Common Unix Commands

Sysinfo

Display system information i.e cpu, memory, etc

Memory and Swap

Information regarding the physical memory and swap area

Disks, Filesystems and Devices

Displaying disk information, filesystems

Networking

Display and configuring network parameters

Crash Dump

Configure, display and use the crash dump utiltities

Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

List, Monitor and trace processes

Kernel Modules and Parameters

Displaying, modifying and tuning kernel parameters

Services

Display, start and stop services

Patching / Packages

Installing and removing patches and software packages

Accounts

Setting up and removing user accounts

NFS

Information on NFS i.e starting, stopping, etc

NTP

Network Time Protocol

Log Files

Location to common log files

Security

Security information

Misc

Other stuff i.e shutdown, timezone, run level, etc

sysinfo
Solaris
cat /etc/release

Red Hat
cat /etc/enterprise-release
cat /etc/redhat-release

Ubuntu/Debian
cat /etc/lsb-release

HP-UX

lsb_release -a

Server Release info

AIX

/stand/kernrel
oslevel -r

lsb_release -a

Server Release info

cat /proc/version
/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v

dmidecode

dmidecode

Server type

prtdiag -v
prtconf -D
prtpicl -v [-c <class>]

lspci
lsusb
lshal

picl = platform information and control

library

Note: hal = hardware abstraction layer

lspci
lsusb
lshal

model
uname -a

ioscan
ioscan -fun [disk|tape|lan]
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest
cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info

Hardware Info

prtconf | grep -i 'System Model'

Server type

lscfg -v
lscfg -l ent0
lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter)
lsdev
lsdev -Cc disk
lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0

Hardware Info

lsslot -c [pci|phb|port]
lsslot -c pci -l ent0
lspath -l hdisk0
diag
Operating System

uname -a
/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
prtconf | grep -i mem

Memory

uname -a

uname -a

cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

free -om

cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

free -om

cat /proc/slabinfo

cat /proc/slabinfo

uname -a

oslevel [-r|-s]

Operating System

dmesg | grep -i physical

/usr/sam/lbin/getmem
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest

prtconf -m
prtconf |grep -i memory
lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem
bootinfo -r

Memory

cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info

/usr/platform/`uname -i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
CPU (type, number, etc)

cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)

## display,offline,online
psrinfo
psradm -f 0 (offline)
psradm -n 0 (online)

format
prtvtoc <device>
Disk Drives

cat /proc/cpuinfo (detailed)

format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI)

Note:
EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface

/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest
sam -> performance monitors -> system properties

prtconf |grep -i processor

CPU (type, number, etc)

cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info

fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)
parted <device> print
partprobe -s <device>

fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)
parted <device> print
partprobe <device>

ioscan -funC disk

lsdev -Cc disk

lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller)
lsdev -Cc disk -S [a|d|s] (available, defined, stopped)
lscfg -v -l hdisk0

smartctl -a <device>

Disk Drives

SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc

/boot/initrd.?????.img
/boot/vmlinuz

/kernel/genunix
Kernel File and associated
directories

/boot/initrd.img-?????-server
/boot/vmlinuz-????-server

/stand/vmunix

/unix
/usr/lib/boot
/usr/lib/drivers

/platform/`uname -m`/kernel
/platform/i86pc/kernel
/kernel
/usr/kernel
isainfo -kv (solaris 9+)
isalist (sparc v9 will be listed first)
isainfo -b

Kernel File

Note: /unix - symbolic link to kernel file i.e

/usr/lib/boot/unix_64
uname -a
uname -m
getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'
cat /proc/version

uname -a
uname -m
getconf -a |grep -i 'long_bit'

getconf KERNEL_BITS ( version 11)

/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest |grep -i 'os mode'

prtconf -k
bootinfo -K

HPUX < version 11 all 32 bit

Kernel 32 or 64

Kernel 32 or 64

Note: determine if system supports 64 bit

getconf HW_CPU_SUPP_BITS
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest |grep -i 'hw capability'

At the OK prompt type banner

boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)

boot into the BIOS (normally F2 or F12)

Display Firmware

n/a

/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/dma

/proc/interrupts
/proc/ioports
/proc/dma

n/a

prtconf

admintool

linuxconf

linuxconf

sam

smit
smitty

Display IRQ, IO ports and DMA

GUI admin tool

prtconf |grep -i firmware

lscfg -pv
invscout

workstations:
reboot
enter PDC
type: IN (information menu)
type: FV (Firmware Version)

Display Firmware

Display IRQ, IO ports and

DMA
GUI admin tool

Memory and Swap

Solaris

Memory

/usr/platform/`uname i`/sbin/prtdiag -v
prtconf | grep -i mem

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

free -om

cat /proc/meminfo (detailed)

free -om

HP
dmesg | grep -i physical
/usr/sam/lbin/getmem
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest

AIX
prtconf -m
prtconf |grep -i memory
lsattr -El sys0 -a realmem
bootinfo -r

Memory

cat /var/opt/ignite/local/manifest/manifest.info
page size
(memory)
display swap

/usr/bin/pagesize

/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i

'pagesize|page_size'

/usr/bin/getconf -a| egrep -i

'pagesize|page_size'

dmesg |grep -i physical

pagesize
pagesize -a (display all supported pagesizes)

swap -l
swap -s

cat /proc/swaps (detailed)

swapon -s

cat /proc/swaps (detailed)

swapon -s

swapinfo (displayed in KB)

swapinfo -m (display in Mb)
swapinfo -tm (total / Mb)

lsps -a (detailed)
lsps -s

mkfile 5m /var/swapfile
swap -a /var/swapfile

device:
create partition with fdisk (type 82)
file(create 50MB swap file):
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile
bs=1024 count=50000

device:
create partition with fdisk (type
82)
file(create 50MB swap file):
dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/swapfile
bs=1024 count=50000

Create logical volume or filesystem

mkps -a -s 4 -n <volume group>

swapon <device> | -f <logical device>

swapon -p 3 <device> | -f <logical device>

# change the attributes

chps -a n paging00 (don't use after restart)

update /etc/fstab

mkswap <device>|<file>
swapon <device>|<file>

# change the logical volume attributes (name in this case)

chlv -n <new name> <old old> (chang page space name)

mkswap <device>|<file>
swapon <device>|<file>

update /etc/fstab

Note: -p = priority swap number . The nswapdev

tunable system parameter controls the maximum
number of swap devices.

update /etc/fstab

swapoff <device>|<file>

swapoff <device>|<file>

Remove device or file as normal

Remove device or file as normal

update /etc/vfstab

adding swap

page size (memory)

display swap

adding swap
Note:
-a reconfigure paging space after restart
-s size of the page space (logical partitions)
-n activiates the paging space (use swapoff to deactivate)
also see /etc/swapspaces file

removing
swap

update /etc/vfstab
swap -d

remove entry from /etc/fstab

reboot

swapoff /dev/paging00
rmps paging00

removing swap

Note: paging space must be deactiviated before removing

Disks, Filesystems and Devices

Solaris
format
prtvtoc <device>
cfgadm -al
fcinfo hba-port

Red Hat
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)
parted <device> print
partprobe <device>

