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High Strength Nickel-Palladium-Chromium

Brazing Alloys
Filler metals based on nickel-palladium
filler metals in critical superalloy

replace

gold-based

brazements

BY D. BOSE, A. DATTA, A. RABINKIN AND N.). DE CRISTOFARO

Introduction
Aircraft engine fabricators have traditionally used brazing processes for joining
engine components. Nickel- and goldbased filler metals are primarily used in
these applications due to their superior
performance at elevated temperatures.
Historically, one gold-based alloy, designated by the American Welding Society
as BAu-4, has established itself as a
dependable filler metal to many fabricators. Although this filler metal is finding
less use due to its precious metal content,
many critical engine components, especially those made of 7 ' hardened superalloys, are still brazed with BAu-4. The 7 '
hardened superalloys (such as Inconel718*) should not be brazed at temperatures exceeding 1010C (1850F), to prevent possible coarsening and dissolution
of strengthening phases ( 7 ' or 7"), as
well as to inhibit grain growth during
brazing operations. The brazing temperature of BAu-4 is below 1010C (1850F),
and it provides necessary elevated temperature properties. Furthermore, the
availability of BAu-4 in flexible foil forms
makes it suitable for joining parts of
complex shapes.
Prior studies (Refs. 1-3) have indicated
that a number of nickel-based filler metals

of the AWS BNi family, which are currently available as flexible metallic glass foil
form, also provide adequate elevated
temperature properties in certain base
metals. However, the brazing temperatures of such alloys are higher than
1010C (1850F), making these alloys
unsuitable for joining 7 ' hardened superalloys.
Recently, it has been demonstrated
that alloys of the Ni-Pd-Cr-Fe-B-Si family
containing up to 36 wt% Pd possess
solidus and liquidus temperatures comparable to those of BAu-4 (Ref. 4). Hence,
the brazing temperature for these compositions are also below
1010C
(1850F), making them suitable for use as
filler metals for joining 7 ' hardened
superalloys. It has also been realized that
these alloys can be processed into flexible metallic glass foil form by rapid solidification techniques.
The present study has been structured
to investigate the fundamental characteristics of Ni-Pd filler metals in brazing. The
mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and microstructural characteristics of
joints prepared with these filler metals
are compared to BAu-4 brazed joints.
Recommendations on optimum alloy
composition are derived.

Alloy Development
Based on a paper presented at the 14th
The objective of alloy development
International A WS-WRC Brazing and Soldering
efforts was to produce a filler metal alloy
Conference held in Philadelphia, Pa., April
according to the following criteria:
26-28, 1983.
1. Adequate flowability at or below
1010C (1850F).
D. BOSE, A. RABINKIN and N j. DE CRISTOFA2. Glass forming composition to proRO are with Allied Corp., Metglas Products.
vide flexible and preformable ribParsippany, N. j. A. DATTA is with EG&G
bon.
Sealol, Inc., Providence, R. I.
3. Precious metal content lower than
BAu-4.
"Trademark of International Nickel Company,
4. Joint mechanical properties compaN.Y.

rable to those of BAu-4 at elevated


temperatures (540-800C/10041472F).
5. Oxidation and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures
(~600C/1112F).
6. Sufficient ductility of brazed joints.
The Ni-B-Si ternary system was selected for preliminary studies. This system
has a number of ternary eutectic compositions connected by monovariant melting troughs (Ref. 5). One of the ternary
eutectic compositions of this system is
Ni77B1oSi13 (at%) with a liquidus temperature of 1010C (1850F). This was confirmed by differential thermal analysis
(DTA). However, the brazing temperature of an alloy is usually higher than its
melting or, more specifically, liquidus
temperature. Hence, the basic Ni-B-Si ternary composition required modification
to further depress the melting temperature. A review of binary phase diagrams
suggested the selection of Mn or Pd as
suitable melting point depressors. The
Ni-Pd and Ni-Mn systems exhibit minimum temperatures at 1237C (2259F)
(45 at% Pd) and 1018C (1864F) (62 at%
Mn), respectively (Ref. 6). However, Mn
was not selected because of its high
vapor pressure, which is undesirable for
high temperature vacuum brazing applications.
In addition to palladium, chromium
was added to provide corrosion and
oxidation resistance, and iron to improve
the joint strength. The (Ni,Pd,Cr,Fe)-B-Si
pseudoternary system was then investigated for eutectic or near-eutectic compositions by means of DTA and metallographic techniques. These compositions
are usually castable into amorphous foil
form.
A second pseudoternary system consisting of (Ni,Cr,Fe)-Pd-B was also studied.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 123-s

