Calvin Keith M.

Calvadores
0923-568-6758
ckcalvadores@gmail.com

Consultation Hours:
Monday-Friday 11:00am-12:00nn

Who is a Psychologist?

Who is a Psychologist?
When you graduate
from your BS
Psychology course,
you are a
______________.

Who is a Psychologist?
A psychologist is someone who has
completed four to five years of
postgraduate education and has obtained
a Ph.D., PsyD., or Ed.D. In psychology.

Who is a Psychologist?
Clinical Psychologist vs. Counseling
Psyhologist
Psychologist vs. Psychiatrist

What do Psychologists do?

Research
Pure research
Applied research
Practice
Teaching

Research Areas in Psychology

Social and Personality

Developmental
Experimental
Biological
Cognitive
Psychometrics

How do
Psychologists
Gather and
Summarize
Data?
Prepared by:
C.K.Calvadores

Types of Research
Qualitative Research does not introduce
treatments or manipulate variables, or impose
the researcher's operational definitions of
variables on the participants. Rather, it lets
the meaning emerge from the participants. It
aims to get a better understanding through
first hand experience, truthful reporting, and
quotations of actual conversations.
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Types of Research
Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research

To gain an understanding of
underlying reasons and
motivations
To provide insights into the
setting of a problem, generating
ideas and/or hypotheses for later
quantitative research
To uncover prevalent trends in
thought and opinion

To quantify data and generalize

results from a sample to the
population of interest
To measure the incidence of
various views and opinions in a
chosen sample
Sometimes followed by
qualitative research which is
used to explore some findings
further
Structured

Unstructured

Research Methods in Psychology

1. Experimental Method
2. Correlational Research
3. Naturalistic Observation/
Participant Observation
4. Survey Questionnaire/Tests/
Interviews
5. Case Study

Experimental Method
Psychological Experiment - a controlled procedure in
which at least two different treatment conditions are
applied to subjects (participants) whose behaviors are
then measured and compared to a hypothesis about the
effects of the treatments on behavior.

GOAL:
Establish Cause and
Effect Relationship

Concepts in Experimental Method

1. Variables
a. Independent Variable the
variable being
manipulated
b. Dependent Variable the
variable being measured.
c. Extraneous Variables the
variables that are not part
of the experiment but can
affect the DV.

Example of IV and DV
In an experiment of attractiveness,
researchers wanted to find out if large
pupils make people more attractive.

Variables
In an experiment of
attractiveness,
researchers
wanted to find
out if large pupils
make people
more attractive.

IV = Pupil Size
DV = Attractiveness
EV = ???

Concepts in Experimental Method

2. Treatment Groups
a. Treatment Group the group that receives the
treatment
b. Control Group the group that receive no
treatment or receive normal, standard treatment
c. Placebo Group the group that is made to
believe that they are receiving a treatment but
in fact they are not.

3. Random Assignment
(different from random sampling)

Sample Experiment
Population

Glory
Sample

Prejudice

Random
Assignment
Black Hawk Down

Prejudice

Identify the IV and DV

To investigate the effects of exercise
on mathematical problem-solving
ability, a researcher assigned
subjects to one of two groups. One
group did 50 jumping jacks and the
other group did 200. After exercising,
both groups did a set of math
problems.

Identify the IV and DV

In an attempt to prove the Fun
Theory, researcher set up a musical
piano steps on the staircase of a
Stockholm, Sweden subway station to
see if more people would be more
willing to choose the healthier option
and take the stairs instead of the
escalator.

Identify the IV and DV

Mythbusters tried to test if yawning is
really contagious. They place
participants in one small room
together with one accomplice who
kept on yawning. They then
measured the number of yawns that
the participants made.

Identify the IV and DV

In an experiment in priming, researchers
wanted to test the effect of money to
helping behavior. They set up two groups.
The first group was made to count money
and the second group was made to count
paper. They were then exposed to a
situation where a woman needed help.
The researchers measured which group
was more likely to help than the other.

Correlation
It is a measure the relationship between
two variables.
Key words: correlation, association,
relationship, influence
There is an association, a relationship, or a correlation
when variances vary together. The change of one
variable is related to the change of the other variable.

Characteristics of a Relationship
DIRECTION The sign of the
correlation (+ or -) specifies the
direction.
Positive:
When X increases, Y increases. When X decreases, Y
also decreases.

Negative:
When X increases, Y decreases. When X decreases, Y
increases.

Correlation

Correlation

Correlation

Correlation

Attribution to Causality
Correlation does not imply causation.
The existence of a correlation between two
variables does not necessarily imply the
existence of a causal link between these two
variables.
It is possible that the correlation is due to a
common third variable (causing the two
variables).
Correlation simply describes a relationship
between two variables and does not explain
why they are related.

Naturalistic/ Participant
Observation
Is the technique of observing behaviors as they occur
spontaneously in natural settings
It is mostly descriptive and it involves no manipulation of
antecedent conditions.
Usually used in animal behavior research and human
development too.
During the study, observers should attempt and remain
unobtrusive. (Low-profile) and find for unobtrusive measure
(a procedure used to assess subjects behaviors without their
knowledge; used to obtained more objective data.
Participant-observer studies a special kind of field
observation in which the researcher actually becomes part of
the group being studied.

Surveys & Tests

Useful way of obtaining information about
peoples opinions, attitudes, preferences,
and experiences simply by asking them.
E.g. telephone surveys, election polls,
television ratings, product preferences.

Important thing in survey is that

participants are representative sample to
the population.

Surveys & Tests

Interviews
face to face
possible over the phone
open ended/ closed questions
allow clarifications but susceptible to
interviewers bias

Questionnaires
can be handed out or sent through mail or
email.
Easier to administer

Case Study
Case study is an in-depth analysis of the
thoughts, feelings, beliefs, experiences,
behaviors, or problems of a single
individual.
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