Ubuntu/Debian
fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)
parted <device> print
partprobe <device>

HP
ioscan -funC disk

AIX
lsdev -Cc disk
lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0 (specific controller)
lsdev -Cc disk -S [a|d|s] (available, defined,stopped)

Disk Drives

luxadm probe
mpathadm list initiator-port
mpathadm show <initiator-port name>
iscsiadm list initiator-node
iscsiadm list discovery

udevadm info -q all -n /dev/sda1

blkid
dmsetup [ls|info]

lscfg -v -l hdisk0
Disk Drives

format -e (to convert EFI (zfs) to SMI)

Note:
EFI - Extensible Firmware Interface
SMI - Sun Microsystems Inc

format
iostat -En
luxadm inq <disk> (A5x00 disk arrays)

Disk serial Number, type,

etc

prtvtoc <device>
cat /etc/vfstab

hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed)

hdparm -i /dev/hda
hdparm -I /dev/hda (detailed)

hdparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test)

haparm -Tt /dev/hda (speed test)

sdparm -i /dev/sdb

sdparm -i /dev/sdb

cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model
cat /proc/scsi/scsi

cat /proc/ide/ide0/hda/model
cat /proc/scsi/scsi

fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)

fdisk -l
sfdisk -l (advanced server)

lvlnboot -v /dev/vg00
lifls -Clv <device>

lsvg -l rootvg
lchangelv

cat /proc/partitions (very high level)

cat /etc/fstab

cat /proc/partitions (very high level)

cat /etc/fstab

# Display the LIF contents

lifcp /dev/dsk/c0t6d0:AUTO -

cat /etc/filesystems

diskinfo -v /dev/rdsk/c0t4d0 (detailed but no serial

number)
/opt/ignite/bin/print_manifest (no serial number)

lscfg -vl hdisk0

lscfg -vl hdisk*

## Insure that the online diagnostic support tools

have been installed
swlist -l bundle | grep 'Support Tools'

Disk serial N

## Command-Line Support Tools Manager (cstm)

## The run cstm
cstm
cstm> map
cstm> sel dev 4
(select the disk of you choice)
cstm> info
cstm> il
(obtain the serial number)
cstm> quit

cat /etc/fstab

Disk disk partitions

Disk disk pa

Note: Boot programs are stored in the boot area in

Logical Interchange Format (LIF), which is similar to
a file system. For a device to be bootable, the LIF
volume on that device must contain at least the ISL
(the initial system loader) and HPUX (the HP-UX
bootstrap utility) LIF files. ISL is like GRUB.
use format to partition the disk then just use
the slice as a raw partition, remember to use
the character device

## Old way
/etc/sysconfig/rawdevices
service rawdevices start
chkconfig rawdevices on
## New way, Edit below file
/etc/udev/rules.d/60-raw.rules
udevinfo -d or udevadm info

List Raw Partitions

## Display raw partitions

raw -qa

mknod /dev/rawctl c 162 0

mknod /dev/raw/raw0 c 162 1
mknod /dev/raw/raw1 c 162 2
ln -s /dev/rawctl /dev/raw/rawctl

Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem - that's

it.

Just create a new LVOL without a filesystem

# create a raw volume
mklv -y rawVolume vg01 10

## map raw devices to the disk

raw /dev/raw/raw1 /dev/sdb1

List Raw Par

## display raw devices

raw -qa

format (use analyse )

badblocks

badblocks

dd if=/dev/rdsk/cXtYd0 of=/dev/null bs=1024K

chlv -b [y|n] <lv>

df -k
df -h

df -k
df -h

df -k
df -h

Note: no errors means disk is good

Note: enables bad block relocation

bdf
df [-egiklnvfb]

df -k
lsfs [<filesystem>]
lsfs -q <filesystem> (detailed)

mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

newfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1

Bad Blocks

Filesystem commands

newfs -v <raw device>

# Display how the filesystem was created
newfs -Nv <filesystem>

Filesystem (create|remove)

mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sdb1

mke2fs -t ext4 /dev/sdb1

mkfs -F vxfs -o largefiles /dev/vg01/rlvol1

# all point to mke2fs

mkfs.ext2
mkfs.ext3
mkfs.ext4

Note: mkfs and newfs are a pointer to

/sbin/fs_wrapper

crfs -v jfs2 -d data02lv -m /data02 -A yes

-v filesystem type
-d device or logical volume
-m mountpoint
-A mount after restart [yes|no]
rmfs -ri /data02

cat /etc/mke2fs.conf
-r remove the mountpoint
-i display warning before removing
chfs -a size=+1G /var (grow by additional 1GB)
chfs -a size=1G /var (grow to 1GB in size)
tunefs

tune2fs

tune2fs

tunefs -v <filesystem>

Filesystem c

chfs

Filesystem (

fstyp -v <device> |grep -i minfree

Tune Filesystems

tune2fs -l /dev/sda1

tune2fs -l /dev/sda1

# change reserved blocks percentage to 1%

tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1

# change reserved blocks percentage to 1%

tune2fs -m 1 /dev/sda1

touch /forcefsck
shutdown -Fr now
fsck.mode=force (kernel parameter)
Force fsck

backup filesystem

Display the boot device

# Check to see filesystem needs checking

fstyp -v <filesystem> | grep fsclean

# Disk fragmentation
fsadm -F vxfs -E / (report)
fsadm -F vxfs -e / (defrag)

touch /forcefsck
shutdown -r now
tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state'

Note: you can perform the following

resize
freeze
change mountpoint
permissions
lots more..............................

Force fsck

# Look at the second line to see if a filesystem

# needs checking
tunefs -v <filesystem>

# edit /etc/default/rcS change below so

# you dont have to hang around
FSCKFIX=yes

ufsdump|ufsrestore
tar
dd
cpio

dump/restore
tar
dd
cpio

dump/restore
tar
dd
cpio

fbackup/frecover
dump/restore
ftio
tar
dd
cpio

backup|restore
tar
dd
cpio

eeprom |grep boot-device

prtconf -pv |grep bootpath
prtpicl -v|grep ':bootpath'

cat /boot/grub/grub.conf
cat /etc/lilo.conf

cat /boot/grub/menu.lst

setboot

bootinfo -b (display last boot device)

bootlist -m [normal|service] -o (display bootable devices)

Setting the boot device

/boot/grub/menu.lst

setboot -p <primary path>

setboot -a <alternate path>

bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1

Setting the

# autoboot sequnce
setboot -b [on|off]
installboot /usr/platform/`uname i`/lib/fs/ufs/bootblk <raw-device>

grub-install <raw-device>
lilo -v

backup files

Display the

grub = grand unified boot loader

lilo = linux loader

/boot/grub/grub.conf
/etc/lilo.conf

Tune Filesys

n/a

tune2fs -l /dev/sdb<?> |grep -i 'filesystem state'

setenv boot-device [<device>|<alias>]

eeprom boot-device [<device>|<alias>]