By the elimination of silicon, the f o r m a t i o n of hard and brittle silicides in the joint
is a v o i d e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , alloys containing
b o t h b o r o n a n d silicon w e r e characterized by a w i d e melting range w i t h l o w
solidus t e m p e r a t u r e s , m a k i n g t h e m less
suitable f o r high t e m p e r a t u r e applications.

Experimental Procedures

Table 1Nominal Chemical Compositions of Various Brazing Filler Metals (wt%)


Alloy
Designation
a

MBF-1001X< >
MBF-1002X<a>
MBF-1003X<a>
BAu-4<b>
(a)

Ni

Pd

Bal
Bal
Bal

35.32
32.25
27.12

Cr

Fe

63
61
83

4.63
0.93
0.95

Au
2.69
2.69
1.84

2.38
82.0

Foils produced by Metglas Products Department, an Allied Company. Parsippany. N.I


According to A W S specification A5.8.

(b)

Material Specifications
T h r e e Ni-Pd alloys a n d BAu-4 w e r e
selected f o r detailed joint characterizat i o n . T h e nominal chemical c o m p o s i t i o n s
of brazing filler metals are given in Table
1. Alloys MBF-1001X a n d MBF-1002X
contain Ni, Pd, Cr, Fe a n d B. By c o m p a r i s o n , alloy MBF-1003X contains silicon, in
a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o v e - m e n t i o n e d elements. T h e liquidus and solidus t e m p e r a tures of the filler metals w e r e d e t e r m i n e d
b y D T A t e c h n i q u e and are listed in Table
2.
T h e n o m i n a l chemical c o m p o s i t i o n s o f
the base metals lnconel-718 a n d AISI-316
stainless steel are given in Table 3.
Lap Shear Tests
Figures 1 a n d 2 s h o w t h e dimensions o f
single lap shear samples m a d e w i t h l n c o n el-718 and AISI-316 base metals, respectively. Prior t o brazing, t h e mating surfaces of the blanks w e r e r o u g h e n e d b y
using N o . 8 0 grit e m e r y paper, f o l l o w e d
b y ultrasonic degreasing in a c e t o n e a n d
rinsing in a l c o h o l . All filler metal foils w e r e
0.338 m m (0.0015 in.) thick and served as
joint spacers. A f t e r fixturing, the edges of
the samples w e r e lightly tack w e l d e d b y
gas tungsten arc w e l d i n g t o h o l d t h e
assemblies t o g e t h e r d u r i n g brazing.
Brazing w a s p e r f o r m e d in a v a c u u m
furnace at a v a c u u m o f a b o u t 10 - " 1 t o
10~ 5 torr. A f t e r brazing, the lnconel-718
samples w e r e solution t r e a t e d in t h e
f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r t o achieve o p t i m u m
strength of t h e base m e t a l : 9 8 0 C
( 1 8 0 0 F ) / 1 hr, air c o o l t o r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , 7 2 0 C ( 1 3 2 5 F ) / 8 hr, f u r n a c e c o o l
t o 6 2 0 C ( 1 1 5 0 F ) / 8 hr, a n d finally, air

Table 2Melting Characteristics and Brazing


Temperatures of Various Filler Metals

c o o l t o a base metal hardness of Rc


38-42.
lnconel-718 b r a z e m e n t s w e r e tensile
tested at 5 3 8 5 C ( 1 0 0 0 10F).
T h e AISI-316 b r a z e m e n t s w e r e tensile
tested at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . T h e breaking loads o f the specimens w e r e n o t e d t o
d e t e r m i n e the shear stress.

t i o n e d , m o u n t e d and polished f o r metallographic inspection. All samples w e r e


e t c h e d in 5 g FeCI 3 , 50 ml HCI, 100 m l
distilled w a t e r solution. Joint microstructures w e r e e x a m i n e d by optical and scanning e l e c t r o n m i c r o s c o p y . Elemental dist r i b u t i o n w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y A u g e r electron spectroscopy.

