Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
LATACUNGA - ECUADOR
AERONAUTICAL CAREER
This content has been prepared as a teaching guide for students of the
aeronautical career, who need to master the English grammatical
structures to develop an understanding of the technical information
regarding various aircraft, all this through a collaborative and personal
work.
Email: rosehelenct@gmail.com
Methodological Suggestions
1.
UNI 1
Weak forms of one are: a / an. We use the full form one when we
emphasize the number one, not two, three, four, etc.
One plane arrived late, not two.
Apply one layer of paint not two.
PLURAL COUNT FORMS
-es to words
ending in: ch; ; s
; z ; sh ; x
-es changing
y to i to words
ending
in a consonant + y
-s to other
words
Irregular
plurals have
different
forms:
Nouns ending in
f or fe, delete
the f/fe and add
ves
boxes
switches
classes
capabilities
responsibilities
impurities
drills
coils
tables
children
feet
men
Shelf=shelves
Life=lives
inches
brushes
libraries
discrepancies
tires
plugs
DEMONSTRATIVES
SPEAKER
Close to
Farther from
SINGULAR
This
That
PLURAL
These
Those
correct
during
less
any
the
SOME, ANY, NO
A. Some and any are used to talk about an indefinite quantity.
This section gives some data about the types of mechanical
fasteners.
Do not cut into any surrounding structures.
B. Some and any are used before uncountable nouns (oil, fuel,
grease) and plural nouns (clamps, blades, nuts).
C. Some is generally used in affirmative sentences and any in
negative sentences.
Q
Q
F. No is used before a noun while not is used after the auxiliary verb.
No means not a / not any.
Q
Q
anticipated
was
essential
Neither...nor
both...and
certain event and the second phrase tells you quite a contradictory
outcome.
Difference, comparison, incompatibility
(-) But
however,
whereas,
whilst,
although,
despite,
in spite of,
nevertheless
even though,
in contrast,
nonetheless,
on the contrary,
on the other
hand,
regardless of
if,
unless,
provided (that),
providing (that),
only if,
whether or not,
should,
while
Time ()
until
after
before
since
when
whenever
while
as soon
as
as long as
service
Used to introduce clauses that state the purpose for which something is
done.
Consequence, result: ()So
The flame should be kept
moving;
Small openings are created at
the edges of the tape;
The skins are so thin;
so that,
therefore,
consequently,
thus,
as a result,
hence,
accordingly,
Reason, explanation
( ) As
Blades that have been heated
for any repair must be
rejected;
since,
because,
because of
due to,
Objective ()
I'll use a digital clock
Hydraulic pressure must be
regulated
so as to,
to,
in order to
In brief,
All in all,
In all,
In conclusion,
To conclude,
To put it briefly,
In short,
To summarize,
In other words,
In summary,
Q
Q
The speed brake control in the cockpit can deploy all spoiler and
speed brake surfaces fully when operated.
Fixtures and/ or jigs should be used where possible.
EMPHATIC DO
Instructions
Warnings
Invitations
Q
Q
Q
Offers
Advice
Requests
Dont worry.
Do not lean out of the window.
TENSES
Present Tense of the Verb Be
A. There are three basic completions for sentences that begin with a
subject + the verb be:
Q
A noun, as in:
Q An adjective, as in:
The inspection of rib upper chord is applicable
Q
The manager is in the hangar. The airmen are in the hangar too.
Present Simple
A. The present tense is the fundamental tense of technical English and
is the basic tense of all technical documentation. It is mostly used in
the 3rd singular person (it) or 3rd plural person (they).
The fuselage acts as a pendulum suspended from the rotor.
Hand tools include rivet cutters, bucking bars, hand riveters,
countersinks, and dimpling tools.
B. The present simple is used to describe all generalities, systems,
processes, recurring phenomena, laws, etc.
A transformer changes electrical energy.
Connector backshells come in a wide variety of types depending on
the application.
C. The present simple is used to talk about things that happen
repeatedly for example, every day, usually, often or
sometimes.
The rivet head often breaks away and climbs the drill, which is a
signal to withdraw the drill.
D. The present simple is also used to talk about facts that are generally
true.
Atmospheric temperature changes cause the humidity in the air to
condense on the inside of aircraft surfaces and pool in all low areas.