Creating boot device (MBR)

vxtunefs -v <filesystem>
fstyp -v <filesystem>

grub-install <raw-device>

mkboot -l <device>

bosboot -a (uses default device)

bosboot -ad hdisk1

Creating boo

Note: we are treating the disk as a LVM device

Format floppy drive

mount/unmount floppy

mount/unmount CDROM

fdformat -v -U
volcheck -v
newfs -v /vol/disk/aliases/floppy0

floppy --probe (use device obtained below )

floppy --createrc > /etc/fd0
floppy --format /dev/fd0
mkfs /dev/fd0

n/a

volrmmount -l floppy0
eject floppy

mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

umount /mnt/floppy

n/a

mount -F hsfs -o ro <device path>

/cdrom/cdrom0
umount /cdrom/cdrom0

mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

umount /mnt/cdrom
eject cdrom

mount /dev/rfd0 /floppy

mount -rt iso9660 /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

umount /mnt/cdrom
eject cdrom

mount -rF cdfs /dev/dsk/c1t6d0 /cdrom

mount -v cdrfs -r /dev/cd0 /cdrom

umount /cdrom

mount -o remount,rw /

mount_vxfs -o remount,ro <filesystem>

Format flop

mount/unm

mount/unm

start: /usr/sbin/pps_mountd
pps_mount

lofiadm -a <iso image> /dev/lofi/1

mount -F hsfs -o ro /dev/lofi/1 /mnt
# to list
lofiadm
n/a

mount -o remount,rw /

remount a filesystem

create boot disk or

recovery tape

format -d /dev/rfd0
format -d /dev/fd0.18 (high format)

n/a

/etc/init.d/volmgr start
eject cdrom

mount/umount ISO image

n/a

mount -o remount,rw <filesystem>

Note:I did find a note that it should be possible to remount remount a f

a jfs2 filesystem, but it did not work on my system
n/a

ok> boot cdrom -s

mkbootdisk `uname -r` (boot diskette)

recovery tape (preview)

make_tape_recovery -v -l -x inc_entire=vg00
/opt/ignite/bin/make_recovery -ACv

mksysb

create boot

using the grub window append the word single to

the kernel line

using the grub window append the word single to enter PDC
the kernel line
> search
>boot p1 (cdrom)
interact with IPL? Y
ISL> hpux -is

based on a 9114-275 workstation

f10 or f12

f10 or f12

based on a 9114-275 workstation

boot cdrom/diskette (single

user)

ok> boot -as

n/a

>boot pri
interact with IPL? Y

1. Restart the machine.

2. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices
begin to initialize here.
3. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit
boot cdrom/
the F5 button or the 5 key depending on your
console.
4. Choose default boot list when the maintenance
screen comes up.

ISL> hpux -lm

1. Restart the machine.

2. Wait the the AIX splash screen to come up. Devices
begin to initialize here.
boot into m
3. When you see the [keyboard] word on screen hit
the F5 button or the 5 key depending on your
console.
4. Choose select boot options when the
maintenance screen comes up, then option 1, then
option 1 for scsi, then option 3 service mode boot

boot into maintenace mode

floppy:

floppy:
/dev/fd0

floppy:
/dev/fd0

floppy:
n/a

disk:
/dev/hda or /dev/sda
/dev/hdb or /dev/sdb

disk:
/dev/hda or /dev/sda
/dev/hdb or /dev/sdb

disk:
/dev/dsk/c0t6d0

cdrom:
/dev/dsk/c0t6d0s0
/dev/scd0 (external usb cd)

tape:

tape:

tape:
/dev/dsk/rmt/0

cdrom:
/dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)

cdrom:
/dev/hda (depends on number of IDE disks)

cdrom:
/dev/dsk/c1t6d0

cdrom:
/dev/cd0

drvconfig
devlinks
disks|tapes|ports

/dev/MAKEDEV <device>

/dev/MAKEDEV <device>

insf -C tape (Class)

cfgmgr
cfgmgr -l scsi0

disk:
/dev/dsk/c0t0d0s0

Device paths

update /dev directory

tape:
/dev/rmt/0ucb

floppy:
/dev/fd0
/dev/rfd0
disk:
/dev/hdisk0

Device path

tape:

insf -H 0.1.0 -e (recreate deleted link)

update /dev

mkdev

devfsadm ( solaris 8, 9, 10)

rem_drv

# remove all devices from a hardward path

rmsf -k -H 52.6.0

rmdev
rmdev -l cd0

remove or change a device

remove or c
chdev
chdev -l rmt0 -a ret=no
prtconf -D
sysdef

cat /proc/devices

cat /proc/devices

lsdev

lsdev
lsdev -Cc disk
lsdev -Cc disk -p scsi0
lsslot -c pci -l ent0

list device drivers

lscfg
lscfg -l ent0
lscfg -vl fcs0 (find the WWN of HBA adapter)

list device d

lspath -l hdisk0
getconf DISK_SIZE hdisk1 (detailed)

Networking
Solaris
Basic network information
(hostname, ip address)

/etc/hostname.hme0

prtdiag -v
ifconfig -a

displaying network interfaces

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

HP

AIX

/etc/sysconfig/network
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0

/etc/network/interfaces

/etc/rc.config.d/netconf

stores information in the ODM (Object Database Manager)

ifconfig
system-config-network (GUI)

ifconfig

ioscan -funC lan (list hardware)

lanscan -v (list configured)
ifconfig lan0 (individual)

ifconfig -a
entstat -d <interface>

kstat hme:0:parameters:<param name>

kstat e1000g:0:parameters:<param name>

lsdev -Cc if
lsdev -Cc tcpip

module:instance:name:statistics

odmget -q "name=en0" CuAt

# Solaris 11
netadm list

lsattr -EHl en0

dladm
dladm
dladm
dladm
dladm

show-phys
show-link
show-linkprop
show-vnic
show-etherstub

ipadm
ipadm
ipadm
ipadm

show-if
show-ifprop
show-addr
show-addrprop

ifconfig

Basic
(hos

displa
inter

ifconfig

ifconfig

ifconfig <interface>

mktcpip (completely setup a network interface)

# Solaris 11 - Automatic (using profiles)

netadm enable -p ncp Automatic
netcfg
(use by Automatic)

rmtcpip (remove all network interfaces)

# configure an interface
mktcpip -h aix1 -a 192.168.1.200 -m 255.255.255.0 -i en1 g 192.168.0.10

# Solaris 11 - Manual
netadm enable -p ncp DefaultFixed
netcfg
Configure network interface

-h - hostname assigned to interface

-a - ip address
-m - netmask
-i - interface name
-g - gateway ip address

dladm create-vnic
dladm delete-vnic
dladm rename-link

# remove an interface
ifconfig en1 detach

dladm create-etherstub
ipadm
ipadm
ipadm
ipadm

create-ip net1
create-addr -T static -a 192.168.0.110/24 net1/pfv
delete-ip
delete-addr

ifconfig qfe0 up
ifconfig qfe0 down

ifconfig (configures IP address)

chdev (add aliases to network interface)

