Escolar Documentos
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Bruce Doddridge
Science Directorate
NASA Langley Research Center
bruce.doddridge@nasa.gov
Outline
Atmospheric Composition:
Emission, Transformation, Transport, Removal
CLIMATE FORCING
(regional to global
scales)
TRANSPORT
AIR QUALITY
(local to regional
and global
scales)
EMISSION
(urban to local scales)
Background
Stratosphere
Troposphere
O3
Deposition
Background
O3
O3
Deposition
Emission
(NOx, CO, Hydrocarbons,
Aerosol, SO2, NH3,
VOC, glyoxal)
Transformation/Oxidation
(O3, OH, CH2O, HO2, RO2,
Aerosol, BrO, glyoxal)
Removal
(HNO3, H2O2, ROOH,
Aerosol),
Suomi NPP
1985
1990
Size Distribution
1995
2005
2010
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
INTEX-B
TC4
ARCTAS
INTEX-NA
TRACE-P
PEM-Tropics B
PEM-Tropics A
PEM-West B
ABLE-2A
CITE-2
ABLE-2B
ABLE-3A
CITE-3
ABLE-3B
PEM-West
A
Composition
TRACE-A
INTEX-B
TC4
ARCTAS
INTEX-NA
TRACE-P
2000
CN
CITE-1C
&
ABLE-1
PAN
CITE-1B
HNO3
PEM-Tropics B
PEM-Tropics A
PEM-West B
TRACE-A
1980
NO
H2O
PEM-West A
CO
ABLE-2B
ABLE-3A
CITE-3
ABLE-3B
ABLE-2A
CITE-2
CITE-1B
CITE-1C
&
ABLE-1
O3
2005
2010
15
The Problem
Near-surface pollution is one of the most challenging problems for
Earth observations from space
Near-surface information must be inferred from column-integrated quantities obtained by
passive remote sensing from downward-looking satellite instruments
Some constituents have large relative concentrations in the stratosphere and/or free
troposphere (e.g., O3 and NO2) making it difficult to distinguish the near-surface
contribution to the total column
Stratospheric
Burden
Long-range
transport of
pollution aloft
From space,
the size of the
measurement
pixel matters
(as does grid
size for models)
Boundary layer
depth influences
the volume over
which surface
pollution is mixed
It also matters
how well the
pollution is mixed
17
EVS-1 DISCOVER-AQ
Deriving Information on Surface Conditions from Column
and VERtically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality
A NASA Earth Venture campaign intended to improve the interpretation
of current and future satellite observations to diagnose near-surface
conditions relating to air quality
Objectives:
1. Relate column observations to surface conditions
for aerosols and key trace gases O3, NO2, and CH2O
2. Characterize differences in diurnal variation of
surface and column observations for key trace gases
and aerosols
3. Examine horizontal scales of variability affecting
satellites and model calculations
Deployments and key collaborators
Maryland, July 2011 (EPA, MDE, UMd, UMBC, Howard U.)
California, January 2013 (EPA, CARB, UC-Davis&Irvine)
Texas, September 2013 (EPA, TCEQ, U. of Houston)
Colorado, Summer 2014 (EPA, NSF, NOAA, CDPHE)
NASA P-3B
18
Deployment Strategy
Systematic and concurrent observation of column-integrated, surface, and
vertically-resolved distributions of aerosols and trace gases relevant to air quality
as they evolve throughout the day. EXAMPLE: Baltimore-Washington Corridor
Three major observational
components:
NASA King Air (Remote sensing)
Continuous mapping of aerosols
with HSRL and trace gas columns
with ACAM
NASA P-3B (in situ meas.)
In situ profiling of aerosols and
trace gases over surface
measurement sites
Ground sites
In situ trace gases and aerosols
Remote sensing of trace gas and
aerosol columns
Ozonesondes
Tethered balloons
Aerosol lidar observations
19
125
ppbv
20
DISCOVER-AQ California
Ten science flights documented the
details of two successive PM2.5
episodes in the San Joaquin Valley
Bakersfield
Bakersfield PM2.5
Aerosol Scattering
from the P-3B
shows the build up
of fine particles to
be concentrated in a
shallow layer below
2000 feet.
16 Jan
22 Jan
Bakersfield
*Orange line (36 ug/m3) is the 24hr ave threshold for
violating National Ambient Air Quality Standards
21
(Photo
taken
from
ER-2
during
PODEX
flight
on
20
January)
550 nm Scattering (Mm-1)
UNOLS Research
Vessel
Objectives:
Track air pollution
Identify natural and anthropogenic sources of aerosol and ozone precursors
Understand response of coastal ecosystems to atmospheric and riverine input, human
activity and climate change
Continuous observations many times per day from GEO-CAPE will allow
pollutant concentrations to be related to their sources and transport, as well as
provide data to improve air quality forecasts and coastal zone management
http://geo-cape.larc.nasa.gov/
24
6/30/15
25
June 22
June 23
LEO observations provide limited information on rapidly varying emissions, chemistry, & transport
GEO will provide observations at temporal and spatial scales highly relevant to air quality processes
TEMPO
(hourly)
Sentinel-4
(hourly)
GEMS
(hourly)
2. Processes
CO vertical profile distinguishes between
emissions, transport, and photochemistry.
NO2, CO,
CH4, aerosol
O3, NO2,
HCHO, CO,
aerosol
6. Episodic events
CO traces wildfires and
stratospheric O3
intrusions.
Image adapted from CCSP Strategic Plan (illustrated by P. Rekacewicz)
The measurements required to answer GEO-CAPE science questions are provided when GCIRI*
(including CO and CH4) and TEMPO observations are made at the same time.
*GCIRI is a notional GEO-CAPE Infra-Red Instrument for which selectable proposals exist.
28
Par<cipants:
Korea
Ministry
of
Environment,
Na<onal
Ins<tute
of
Environmental
Research,
and
Universi<es
US
NASA,
NCAR,
Universi<es,
and
possible
other
government
agencies
29
Summary
u
SARP 2014
31
32