Ductility Tests

Corrosion Test

lnconel-718 sheet blanks w e r e b r a z e d


t o g e t h e r in the shape of a T, as illustrated
in Fig. 3. T h e b r a z e d samples w e r e heat
t r e a t e d t o achieve o p t i m u m strength, as
d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , and t h e n t w i s t e d 9 0
d e g , k e e p i n g o n e e n d f i x e d . T h e joints
w e r e inspected visually and u n d e r a stere o m i c r o s c o p e f o r cracks.

C o r r o s i o n properties of MBF-1002X
and lnconel-718 w e r e e x a m i n e d at r o o m
t e m p e r a t u r e in 0.1 N K O H solutions w i t h
and w i t h o u t 0.1 N KCI. Since glassy filler
metal foils devitrify d u r i n g brazing (Ref.
7), the MBF-1002X foil w a s h e a t e d t o a
t e m p e r a t u r e b e l o w its solidus t o transf o r m its structure f r o m a m o r p h o u s t o
crystalline. Strips o f these alloys w e r e
e x a m i n e d in an electrochemical cell,
w h e r e they served as the test electrodes.
Platinum foil in the cell w a s used as the
c o u n t e r e l e c t r o d e . Potentials of the test
electrodes w e r e d e t e r m i n e d w i t h respect
t o a saturated calomel e l e c t r o d e (SCE)
situated in a separate c o m p a r t m e n t ,
a t t a c h e d by a liquid j u n c t i o n t o the cell.

Stress Rupture Tests


Stress r u p t u r e tests w e r e c o n d u c t e d
using lnconel-718 base metal. The joint
c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s of t h e b u t t t y p e . Filler
metal foils w e r e placed b e t w e e n t h e
mating surfaces of
the
lnconel-718
blanks, and the assemblies w e r e lightly
tack w e l d e d . Brazing w a s p e r f o r m e d in a
m a n n e r similar t o that f o r t h e lap shear
samples.
A f t e r brazing, samples w e r e m a c h i n e d
t o the dimensions s h o w n in Fig. 4 , and all
extra filler metal o n the joint surface w a s
r e m o v e d b y careful grinding. Prior t o
testing, all samples w e r e heat t r e a t e d as
described in the lap shear case.
Stress r u p t u r e tests w e r e c o n d u c t e d at
5 3 8 C 5 C (1000F 10F) a n d at
8 1 6 C 5 C (1500F 10F) u n d e r
static loading. T h e times of failure u n d e r
different static loading w e r e n o t e d .
Microstructure

Designation
MBF-1001X
MBF-1002X
MBF-1003X
BAu-4

Liquidus
Temperature,
C(F)

Solidus
Temperature,

C (F)

Brazing
Temperature,
C (F)

996
(1825)
993
(1819)
985
(1805)
970
(1778)

945
(1733)
934
(1713)
825
(1517)
946
(1735)

1010
(1850)
1010
(1850)
1010
(1850)
1004
(1840)

Brazed

were

cross-sec-

Table 3Nominal Chemical Composition of Different Base Metals (wt%)


Alloy
Designation
AISI-316(a)
lnconel-718fb>
(a)
(b)

24-s | JANUARY 1986

specimens

Shortly after immersion of a test elect r o d e into o x y g e n - s a t u r a t e d solution, a


c o r r o s i o n potential (E cor ) w a s read directly w i t h respect t o the SCE. In a d d i t i o n t o
this direct m e a s u r e m e n t of E cor , t h e
cathodic c o m p o n e n t of the c o r r o s i o n
potential w a s d e t e r m i n e d b y applying
various constant current densities (cd) t o
the test e l e c t r o d e and r e c o r d i n g the elect r o d e potential (E) w i t h respect t o SCE.
Similarly, the anodic c o m p o n e n t o f the
corrosion potential was determined by
applying a constant E, higher than E cor , t o
the test e l e c t r o d e a n d r e c o r d i n g c d at a
given E. In a final e x p e r i m e n t , MBF-1002X
and
lnconel-718
electrodes
were
s h o r t e d , a n d the c o r r o s i o n potential of
the c o u p l e d e l e c t r o d e w a s d e t e r m i n e d .