/sbin/ifup eth0
/sbin/ifdown eth0

/sbin/ifup eth0
/sbin/ifdown eth0

Starting and stopping a network

interface

ifconfig lan0 up
ifconfig lan0 down
note: there is no "ifconfig -a" in hpux use lanscan
then "ifconfig <interface>"

ndd -set <device> <parm> <value> (dynamically)

/etc/system (edit and update then reboot - permanent)

mii-tool -F 100baseTx-FD eth0

ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full

ethtool -s eth1 speed 100 duplex full

ndd -set <device> <parm> <value>

lanadmin -X <option> lan0

Setting NIC speed

Change NIC parameters

# List parameters
ndd -get /dev/hme \?
ndd -get /dev/e1000g0 \?
ndd -get /dev/ip \?
ndd -get /dev/tcp \?

mii-tool -v
ethtool eth1
ethtool -t eth0 online

ethtool eth0
sysctl -a |grep net*

sysctl -a | grep net*

Display NIC statistics

display MAC address

ifconfig en0 up
ifconfig en0 down
ifconfig en0 detach (remove)

ifconfig -a (as user root)

snoop -d <interface>

lanadmin -> lan -> display

## options supported
ndd -get /dev/ip ?
ndd -get /dev/tcp ?
ndd -get /dev/arp ?
ndd -get /dev/udp ?

Settin

netstat -v
entstat -d <interface>
no -a
no -o "ipforwarding=1"

netstat -i [-I interface]

netstat -s

netstat -i [-f inet]

netstat -s
entstat -d <interface>

ifconfig
system-config-network (GUI)

ifconfig

lanscan

netstat -ia

tcpdump -i <interface>

tcpdump -i <interface>

ethereal (needs to be installed)

ethereal (needs to be installed)

nettl -start
nettl -status all
nettl -tn pduin pduout -e ns_ls_driver -file
/var/adm/LAN
nettl -stop

tcpdump -i <interface>
iptrace -i <interface> <output file>
ipreport (used with iptrace to view reports)

Displaying network packets

Start
netw

chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=1000_Full_Duplex -P

chdev -l ent0 -a media_speed=Auto_Negotiation -P
Note:
entX - physical device
enX - frame type run on entX

ndd -get <device> <parm>

Confi
inter

NIC s

Displa

displa

Displa
packe

Note: you must stop the iptrace by using "kill -15"

use netfmt to display the trace file

/etc/defaultrouter
default router

edit /etc/sysconfig/network

route add default <gateway>

route -p add default <gateway> (persist changes)
netstat -rn

display routing table

if_mpadm -d
if_mpadm -r

(detach)
(reattach)

tail /var/adm/messages

add: GATEWAY=<IP address>

edit /etc/network/interfaces

/etc/rc.config.d/netconf

add: gateway <IP address>

netstat -rn
route -n

netstat -rn
route -n

ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach)

ifenslave bond0 eth1
(reattach)

ifenslave -d bond0 eth1 (detach)

ifenslave bond0 eth1
(reattach)

cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0

cat /proc/net/bonding/bond0

netstat -rn

You buy an optional product called Auto-Port

Aggragation.

route add 0 <gateway IP address>

Note: there is no file that holds the default router

defau

netstat -rn
netstat -r -f inet
lsattr -EHl inet0 -a route

displa

smitty etherchannel (creates, deletes and tests)

entstat -d ent0

# create bonding
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0
Test IPMP, Bonding

Test

# modprobe
/etc/modprobe.d/bonding.conf
# for bonding options - use BONDING_OPTS
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-bond0
# see bonding mode
cat /sys/class/net/bond0/bonding/mode
/etc/sysconfig/network

/etc/hostname

set_parms hostname (requires reboot)

hostname <new hostname>

change the hostname

change the following files:

/etc/hosts

/etc/hosts

/etc/nodename
/etc/hostname.<interface>
/etc/inet/hosts
/etc/inet/ipnodes
/etc/net - few files in here as well

sysctl -a |grep hostname

sysctl -a |grep hostname

chdev -l inet0 -a hostname=<hostname>

chang

# Solaris 11
svccfg -s system/identity:node listprop config/nodename
svcfg -s system/identity:node setprop config/nodename =
astring: hostname
svcadm refresh system/identity:node
svcadm restart indentity:node
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/resolv.conf

# Solaris 11 - You need to use the svccfg command

svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/nameserver
svccfg -s dns/client listprop config/search
svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/host
svccfg -s name-service/switch listprop config/password
svcprop <pattern>
setup DNS

setup

Note: just use listprop on its own to view all options

svccfg -s "dns/client" setprop "config/nameserver =
net_address: (192.168.0.1)"
svccfg -s "dns/client" setprop 'config/domain = astring:
("datadisk.co.uk")'
svccfg -s "name-service/switch" setprop 'config/host =
astring: "file dns"'
svcadm refresh name-service/switch
svcadm refresh dns/client

Name service switch file (DNS

client)

Flush DNS cache

/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/host.conf
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/netsvc.conf
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/irs.conf (may not be there)

# Solaris 11 - you need to use the svccfg command

see above

chnamsv
(change name service)
rmnamsv
(remove a name service)
lsnamsv -C (list name services)

svcadm restart system/name-service-cache:default

## if installed
service nscd restart

/etc/defaultdomain

/etc/sysconfig/network (HOSTNAME option)

/etc/resolv.conf

Domain Name

n/a

netcdctrl -t dns -e hosts -f

/etc/host
/etc/resolv.conf

/etc/rc.config.d/netconf

domainname <domainname>

Name
(DNS

Flush

Doma

Note: for NIS use the NISDOMAIN option

Obtain IP Address routing

Find Services on the network

route -n get <hostname>

traceroute

ip route get <IP address>

traceroute

ip route get <IP address>

traceroute

n/a

route -n get <hostname>

Boot (jumpstart) servers:

rpcinfo -b bootparam 1

Boot (jumpstart) servers:

rpcinfo -b bootparam 1

Boot (jumpstart) servers:

rpcinfo -b bootparam 1

Boot (jumpstart) servers:

rpcinfo -b bootparam 1

Boot (jumpstart) servers:

rpcinfo -b bootparam 1

NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1

NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1

NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1

NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1

NFS servers:
rpcinfo -b mountd 1

NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -b ypserv 1

NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv

NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -u <yp server> ypserv

NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -b ypserv 1

NIS servers/slaves:
rpcinfo -b ypserv 1

Crash Dump
Solaris

Crash Dump

Red Hat

dumpadm -d <device> diskdump

coreadm
netdump
kdump (part of kexec rpm)
crash (used to
analyse crash dumps) /etc/kdump.conf (select where you
adb (used to analyse want the dump to go)
crash dumps)
service kdump start
chkconfig kdump on
## to crash the system
echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger

Ubuntu/Debian
diskdump
netdump
kdump (part of kexec rpm)
/etc/kdump.conf (select where you
want the dump to go)
service kdump start
chkconfig kdump on
## to crash the system
echo "c" > /proc/sysrq-trigger

HP
edit /stand/system
add either:
dump 2/0/1.5.0
dump lvol
dump none
# crash config file
/etc/rc.config.d/savecrash

AIX
sysdumpdev -l (list dump destination)
sysdumpdev -e (estimates dumpsize)
sysdumpdev -L (info)
sysdumpstart -p (start dump primary)
sysdumpstart -s (start dump secondary)
# set the dump device permanently
sysdumpdev -p <dump device> -P
# analyse dump file
echo "stat\n status\n t -m" | crash /var/adm/ras/vmcore.0

Crash Dump

Obtai

Find
netw

crash (used to analyse crash dumps) crash (used to analyse crash dumps)

Performance Monitoring and Diagnostics

Solaris

CPU

Memory

Network

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

HP

AIX

top (sunfreeware)
prstat
sar
mpstat
w
(load average)
uptime (load average)
ps
vmstat

top
sar
mpstat
w
(load average)
uptime (load average)
ps
vmstat
procinfo
oprofile
cat /proc/cpuinfo

top
sar
mpstat
w
(load average)
uptime (load average)
ps
vmstat
procinfo
cat /proc/cpuinfo

top
sar
w
(load average)
uptime (load average)
ps
vmstat
glance
sam

prstat
vmstat
top
sar

free
vmstat
top
procinfo
slabtop
sar
cat /proc/meminfo

free
vmstat
top
procinfo
slabtop
sar
cat /proc/meminfo

top
vmstat
sar
sam
glance

topas
vmstat
sar -b
svmon
ps
ipcs -a
lockstat (version 4)
rmss

ndd
netstat
lsof
snoop
route

ethtool
mii-tool
netstat
lsof
tcpdump
ip
iptraf
nmap

ethtool
mii-tool
netstat
lsof
tcpdump
ip
iptraf

netstat
lanadmin
sam
glance

[ent|tok|fddi|atm]stat
netstat
netpmon (trcstop to stop
trace)

sar -d
iostat
vmstat
lsof

sar -d
iostat
vmstat
lsof

sar -d
iostat
vmstat
lsof

iostat
sar
sam
glance

topas -D (disk)
topas -F (filesystem)
iostat
sar -D
fcstat (fibre)
lvmstat
filemon (trcstop to stop)
fileplace

Disk

topas -P
topas -L (logical partitions)
mpstat
sar -c
w
(load average)
uptime (load average)
lparstat
ps
iostat -tT 1
tprof
curt

CPU

Memory

Network I/O

Disk I/O

# disk stat history

chdev -l sys0 -a iostat=true
lsattr -HEl sys0 -a iostat
truss -p <pid>
ppriv -D -e <command>

strace -p <pid>

strace -p <pid>

download and install tusc

tusc -p <pid>

Application

NFS

nfsstat

Process

top
prstat
ps -ef
pargs <pid>
pcred <pid>
pfiles <pid>
pflags <pid>
pgrep <pattern>
pkill <pattern>
pmap <pid>
pldd <pid>
preap <pid>
prun <pid>
psig <pid>
pstack <pid>
pstop <pid>
ptime <pid>
ptree <pid>
pwait <pid>
pwdx<pid>

Kernel Modules and Parameters

nfsstat

nfsstat

nfsstat

topas
truss
sar
probevue
tprof
svmon -P <pid>
nfsstat

Application

NFS

Solaris
modinfo

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

cat /proc/modules (more detailed)

lsmod
modinfo <module>

cat /proc/modules (more detailed)

lsmod

Location:
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers

display loaded modules

Location:
/lib/modules/`uname -r`/kernel/drivers

display l

modload -p drv/<module name>

modprobe <module>
insmod

modprobe <module>
insmod

modunload -i <module number>

modprobe -r <module>
rmmod

modprobe -r <module>
rmmod

/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot)

sysctl -p <filename>

/etc/sysctl.conf (edit and update then reboot)

sysctl -p <filename>

sysctl -w param=value

sysctl -w param=value

No reboot (dynamically):
echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem
echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
etc.............................................

No reboot (dynamically):
echo "250 32000 100 28" > /proc/sys/kernel/sem
echo "536870912" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
echo "4096" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
echo "2097152" > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
etc.............................................

unload modules
/etc/system (edit and reboot)

set kernel parameters

(tuning)

AIX
genkex

Config:
/etc/modprobe.d/options
/etc/modprobe.d

Config:
/etc/modprobe.conf
/etc/modprobe.d
load modules

HP
kmadmin -k

kmadmin -L <module name>

n/a

load mod

n/a

kmadmin -U <module name>

kmadmin -u <module id>

unload m

kcweb (11i)
kctune (11i only)
rebuild kernel (< 11i see below)

chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value>

no -a
(network)
vmo -a
(virtual memory)
nfso -a
(NFS)
ioo -a
(Input/Ouput)
raso -a
(reliability, availability, serviceability)
schedo -a (processor scheduler)

set kern

vi /etc/security/limits
cd /etc/tunables
tunchange, tundefault, tunsave, tunrestore, tuncheck
Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example
memory segments are dynamically adjusted

cat /etc/system
sysdef -i
display kernel
parameters

edit and update file then reboot:

/etc/system

build kernel

interprocess
communication

ipcs -a

sysctl -a
cat /etc/sysctl.conf

sysctl -a
cat /etc/sysctl.conf

cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem
cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
etc...................................

cat /proc/sys/kernel/sem
cat /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
etc...................................

cd /usr/src/linux-2.5
edit Makefile (change EXTRAVERSION)
make mrproper
backup .config
make xconfig
make dep
make bzImage
make modules
move new kernel
make modules_install
change lilo/grub config file
reboot
ipcs -a

kctune (11i only)

sysdef
kmtune
kmsystem
/usr/sam/lbin/getkinfo -f /stand/vmunix -o
/tmp/kernel.data
cd /stand/build
/usr/lbin/sysadm/system_prep -v -s system
edit system file
/usr/sbin/mk_kernel -s ./system
mv /stand/system /stand/system.old
mv /stand/vmunix /stand/vmunix.old
mv /stand/build/system /stand
mv /stand/build/vmunix_test /stand/vmunix
reboot

ipcs -a

ipcs -a

display services

svcs -a
svcs -l <service>
svcs -vx
inetadm -l

Red Hat
service --status-all

Ubuntu/Debian
There is no services or chkconfig
command use the old fashioned way
/etc/init.d/<service>

HP
There is no services or chkconfig
command
use the old fashioned way
/sbin/init.d/<service>