E. After he/she/it, verbs end in s or es, e.g. he works; she goes.
-es after s/ch/-sh:
passpasses
finishfinishes
do does
study studies
watch watches
go goes
carry carries
run running
be being
lie lying
Past Continuous
A. The 3rd singular person (it) or 3 rd plural person (they) is mostly used
as subject pronoun in technical documentation.
B. The past continuous is used for something that was in the middle of
happening at a past time or to indicate that a longer action in the past
was interrupted.
C. Spelling:
work working
remove removing
run running
be being
lie lying
Present Perfect
A. The 3rd singular person (it) or 3 rd plural person (they) is mostly used
as subject pronoun in technical documentation.
B. The present perfect is used to talk about something that started in the
past and continuous up to the present.
I have worked in CEMA for three years. (I work in CEMA now)
C. The past simple is used for something that started and finished in the
past.
I worked in CEMA for three years. (I do not work in CEMA now)
D. The present perfect is also used to talk about experiences in our lives,
up to now.
E. The present perfect is also used to talk about a past action, when we
can see the result of the action now.
The pilot has damaged the plane. (The plane is damaged now)
Q
Going To
A. The 3rd singular person (it) or 3 rd plural person (they) is mostly used
as subject pronoun in technical documentation.
B. We use going to talk about something that we have already decided
to do in the future.
C. We also use going to when we can see a future action coming
because of the present situation.
A thorough review of the aircraft manufacturers service instructions is
going to provide many helpful suggestions on
inspections.
Modals
WILL - SHALL
A. The 3rd singular person (it) or 3 rd plural person (they) is mostly used
as subject pronoun in technical documentation.
B. The modal auxiliary verb will is used to express a mandatory
declaration of purpose or when it is necessary to express a future
event.
The modal auxiliary verb shall is used to express a provision that is
compulsory.
Maintenance personnel shall refer to specific aircraft maintenance
technical order for special instructions for use of these bolts.
Overheating will cancel the memory and melt the filaments.
Coatings other than dope will not increase fabric tension after aging.
CAN
A. The 3rd singular person (it) or 3 rd plural person (they) is mostly used
as subject pronoun in technical documentation.
B. The modal auxiliary verb Can is used to express ability.
C. Can is also used to physical or technical capacity.
Examples:
fuel
tank
yesterday.
The
MUST
A. The 3rd singular person (it) or 3rd plural person (they) are mostly used
as subject pronoun in technical documentation.
B. The modal auxiliary verb Must
something is necessary.
F. In technical and legal English, shall does not indicate the future, but
an idea of necessity. Shall = must.
G. Must, shall and have to are commonly used to express necessity.
The repair parts must not cause a blockage of any floor beam holes.
Remove maximum depth of a scratch or gouge must not exceed that
given for pressurized fuselage skins.
MAY, MIGHT
A. The modal auxiliary verbs May and Might express probability
and are used to indicate that an action or event could happen.
B. In a technical context, these apply more to natural phenomena,
unplanned technical incident, malfunction, etc., and also indicate an
acceptable or suggested means of accomplishment.
Excess tension may warp critical components, such as longerons,
wing rib, and trailing edges out of position, weakening the airframe
structure.
The surface might be difficult to wet due to the presence of wax.
SHOULD
A. The modal auxiliary verb Should is used to express a
recommendation or advice rather than a necessity, about the present
or the future. Should also indicates a non-mandatory but
preferred method of accomplishment.
Electrical junctions should be mechanically and electrically secure.
B. If "should" comes at the beginning of a sentence, and the sentence is
not a question, then it can be replaced with "if". There is no difference
at all.
Should freezing or seizing occur, a sharp twist of the operators wrist
usually disengages the electrode from the parent metal.
If freezing or seizing occurs, a sharp twist of the operators wrist
usually disengages the electrode from the parent metal.
VERB TENSES
We can find few tenses in technical documents, and the verb forms are
variants of the infinitive form.
Verbal Forms
Infinitive
To repair
To cut
To write
Present
repair repairs
cut - cuts
write - writes
Present
participle
Past
Past
participle
repaired
repaired
repairing
cut
wrote
cut
written
cutting
writing
Passive voice:
Q
PASSIVE VOICE
English is taught here.