Ni
12.0
Ni4- Co = 52.5

Cr

Fe

Mo

Si

Others

17.0
19.0

Bal
18.5

2.5
3.0

1.0

Mn2.0
Cb -I- Ti = 5.1

American Iron and Steel institute (AISI) designation.


Trademark of [he International Nickel Co., N e w York, N.Y.

Results and Discussion

I-

5.715 c m (2.25")

Dia. 0.953 cm (0.375")

Mechanical Properties

y-

Lap Shear Tests

0-

11

Results o f the lap shear tests at 5 3 8 C


(1000F) are given in Table 4. At an
o v e r l a p o f 2t ( t w o times the base metal
thickness), m o s t samples failed in t h e
joint. O n l y the samples b r a z e d w i t h MBF1001X failed in the base metal. Failure in
t h e base metal indicates a b r a z e d joint
stronger t h a n t h e base metal. In o t h e r
w o r d s , the base metal will fail b e f o r e t h e
joint. W h e n the o v e r l a p distance w a s
increased t o 4t (four times the base metal
thickness), all b r a z e m e n t s m a d e w i t h N i Pd based alloys failed in t h e base metal,
indicating, again, joints stronger than the
base metal. O n the o t h e r h a n d , t h e BAu-4
b r a z e m e n t s , e v e n at an increased o v e r lap of 4t, failed in the joint.
Analyses of t h e strength data indicate
that, in general, joint strengths o f Ni-Pd
based alloys, especially those of MBF1001X a n d MBF-1002X filler metals, are
equal t o o r greater t h a n those of t h e
BAu-4 alloy. H o w e v e r , the filler metal
MBF-1003X, w h i c h contains b o t h b o r o n
a n d silicon as melting p o i n t depressors,
exhibited p o o r joint strength c o m p a r e d
t o MBF-1001X, MBF-1002X a n d t h e BAu-4
alloys.
Ductility

u.

'

7^

2.667 cm
(1.050")

R 0.953 cm (0.375")

1.27 cm (0.5")

_J

**
X

0.158 cm (0.0625")

c
a

Fig. 1 Finished lnconel-718 single lap shear test specimen

IL
IT,
U.

12.7 cm (5.0")

Dia. 0.953 c m (0.375")

^r

11

-0-

>

1.27 c m (0.5")

2.858 cm
(1.125")

>

, L
~~f

"C

CE
-^
IZ
u.
D.

R 1.27 c m (0.5")

u
C

0.318 c m (0.125")

"aa.

I
a
cc

Fig. 2 Finished AISI-316 single lap shear test specimen

<i

Ul
V.
I-

Z
u

5
Q.

o
_l

Tests

LU

Results o f the ductility tests, c o n d u c t e d


at r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e , are s h o w n in Table
5. N o n e o f the joints m a d e w i t h Ni-Pd
alloys c r a c k e d after twisting the T specimens 90 d e g . The b r a z e m e n t s m a d e w i t h
the BAu-4 alloy, h o w e v e r , d i d d e v e l o p
cracks in the joint after testing. The T
tests d e m o n s t r a t e that t h e Ni-Pd b r a z e d
joints w e r e m o r e ductile c o m p a r e d t o
that of BAu-4.
Stress Rupture

E
a
C
_
u.
>
u
c

>

LU

Fig. 3 Ductility test specimen dimensions

tx

<

UJ

Dia. 0.953 cm (0.3751

y.