AIX
lssrc -a
display services

svcadm enable nfs

service nfs start

startsrc -s <subsystem>
startsrc -g <group>

start services

svcadm disable nfs

service nfs stop

stopsrc -s <subsystem>
stopsrc -g <group>

stop services

svcadm refresh nfs

svcadm clear nfs (changes state)

service nfs reload

refresh -s <subsystem>

svcadm restart nfs

service nfs restart

stopsrc -s <subsystem>
startsrc -s <subsystem>

restart service

svcs nfs

service nfs staus

lssrc -a

service status

service dependencies svcs -d network

n/a

n/a

service dependencies

service dependants

n/a

n/a

service dependants

start services
stop services
reload service
restart service
service status

svcs -D network
# change or add

Note: only a few kernel parameters can be changed

reload service

display k

chdev -l sys0 -a <parameter>=<value>

Note: most parameters are dynamically changed in AIX , for example
memory segments are dynamically adjusted

build ke

ipcs -a

Services
Solaris

lsattr -EHl sys0

interpro
commun

Service notifications

svccfg
# verify or confirm
svcprop

service logging, etc

change service
startup

/var/svc/log
/var/svc/manifest
/lib/svc/method
/etc/svc/repository.db
/system/volatile/svc_nonpersist.db

n/a

n/a

chkconfig --levels 2345

nfs on

n/a

/var/adm/ras
/etc/syslog.conf
/etc/rc.tcpip

service logging, etc

n/a

change service
startup

# Create your
stop/start
# script in /etc/init.d

Add a new service

chkconfig --add <script>

Patching / Software
Solaris
display installed patches

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

showrev -p
patchadd -p
patchadd
patchadd -M <dir> (multiple patches)

patch -p1 <patch>

display installed packages

patchrm

patch -R -p1 <patch>

pkginfo (all packages)

pkginfo -l (single package)
pkgchk -l -p <file> (file belongs)

rpm
rpm
rpm
rpm

-qa (all packages)

-q (single package)
-qf (file belongs)
-qi <package> (very detailed)

# NEW IPS
pkg list (all packages)
pkg info (single package)
pkg search (find packages and files)

display installed patch

swcopy (install patch into depot)

swinstall (install patch from depot)

Note: -p = # of path stripping

removing patch

AIX
instfix -ia

instfix -k

zcat patch46.gz | patch -p1

adding patch

HP
swlist -l bundle
swlist -l product
swlist -l patch

adding patch

Note: the swagentd daemon must be running

swremove
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg
dpkg

-l
-S <search string> (search)
-S <filename> (file belongs)
-s <package> (status)
-p <package> (detailed)

swlist -l bundle <bundle>

swlist -l product <product>
## check a package
swlist -s <full_path/software>

installp -r
lslpp
lslpp
lslpp
lslpp
rpm
rpm
rpm
rpm

removing patch

-L all (all filesets)

-L <package> (single fileset)
-w <file> (file belongs)
-ha (history of filesets)

-qa (all packages)

-q (single package)
-qf (file belongs)
-qi <package> (very detailed)

display installed packa

oslevel -g (install packkages above os level)

whereis <filename>
which_fileset <filename>
pkgadd

adding package

rpm -Uhv (updates/installs if not already) dpkg -i <package>

rpm -ihv (install)

swinstall
swinstall -s <full_path/software>

# NEW IPS
pkg install
pkg update

installp -a
installp -c (cleanup after failed install)
rpm -i

adding package

geninstall (generic installer: installp, RPM, etc)

pkgrm
removing packages

rpm -e <package>

dpkg -r <package> (do not remove config files)

dpkg -P <package> (remove config files)

swremove

# NEW IPS
pkg uninstall <package>

installp -u (commited packages)

installp -r (applied packages)
rpm -e <package>

removing packages

geninstall -u <package>

pkginfo -l
pkginfo -p
verify package

n/a

swverity <fileset> (see /var/adm/sw/swagent.log) lppchk -v

rpm -V <package>
verify package

# NEW IPS
pkg publisher
pkg verify <package>
pkgchk -l <package> | grep -i pathname

List files in package

rpm -V <package>

# NEW IPS
pkg contents <package>
# NEW IPS
pkg history

rpm -ql <package>

dpkg -L <package> (list files)

swlist -l file <product>

lslpp -f <fileset>
rpm -ql <package>

List files in package

pkg
pkg
pkg
pkg
pkg
pkg

Other package commands

purge-history
freeze
unfreeze
fix
refresh
publisher

/var/sadm

/var/lib/rpm

/var/lib/dpkg/info

/var/adm/sw

/usr/lpp

Package directory

Package directory

/var/lib/rpm

List libraries required for binary

program

ldd <file>

ldd <file>

ldd <file>

chatr <file>

ldd <file>

List libraries required

program

Accounts
Solaris

Red Hat

cat /etc/passwd

cat /etc/passwd
system-config-users (GUI)

display users

Ubuntu/Debian
cat /etc/passwd

HP

AIX

cat /etc/passwd
logins -x

cat /etc/passwd
display users

logins -x [-p]

lsuser -f ALL (detailed)

useradd

useradd
system-config-users (GUI)

useradd

useradd
sam

mkuser
useradd

create a user

userdel

userdel
system-config-users (GUI)

userdel

userdel
sam

rmuser
userdel

remove a user

modify a user

usermod

usermod
system-config-users (GUI)

usermod

usermod
sam

chuser -a
usermod
passwd -f
passwd -s
chfn <username>
chfn <username><shell>

modify a user

change user
password

passwd

passwd

passwd

passwd

passwd
pwdadm
pwdck -t ALL

change user password

create a group

groupadd

groupadd

groupadd

groupadd

mkgroup <group name>

create a group

remove a group

groupdel

groupdel

groupdel

groupdel

rmgroup <group name>

remove a group

modify a goup

groupmod

groupmod

groupmod

groupmod

chgroup <attribute><group name>

modify a goup

password files

/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow

/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow

/etc/passwd
/etc/shadow

/etc/passwd
/tcb/files/auth/r/root (trusted system)

/etc/security/passwd

password files

id -a
whoami
who
w
finger
logins -p

id -a
whoami
who
w
finger

id -a
whoami
who
w
finger

id
whoami
who
w
uptime (displays # of users logged in)
finger

id
whoami
who
w
uptime (displays # of users logged in)
finger

create a user

remove a user

# user defaults
/usr/sadm/defadduser

useful user
commands

# License information
lslicense
chlicense

useful user commands

# Maximum number of processes for a user

lsattr -D -l sys0 -a maxuproc
chdev -l sys0 -a maxuproc=<number>
useful group
commands

groups
setpgrp
newgrp

Password Policy

/etc/security/policy.conf /etc/login.defs
/etc/default/passwd

Password Aging

passwd

groups

groups

groups
setprivgrp

groups
setgroups
lsgroup ALL

useful group commands

chage -l <user>
chage <options> <user>

NFS
Solaris
NFS Daemons

NFS files

Red Hat

server: mountd, nfsd

client: statd, lockd

server: rpc.mountd,nfsd
client: rpc.statd, lockd

/etc/dfs/dfstab
/etc/dfs/sharetab
/etc/rmtab

/etc/exports
/var/lib/nfs/etab
/var/lib/nfs/xtab

Ubuntu/Debian
server: rpc.mountd,nfsd
client: rpc.statd, lockd
/etc/exports
/var/lib/nfs/etab
/var/lib/nfs/xtab