The aircraft is being painted.
I was not informed.
I felt as if I was being watched.
The rudder has been repaired.
The scan has been being started.
I knew why I had been chosen.
I have known how long the aircraft had been
being inspected.
Youll be told in advance.
Youll be being nominated in the near future.
Everything will have been done by the 20th.
By next year, the new hangar will have been
being built.
Who is going to be trained?
He ought to be careful.
He should be careful.
Perfect tenses:
As an adjective form:
Present Participle:
The present participle is the ing-form.
Progressive / continuous tenses: I am speaking.
As an adjective form: The film is interesting.
As a gerund: He is afraid of flying.
As a noun: Improper functioning of brakes could cause serious
consequences.
EXAMPLE
working
fixing
running
stopping
occurring
beginning
travelling
cancelling
closing
moving
being
agreeing
seeing
tie tying
lie - lying
Q
Q
Predicative
Non-progressive
Heating the probe must not affect the resistance of the sensor
element.
ADJECTIVES
A. An adjective always has the same form to talk about singular, plural,
masculine, feminine.
B. Adjectives say what something is or seem like. They can be used in
two ways:
1.
typical
repair
When we use more than one adjective in a phrase, this order is usually
followed:
Age
Color
Origin
Material
Purpose
Noun
new
black
Swiss
plastic
army
knife
something
useful
everyone
present
those
responsible
COMPARISONS
Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs
A. The comparative form is used to compare two thing or people.
These fasteners have a shank diameter larger than hex-drive bolts.
B. The superlative is use to compare three or more things or people.
The depth of rework is the largest.
C. The word than is used after the comparative and the before the
superlative
larger than
the largest
thick
loose
COMPARATIVE
thicker
looser
SUPERLATIVE
thickest
loosest
important
(im por tant)
expensive
(ex pen
COMPARATIVE
more important
SUPERLATIVE
the most important
more expensive
sive)
dirty
(dir ty)
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
dirtier
the dirtiest
modern
(mo dern)
careful
(care ful)
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
more modern
more careful
good
bad
far
I.
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
better
worse
further/farther
the best
the worst
the furthest/farthest
J.
Double comparative
Q
It is a bad opinion.
It functions badly.
A. Compare:
He is a very slow worker.
He is working very slowly.
B. An adjective (slow, clear, heavy etc.) describes the qualities of people
or things; used before nouns or after the verb be (is, are).
He is a very cautious technician.
The nozzle is very large.
It is very old.
C. Adjectives always have the same form for singular, plural, masculine
or feminine. Examples:
a new cylinder
a new valve
E.
Adjective
slow
quick
soft
sudden
gradual
slowl
quickl
Adverb
softly suddenly gradually
y
y
adverbs of manner are formed by adding ly to the adjective.
ADJECTIVE
slow
careful
M
o
st
ADVERB
slowly
carefully
ADJECTIVE
greasy
steady
ADVERB
greasily
steadily
ADJECTIVE
adjustable
comfortable
ADVERB
adjustably
comfortably
Be, become, get, grow, keep, remain, seem, sound, stay, turn.
ADVERBS
Finally, in [3], the adverb incredibly tells us how fast the plane
goes.
B. With verbs, we use adverbs to give more information about the
action to say how, where or when it is done:
Carefully inspect the entire air system periodically.
The engine is very quiet. It runs very quietly.
C. Other words that end in ly can be both adjectives and adverbs
(daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, early).
A daily report is published daily.
We get up early to catch an early plane.
D. But some words that end in ly are adjectives, not adverbs. For
example: costly, timely, kindly, oily, orderly, quarterly. These words
cannot be used as adverbs.
He works in a very orderly way.
NOUN ADJUNCTS
Adjectives usually modify or describe
A loose bolt
A heavy aircraft
Nouns can also modify nouns. They are called noun adjuncts. They are
always singular.
A hangar that repairs aircraft is a repair station.
My brother drives trucks. He is a truck driver.
1. A tank for fuel.
A fuel tank
2. Maintenance for an aircraft.
Aircraft maintenance
3. A tank that has oil in it.
Oil tank
The Noun as Adjective Structure
A. The word order in technical English is very important. Aeronautical
technical terms use a lot compound words. They have a head word
and the words before it are a qualifier that is a chain of words (they
function as adjectives).