5.715 cm (2.25")

L
\ 1

"V

\_J

'y

I
I I I

1.27 cm (0.5")

Strength

T h e results o f t h e stress r u p t u r e tests


are given in Tables 6 and 7. It is evident
f r o m Table 6 that t h e r u p t u r e strengths o f
all the Ni-Pd based alloys at 5 3 8 C
(1000F) are superior t o t h o s e o f BAu-4.

a
i
c

>-

dI>)

2.667 cm
(1.050")

R 0.953 cm i 0.375")

-J
LU

>

LU

i
Filler Metal F o i r

E
a

0 . 1 5 8 c m (0.0625")

a
ac

Fig. 4 Finished lnconel-718 stress rupture test specimen

<

LU

WJ
LU

Table 5Results of Ductility Tests


Table 4Mechanical Properties of Joints Brazed with Various Filler Metals Tested at Elevated
Temperature 538C (1000F)
Alloy
Brazing
Alloy
BAu-4
MBF-1001X
MBF-1002X
MBF-1003X

Overlap Distance
[t = 0.159 cm
(0.063 in.)]

Shear Strength
MPa (psi)

2t
4t
2t
4t
2t
4t
2t
4t

337 (48,813)
222 (32,187)
376 (54,560)
240 (34,820)
354(51,280)
249 (36,160)
270 (39,200)
221 (32,080)

Tensile Strength
MPa (psi)
687
887
752
946
700
997
540
885

(99,627)
(128,747)
(109,120)
(137,280)
(102,600)
(144,640)
(78,400)
(128,320)

MBF-1001X
Comments
Failed
Failed
Failed
Failed
Failed
Failed
Failed
Failed

in
in
in
in
in
in
in
in

joint
joint
base
base
joint
base
joint
base

MBF-1002X
metal
metal

MBF-1003X

metal
BAu-4
metal

tr

~~
Brazement
Characteristics
Did not
develop
cracks
Did not
develop
cracks
Did not
develop
cracks
Developed
cracks

h-

Comments

Ductile
joint

Ductile
joint

UJ

E
a
>

UJ

Ductile
joint

oitr

Brittle joint

UJ

<

v>
ui

tr

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 25-S

Table 6Results of Stress Rupture Tests at


538 C (1000 F)

Alloy
MBF-1001X
MBF-1002X
MBF-1003X
BAu-4

Time of Failure
@ 455 kg (1000 Ib)
Did not fail after 300 hr
Did not fail after 300 hr
Did not fail after 300 hr
I hr

Table 7Results of Stress Rupture Tests at


816 C (1500 F)

Alloy
MBF-100IX
MBF-1002X
MBF-1003X
BAu-4

Time of Failure
228 kg
455 kg
(@500 Ib)
(@1000 Ib)
60 min
138 min
0.0 min
0.0 min

6.0
12.0
0.0
0.0

min
min
min
min

All BAu-4 brazements failed within an


hour, while brazements made with Ni-Pd
alloys did not fail even after 300 hr, when
the tests were discontinued.
However, at the higher test temperature of 816C (1500F), both MBF1003X
and BAu-4 alloys failed immediately after
loading. The alloy MBF-1002X exhibited
the best rupture strength, followed by
the MBF-1001X alloy. It is again interesting
to note here that the alloy MBF-1003X
contains silicon in addition to boron as a
melting point depressor.
Melting Characteristics
Figure 5 illustrates the DTA curves of
the Ni-Pd alloys. Alloys MBF-1001X and
MBF-1002X, containing only boron,
exhibit single melting troughs which are
characteristic of near-eutectic alloys. In

contrast, the alloy MBF-1003X, which


contains silicon in addition to boron,
shows t w o distinct troughs. The low
temperature trough is believed to be due
to the melting of palladium silicides. The
MBF-1003X alloy is also characterized by
a wide melting range, having a solidus
temperature (825C/1517F) much lower compared to MBF-1001X and MBF1002X (solidus temperatures 945 and
934C/1733 and 1713F, respectively).
A lower solidus temperature of the braze
filler metal is undesirable in applications
where brazements are exposed to elevated temperatures, such as aircraft
engine components. Based on these
equilibrium melting characteristics alone,
the addition of silicon with boron was
found to be detrimental for the Ni-Pd
based alloys.