HP
server: rpc.mountd, nfsd
client: rpc.statd, lockd

/etc/exports
/etc/xtab

AIX
server: rpc.mountd, nfsd
client: rpc.statd, rpc.lockd
/etc/exports
/etc/xtab

List nfs clients that have a remote mount /etc/rmtab

display nfs shares

/var/lib/nfs/rmtab

/var/lib/nfs/rmtab

/etc/rmtab

/etc/xtab

dfshares
showmount -e localhost

showmount -e localhost

showmount -e localhost

showmount -e localhost

exportfs
showmount -e localhost

/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and add share)

share <path>

redhat-config-nfs (GUI)

/etc/exports (edit and add share, see below example)

exportfs -rav (export the shares)

/etc/exports (edit and add share)

## dfstab example
/sbin/service nfs reload
share -F nfs -d "jumpstart" /export/jumpstart
## /etc/exports example
/export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)

create nfs share

unshare <path>
/etc/dfs/dfstab (edit and remove share)

/etc/exports (edit and remove share)

/sbin/service nfs reload

/etc/init.d/portmap restart
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server restart

/etc/exports (edit and remove share)

exportfs -rav (export the shares)

/sbin/service nfs start

start/change nfs daemons

shareall

/etc/init.d/portmap start
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server start

/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit)
exportfs -au (unshare all)
exportfs -u /home/vallep
/etc/exports (edit and remove share)

rmnfsexp -d <directory> (unshares and removes from file)

/sbin/init.d/nfs.core start
/sbin/init.d/nfs.server start
/sbin/init.d/nfs.client start

mknfs
chnfs

exportfs -u <filesystem>
unshareall

startsrc -s nfsd
startsrc -s rpc.mountd

svcadm enable nfs/server

svcadm disable nfs/server
/etc/init.d/nfs.server stop
/etc/init.d/nfs.client stop

stop nfs daemons

mknfsexp -d <directory>
mknfsmnt

## /etc/exports example
/export *(rw,fsid=0,insecure,no_root_squash,sync)

uncreate nfs share

/etc/init.d/nfs.server start
/etc/init.d/nfs.client start

/etc/rc.config.d/nfsconf (edit)
/etc/exports (edit and add share)
exportfs -a

/sbin/service nfs stop

/etc/init.d/portmap stop
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server stop

/sbin/init.d/nfs.client stop
/sbin/init.d/nfs.server stop
/sbin/init.d/nfs.core stop

rmnfs
stopsrc -s nfsd
stopsrc -s rpc.mountd

nfs status

ps -ef|grep < nfs daemons>

/sbin/service nfs status

/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server status

ps -ef | grep <nfs daemons>

lssrc -a |grep -i nfs

nfs reload

shareall

/sbin/service nfs reload

exportfs -rav (export the shares)

exportfs -a

exportfs -av

nfs performanace

nfsstat

nfsstat

nfsstat

nfsstat

nfsstat

n/a

cat /var/lib/nfs/etab

cat /var/lib/nfs/etab

n/a

nfso -a
nfso -o <option>=<value>

## Make sure you use NFS version 3

mount -F nfs -o vers=3 <mount>
<mountpoint>

n/a

n/a

n/a

nfs Options

exportfs (display options)

solaris/redhat mount problems (nfs v3 to
v4)

n/a

NTP
Solaris
Time daemons

Ubuntu/Debian

HP

ntpd

xntpd

ntpd

# Solaris 8
/etc/ntp.conf
/etc/ntp.server
/etc/ntp.client

/etc/ntp.conf (edit with ntp servers)

dateconfig (GUI)

/etc/default/ntp
/etc/ntp.conf

chkconfig --list ntpd

chkconfig --level 2345 ntpd on
/sbin/service ntpd start

/etc/init.d/ntp [start|stop|restart]

/etc/sysconfig/ntpd

/etc/default/ntp

/etc/rc2.d/xntpd [start|stop]

ntp setup

Red Hat

AIX

xntpd

xntpd

/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons (set XNTPD to 1)

/etc/ntp.conf

/etc/ntp.conf

Time daemons

startsrc -s xntpd
stopsrc -s xntpd
lslpp -L all|grep xntpd

ntp setup

# Solaris 10
/etc/inet/ntp.server
/etc/inet/ntp.client
svcadm enable ntpd
/lib/svc/method/xntp

/etc/rc.config.d/netdaemons

startsrc -s xntpd -a "-x"

ntp daemon options

NTP Trace commands

/etc/rc.tcpip
ntpq -p
ntptrace

ntpq -p
ntptrace

ntpq -p
ntptrace

ntpq -p
ntpdate (set the date)

ntpq -p
ntptrace
ntpdate

Log Files
Solaris

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

HP

AIX

messages

/var/adm/messages

/var/log/messages

/var/log/messages

/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log

/var/adm/ras

messages

syslog

/var/log/syslog

/var/log/syslog

/var/log/syslog

/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log

/var/adm/ras

syslog

/var/log/mail

/var/log/mail.*

/var/adm/syslog/mail.log

/usr/spool/mqueue/syslog

mail

/var/log/cron

/var/log/cron.log

/var/adm/cron/log

/var/adm/cron/log

cron

mail
cron

/var/cron/log

ntp daemon options

NTP Trace commands

/var/adm/ras
boot

/var/adm/messages
dmesg

/var/log/boot
dmesg

/var/log/boot
dmesg

/var/adm/syslog/syslog.log
dmesg

alog -o -t boot
alog -o -t console
alog -L (list all the logs available)

boot

/usr/lib/errdemon -l (display attributes)

/usr/lib/errdemon (start error logging)
/usr/lib/errstop (stop error logging)

Error logging logger

logger

logger

# use with above errorlog file

errpt (summary errorlog report)
errpt -a (detailed errorlog report)
errpt -j <identifier> (single errorlog report)

logger

Error logging

errclear (clears errorlog)

errclear -d <class><days> (clears class errors)
errlogger "message upto 230 chars"

Security
Solaris

Red Hat

Ubuntu/Debian

HP

AIX

Checking the passwd file

pwck

pwck

pwck

pwck

pwdck -t ALL
usrck -t ALL

Checking the passwd file

checking the group file

grpck

grpck

grpck

grpck

grpck

checking the group file

# No reboot required
/etc/securetty

# No reboot required
/etc/securetty

# Solaris 10 (no reboot)

/etc/default/login

# No reboot required
/etc/securetty

# Solaris 11 (no reboot)

/etc/default/login
/etc/user_attr (see below)

console login (allow/deny)