NOUN AS
ADJECTIVE
Fuel
HEAD
WORD
control
Flight
plan
Empennage
structure
Aviation
Safety
mechanic
clips
mechanic of aviation
clips for safety
MEANING
B. The exact relationship between the first word and the second depends
on the particular expression. For instance:
Q
Place. - The first noun gives the place that the second comes
from, or is found in, or is used in, or happens in.
the office party
the skin crack
a traffic jam
Time. - The first gives the time when the second happens, or
the time when the second is meant to be used.
day vision
night glasses
night watch
Material. - The first noun says what the second consists of.
aluminum fuselage
magnesium surface
paint film
C. The basic principle in a compound word is that one word is the key
word or the head word, the smallest item in the chain, and the other
words are the qualifiers (nouns or adjectives) used to identify it.
QUALIFIER
Lower
QUALIFIER
QUALIFIER
QUALIFIER
QUALIFIER
QUALIFIER
HEAD WORD
Aircraft
Maintenance
Manual
Forward
Fuselage
Windshield
Sealing
Horizontal
Stabilizer
Training
Edge
Panels
Main
Landing
Gear
Door
Allowable
Damage
Aft
Nacelle
Access
Door
Latch
Adjustment
D. The sense of compound words depends on the word order; the head
word is the last word. The interpretation must be logical, avoid
translating literally.
COMPOUND WORDS
Stall warning
transmitter
Superchrgae control
system
Thread ring gage
Carburetor air
temperature
Cold tank system
MEANING
a device which produces a signal to warn
the system of controlling the supercharger
a ring-type gage used for checking external
threads
the temperature of the induction air before it
enters the carburetor
a lubrication system wherein the oil cooler is
located in the scavenge oil subsystem
PREPOSITIONS
A. They are used to show the relationship of a noun or the object of the
preposition to some other word in the sentence.
B. Prepositions typically come before a noun:
across hangar
after work
at home
before Tuesday
by Shakespeare
for lunch
in Latacunga
on fire
to school
with pleasure
due to
except for
instead of
prior to
regardless of
Simple Preposition
Noun
Simple Preposition
in line with
in relation to
with reference to
with respect to
by means of
PREPOSITIONS: WHERE?
Use prepositions to complete this page. The first or the last letter is given
at
in
on
under
opposite
1 above, 2 below
44
33
11
beside, next to
between
11
22
1 behind, 2 in front of
22
1 by,
2 near
3 not far from
4 a long way
of of
past
up
down
11
round, around
1 over, 2 under
22
22
along
1 onto, 2 off
back to
through
11
33
11
22
1 into, 2 out of
across
rely
Suffix -able:
reliable
Prefix un-:
unreliable
correctly
Carefully
easily
slow
immediate
reasonable
slowly
immediately
reasonably
SUFFIX-ER
The suffix-er and or can be added to some verbs to make nouns to
express the meaning of one who or that which
He teaches students to read.
Hes a teacher
She operates radios.
She is a radio operator.
*Collector, visitor, educator, and instructor are spelled with or.
SUFFIX -WARD
The suffix -ward (s) is used to form adjectives and adverbs which indicate
a direction in time or space.
EXAMPLES: northward, southward, eastward, westward, upward (s),
downward (s), backward (s).
SUFFIXES ENT / - ANT
We can add the suffixes ent / - ant to some verbs to make adjectives.
They express that has, shows or does
absorb
insist
absorbent
insistent
differ
assist
different
assistant
ADJECTIVES SUFFIXES
The following suffixes can be added to nouns to form adjectives:
-y
-ly
-ful
-less
-ern
-al
-ary
silk/silky
friend/friendly
use/useful
home/homeless
north/northern
monument/monumental
station/stationary
-ous
-ic
-ical
-ish
-like
-ar
danger/dangerous
hero/heroic
mechanic / mechanical
style/stylish
child/childlike
family/familiar
NOUN SUFFIXES
The suffixes ion, -ation, -tion, and sion are added to verb to make noun
which name an action, condition, quality, or result
instruct
observe
intend
decide
+ ion
+ ation
+ tion
+ sion
instruction
observation
intention
decision
strength
short
wide
deep
tight
sharp
length
loose
sad
-en
strengthen
shorten
widen
deepen
tighten
sharpen
lengthen
loosen
sadden
SUFFIXES: -ABLE/-IBLE
The following suffixes may be added to nouns and / or verbs to form
adjectives:
-able
-ible
-ive
accept
force
protect
acceptable
-tive
produce
forcible
-ative
talk
protective
SUFFIXES Y, TY, HY
productive
talkative
-Y
-TY
-ITY
-ITY
-ILITY
ADJECTIVE
NOUN
honest
certain
electric
secure
responsible
honesty
certainty
electricity
security
responsibility
SUFFIX NESS
We can add the suffix ness to some adjectives to make nouns.
