This scheme employs a single mho element connected at

The reactance measured by the LOF relay as the generator

An impedance element cannot detect a failure in the

> Transformer Protection

> Transformer Protection