# No reboot required
/etc/security/user
chsec -f /etc/security/user -s root
console login (allow/deny)
Note: you may need to create this
file if it does not exist

rolemod -K type=normal root

Misc
Solaris
eeprom
startup

Change run level

init status
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Ubuntu/Debian
grub (GUI)

setenv boot-device

shutdown -i5 -g0 -y (power down)

shutdown -i6 -g0 -y (reboot)
shutdown -i0 -g0 -y (OK prompt)
shutdown

Red Hat
grub (GUI)
lilo (text based)

shutdown
shutdown
shutdown
shutdown

-h (halt)
-r (reboot)
-f (fast reboot no fsck)
-F (force fsck)

shutdown -h (halt)
shutdown -r (reboot)
shutdown -P (power off)
touch /forcefsck

touch /reconfigure

# edit /etc/default/rcS change below so

# you dont have to hang around
FSCKFIX=yes

halt
init
poweroff
reboot
shutdown
telinit
uadmin

halt
init
poweroff
reboot
shutdown
telinit

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

shutdown
single user
n/a
Multi-user
n/a
power off
reboot

# change default
vi /etc/inittab

AIX
bootlist -m normal hdisk0 hdisk1
startup

# autoboot sequnce
setboot -b [on|off]

reboot -- -r (reboot/reconfigure)

HP
setboot -p <primary path>
setboot -a <alternate path>

halt
single user
multiuser (no networking)
multiuser (networking)
unused
GUI
reboot

# change default
vi /etc/inittab

halt
init
poweroff
reboot
shutdown
telinit

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

halt
single user
multiuser (default)
same as 2
same as 2
same as 2
reboot

# change default - change all the telinit

vi /etc/event.d/rc-default

shutdown -h now (halt)

shutdown -r now(reboot)

shutdown -F (fast shutdown)

shutdown -Fr (fast shutdown and reboot)

shutdown

init
reboot
shutdown

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

halt
single users
multiuser (networking)
multiuser (networking, NFS, and CDE GUI) (default)
multiuser (netwrking, NFS, and VUE GUI)
n/a
n/a

# change default - change the initdefault line

vi /etc/inittab

init
shutdown
reboot
telinit
halt

0 - reserved
1 - reserved
2 - multiuser mode with NFS
3 - user defined
4 - user defined
5 - user defined
6 - user defined
7-9 - user defined
# change default - change the initdefault line
vi /etc/inittab

Change run level

init status
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

boot <option>

Startup options

# Options
-s single user
-a interactive
-x no device drivers (used in
clustering)
-r reconfigure devices
-m milestone

single - use grub to edit kernel line

emergency - use grub to edit kernel line
linux rescue - use at the boot prompt

single - use grub to edit kernel line

emergency - use grub to edit kernel line
linux rescue - use at the boot prompt

single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network

emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run
rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as
/mnt/sysimage

single: runlevel1, local fs mounted, no network

emergency: root fs read-only, no init files run
rescue: use cd-rom/network, root mounted as
/mnt/sysimage

interact with IPL? Y

Based on 9114-275 workstation

# single user
ISL> hpux -is

1. switch off the machine

# Logical volume maintanence mode

ISL> hpux -lm
# No quroum check
ISL> hpux -lq

/etc/init.d

/etc/init.d

/etc/init.d

/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d

/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d

/etc/rc0.d - /etc/rc6.d

/sbin/init.d
/etc/rc.config.d (startup config files)
/sbin/rc0.d - /sbin/rc6.d

startup scripts

2. power on and enter the SMS menu

Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1
after the word keyboard but before the word
speaker

Startup options

/etc/rc.d
/etc/rc.d/init.d
/etc/rc.d/rc2.d - rc9.d

startup scripts

/etc/rc.* (config files for auto-starting)

also uses the System Resource Controller

boot prompt
commands

boot
printenv
setenv
banner
devalias
show-devs
show-pci-devs-all
probe-scsi-all
probe-fcal-all
probe-pci
watch-net-all
reset-all

Phases:

bootadm
bootadm
bootadm
bootadm
Boot Environments
(BE)

beadm
beadm
beadm
beadm
beadm

F10 or F12

interact with IPL? Y

Based on a 9114-275 workstation

1. switch off the machine
2. power on and enter the SMS menu
Note: to enter the SMS menu press numeric 1
after the word keyboard but before the word
speaker

Boot sequence

Boot PROM: displays system

information, run POST, load
bootblk, locate ufsboot
Boot Programs: bootblk loads
and executes the ufsboot
Kernel Initialization: ufsboot
loads and executes the core
kernel, initializes core kernel
data structures, loads other
kernel modules based on the
/etc/system file, starts
/sbin/init program
init: starts other processes
based on the /etc/inittab file

Boot process

F10 or F12

1. BIOS
2. POST
3. Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the
bootloader GRUB or LILO
4. GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5
5. GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific
filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5 files
6. GRUB (stage 2) reads /etc/grub.conf and
displays the grub menu, it specifies the kernel
and the initrd files
7. KERNEL - control given to the kernel
8. INIT - reads /etc/inittab and runs
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit script

Boot sequence

Phases:

1. BIOS
2. POST
3. Master Boot Record (MBR) - point to the
bootloader GRUB or LILO
4. GRUB (stage 1) - point to GRUB stage 1_5
5. GRUB (stage 1_5) - deals with specific
filesystem types look at /boot/grub/*1_5
files
6. GRUB (stage 2) reads /boot/grub/menu.lst
and displays the grub menu, it specifies the
kernel and the initrd files
7. KERNEL - control given to the kernel
8. INIT - runs the /etc/event.d/rc-default script

boot prompt commands

Phases:

1. PDC - processor-dependent code; executes and

performs self-tests
2. ISL - initial system loader; loads the secondary
system loader hpux
3. HPUX - is the secondary system loader and loads
the kernel /stand/vmunix, then hands over to
the kernel
4. KERNEL - swapper processes are started by the
kernel then starts the init process
5. INIT - reads /etc/inittab

Read Only Storage (ROS): check the

system board, perform POST, locate and
load boot image, begin system
initialization and execute phase 1 of the
/etc/rc.boot script
Base Device Configuration: start
configuration manager to configue base
devices
System Boot: start init process phase 2,
switch to hard-disk root filesystem, start
other processes defined by /etc/inittab
and execute phase 3 of the /etc/rc.boot
script

Boot process

list-archive
update-archive
list-menu
set-menu <option>

create
rename
activate
list
destroy

determine the run

level

who -r

runlevel
who -r

runlevel
who -r

who -r

who -r

obtain default run

level

cat /etc/inittab

cat /etc/inittab

/etc/event.d/rc-default

/etc/inittab

/etc/inittab

obtain default run level

list locale

locale -a

locale -a

locale -a

locale -a

locale -a

list locale

n/a

startx (shorthand of below)

initx (lots of parms)

n/a

n/a

set_parms [initial|hostname|ip_address|timezone]

install_assist

start xwindows

sys-unconfig
initialize system

determine the run level

start xwindows
initialize system

Note: set_parms is in /sbin

Timezone

/etc/TIMEZONE
/etc/default/init

/etc/sysconfig/clock
/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab

/etc/timezone
/usr/share/zoneinfo/zone.tab

/etc/TIMEZONE

/etc/environment
/etc/profile

Timezone