dark
darkness
great
greatness
ready
readiness
quick
quickness
friendly
friendliness
NOUN SUFFIXES
The suffixes AL; -ANCE; -ENCE; MENT and Y are added to verbs to
make nouns which name an act, condition, quality or result.
VERB
SUFFIX
Approve
+ - al
Allow
Refer
Employ
Recover
+ - ance
+ - ence
+ - ment
+-y
NOUN
approval
allowance
reference
employment
recovery
clarify
electrify
justify
liquid
solid
liquefy
solidify
SUFFIX IST
The noun suffix ist can be added to some nouns to express the meaning
one who or that which.
Violin
Type
Biology
+ -ist
+ - ist
+ - ist
violinist
typist
biologist
The PREFIX COCo- is a prefix which has the meaning of Joint and Together with.
Cooperate, coordinate, coworker, coauthor, coexist.
SUFFIX -AL
approval
arrival
denial
disapproval
dismiss
refuse
remove
withdraw
dismissal
refusal
removal
withdrawal
SUFFIX Y
The meaning of certain verbs may be changed to express an act or action
of by adding the suffix y to the verb, changing the verb into a noun.
discover
recover
discovery
recovery
deliver
inquire
delivery
inquiry
SUFFIX - IZE
The suffix - ize can be added to various nouns and adjectives to make
verbs that mean make or cause to be.
equal
familiar
modern
item
+ - ize
We can add the suffix like to some nouns to make adjectives. The suffix
like, expresses the idea of resembling or having the characteristic of
something.
Cuplike (resembling a cup/ having the characteristics of a cup)
Fencelike
Fanlike
When-like is added to words ending in double L the words are
hyphenated.
Gel-like
SUFFIXES AL AND -IAL
The suffixes al and ial can be added to some nouns to form adjectives.
They have the meaning of, like, or suitable for.
accident
commerce
accidental
commercial
addition
manager
additional
managerial
NEGATIVE PREFIXES
un-
The opposite of
de
The opposite of
non-
Not
in-
The opposite of
il-
im (before m or p)
The opposite f
ir (before r)
The opposite of
The opposite of
dis
The opposite of
mis-
Wrong, bad
anti-
against
a-
The opposite of
Atypical, atonal
re-
Again, back
inter-
Between, among
super-
over-
Too much
under-
Too little
Undercharge, undercook,
pre-
before
post-
after
extra-
Exceptionally, outside
one
mono-, uni-,
monopropellant, unidirectional
two
bi-, du-
biaxial, duplex
ten
deci-
decimal
many
poly-, multi-
polyphase, multifunctional
in + other
consonants or vowel
PREFIXES OF POSITION
PREFIXES OF NUMBER
CONTENTS
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLES--------------------------------------1
PLURAL COUNT FORMS-------------------------------------------1
DEMONSTRATIVES-------------------------------------------------2
VERB TENSES------------------------------------------------------16
Verbal Forms--------------------------------------------------------16
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE-----------------------------------17
Passive Verb-Forms------------------------------------------------17
PARTICIPLES-------------------------------------------------------18
Participles used as adjectives-------------------------------------19
-ing form-------------------------------------------------------------20
ADJECTIVES--------------------------------------------------------22
COMPARISONS-----------------------------------------------------23
Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs-------------------------23
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS------------------------------------25
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs------------------------------26
ADVERBS------------------------------------------------------------26
NOUN ADJUNCTS-------------------------------------------------27
The Noun as Adjective Structure-------------------------------28
PREPOSITIONS-----------------------------------------------------30
SUFFIXES & PREFIXES-------------------------------------------34