Curtin Petroleum Engineering

PETENG 101
Introduction to Petroleum Engineering

PetroleumAccumulation,
Generation,Migrationand
Trapping
Supplementaryreading(downloadfromblackboard)
SourceRocks Chapter3
Maturation,andMigration Chapter4

Dr.MofazzalHossain
SeniorLecturer,
Email:md.hossain@curtin.edu.au
Tel:92664990
13 March 2012

Copyright 2010 Curtin University of Technology

PETENG 101

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The Five Requirements for a Commercial Hydrocarbon

Accumulation

amaturesourcerock,
amigrationpathconnectingsourcerocktoreservoirrock,
areservoirrockthatisbothporousandpermeable,
atrap,and
animpermeableseal.
2

Source Rocks - Definition

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Anyfinegrainedrock
wheresufficientoriginal

% Of World Petroleum Occurence

70%
60%

organic matterhasbeen

50%
40%

accumulated,

30%
20%

preservedandthermally
matured

10%
0%

Shale

Carbonate

Marl

Coal

Petroleum Generation
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Anoxicenvironment:oxygen
decomposesorganicmatter(OM)
Adequatesedimentationrateoffine
sediments:
toolowarateexposestheOMtohostile
agents;
toohigharatedilutestheOM

%ofOM:
Shales:1 2%
Carbonates:0.25%
4

Process of Maturation of OM
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Involvesthermalconversionofbiological
molecules(kerogen)intopetroleumovertime
Kerogen:solidinsolublebituminousOM
generatedduringtheinitialstagesofdiagenesis.
Thereare4differenttypes:

Type1(liptinite):formedfromalgae producesoil
Type2(mixedliptinite/vitrinite):producesoilandgas
Type3(vitrinite):formedfromcoal gasprone
Type4(Inertinite):inert
5

PetroleumGenerationversusTemperature
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Theexpectedpetroleum
productsdependonthe
temperatureandtimeof
exposure

Petroleum Generation versus Temperature

Generation Intensity

Kerogenremains
unaltereduntilthe
sourcerockissubjected
toincreased
temperatures

Biogenic
Methane

45

Heavy

60

Light

100

175

225

315

Temperature (oC)
Oil

Wet Gas

Dry Gas

Depth,TimeandTemperature
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Oil Window as a Function of Geothermal Gradient

65 oC

175 oC
Peak Generation of Crude Oil

0
50
Temperature (oC)

Depth (km)

2
4
6
8

ReactionRate
Doubles

60
70
80
90

ReactionTime
Halved

100
110
120
130

10

10

20

30

40

50

60

40

80

Time (10^6 yr)

70

Thermal Gradient (oC/km)

7

120

160

Hydrocarbon Generation vs Depth

Depth range
km

Generation Intensity

3.5

Average Depth (km)

.5

Maximum

Minimum

Biogenic
Methane

2
Oil
3

Wet Gas
Methane

Present Formation Temperature (oC)

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

300
250
Gas Generation

200
150
100
50

Oil Generation
Immature

0
Paleozoic

600

500

400

Mesozoic

300

200

Canozoic

100

Time (millions of years from present)

Migration
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Primary:
theinitialmovementofhydrocarbonsfromthesourcerock
intopermeablecarrierbedsandreservoirs
Thecausesofprimarymigrationisverypoorlyunderstood

Secondary:
subsequentmovementofthehydrocarbonsthrough
permeablebeds.Thesecondarymigrationisdrivenby
buoyancyofthehydrocarbonfluids(oiland/orgas),sincethey
arelighterthanwater

Causes of Migration
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Causesofprimarymigration
Hydraulicforces
Normalwatercirculation

CausesofSecondarymigrationarewidelyvaried

entrainedparticles,
capillarypressuredisplacementpressurephenomena,
buoyancy,
dissolvedgaseffects,
accumulation,
tiltedoilwatercontacts,
stratigraphicbarriers,
verticalmigration,and
timeofoilaccumulation

13 March 2012

Copyright 2010 Curtin University of Technology

PETENG 101

10

Secondary migration mechanisms (buoyancy)

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

13 March 2012

Copyright 2010 Curtin University of Technology

PETENG 101

11

Migration Pathways
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12

Migration Through Faults

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Verticalmigrationcan
occurthrufaults,
fractures,dykes,thrust
planes,etc.
Thiscanleadto
superposed
accumulations
13

Seal - Definition
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Anyimpermeable barrierwhichstops
thecontinuousupwardmigrationof
petroleum

14

Seal Geometry
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15

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Traps and Timing

16

Trap - Definition
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Atrapisageometricconfigurationofrocks
suitableforhydrocarbonaccumulationinwhicha
reservoirrockissurroundedandconfinedbyan
impermeablerocktype(seal)
Anunclosedgeometrymayalsobeatrapif
permeabilityvariationsblockofftheescapeof
fluids

17

Petroleum Trap Types

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3 types
1. Structural
2. Stratigraphic
3. Combination

18

Structural Traps
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Anticline

Thrust Fault

Normal Fault

Growth Fault

Salt Dome
Diapir

Generated by local deformation of rocks

19

Stratigraphic Traps
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Unconformity

Pinchout

Diagenetic

Channel

Reef

Formed by changes in stratigraphy, lithology or both

20

Trap Terminology (anticline)

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Gas-Oil Contact
(GOC)
Oil-Water
Contact
(OWC)

Pick or crest
Gas
Oil

Water

Closure
Trough
Lowest point is
sometime called Spill Point

Reservoir

21

Trap Interpretation
Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Mapthetraps
Determineclosureand,ifpossible,calculate
volumes
Mapofsealintegrityforriskpurposes
Gaschimneysorseepscanindicatealeaky
seal

Determineappropriateformationtiming
relativetosourcerocks(geohistory)
22

Major Sites of Petroleum Accumulations in

Sedimentary Basins

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

60
50

50
40
% 30

21
20
10

14

11

0
Other

Shelf

Hinge Area

Deep Basin

Whereto
findthe
lightestoil?

Andthe
heaviest
crude?..

Mobile Rim

23

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Class exercise
Identify Basic Hydrocarbon Traps
?? Traps
Salt Dome

???Trap
Unconformity
Trap
??Lens
?
Fault
Pinch
??Out
Sand
Anticline
?? Trap
?? Trap
Grading
?? Reef
Buried
Surface

Anhydrite
Unconformity

Sub-Salt
Sediment
?? Truncation

Curtin Petroleum Engineering

Thank you
Any question ?
25