,y945

v996

MBF-1001X

^976

MBF-1002X

Structure-Property Correlation
Based on DTA and mechanical properties, addition of silicon to Ni-Pd-Cr-B leads
to detrimental effects. The silicon-andboron-containing MBF-1003X has a wider
melting range and is characterized by a
lower solidus compared to the boroncontaining MBF-1001X and 1002X. Also,
mechanical properties of MBF-1003X
brazements are comparatively inferior to
those of MBF-1001X and MBF-1002X.
These phenomena are believed to stem
from palladium silicide formation in joints
brazed with MBF-1003X. Therefore, it
behooves us to examine representative
brazed joint microstructures and determine the role of silicon in modifying joint
morphology and associated mechanical
properties. For this comparison, brazed
joints were made using AISI-316 stainless
steel base metal. Filler metals used were
MBF-1001X and MBF-1003X alloys. Brazing was performed in a vacuum furnace
at a vacuum of about 1 0 - 4 torr for 10 min

Temperature (C)-
Fig. 5 Thermograms of various alloys

and for 12 hr, at a temperature of


1010C (1850F).
Microstructure of AISI-316/MBF-1001X Joints
Brazed for 10 Minutes and for 12 Hours
Figure 6 illustrates AIS1-316/MBF-1001X
joints brazed for 10 min. A narrow centerline eutectic was observed in the
brazed joint (Fig. 6A), a portion of which
is further magnified in Fig. 6B. Three
distinct phases were identified in the
centerline eutectic region by Auger elemental analysis Fig. 7. These phases, as
labelled in Fig. 6B, consist of:
1. Dark particles- found to be rich in

Cr and B.

"W..

4A

*[Cr,B)

GNi.Pcn
.
K '-**

Fig. 6 - Photomicrographs of AISl-316/MBF-100IX joint brazed for 10 min. A portion of the narrow centerline eutectic in A (inside the black box) is
shown at a higher magnification in B

26-s | JANUARY 1986

-alO a

* * "

i
CCr.B)

#;

400

500

600

700

900

ai

- af" |

"'

-ft

jm -

1000

'**

1,

' -

ccr.e)

Kinetic Energy, Ev
Fig. 7 Differentiated spectrums of Auger electrons obtained from different phases of AISI316/MBF-1001X joint brazed for 10 min

2. Dark area found to be rich in Ni


and B.
3. Light background identified to be
rich in Ni and B.
The centerline eutectic completely disappeared at an increased brazing time of
12 hr Fig. 8A. A high concentration of
boron was found along the grain boundaries of the braze interface. A typical area
of the braze interface was shown at a
higher magnification in Fig. 8B. The dark
particles along the grain boundaries in Fig.
8B were identified to be rich in Cr and B
by Auger mapping Fig. 8C.
Microstructure of AISI-316/MBF-1003X Joints
Brazed for 10 Minutes and for 12 Hours
The 10 min brazed joint exhibited a
wide centerline eutectic, as illustrated in
Fig. 9A. As this filler metal contains silicon
in addition to boron as melting point
depressors, the joint morphology was
also different compared to that of the
MBF-1001X alloy. The volume fraction of
the centerline eutectic is much larger and
the microstructure is significantly coarser.
Two distinct phases, present in the centerline eutectic region (Fig. 9B), were
identified by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) x-ray area scans (Fig. 9C and
9D) as:
1. white area compounds of Pd and
Si
2. dark area compounds of Ni, Cr
and B
In addition, a silicon profile of the 10 min
brazement obtained by electron probe

microanalysis indicated that almost all the


silicon was concentrated in the joint area,
as illustrated in Fig. 10.
As described in the previous case, the
centerline eutectic disappeared when the
brazing was performed for 12 hr Fig.
11 A. Voids in the joint base metal interface were observed, probably due to
Kirkendall effect. The distribution of silicon determined by EPMA is shown in Fig.
11B. It was found that, for longer brazing
time, silicon did diffuse out of the joint
area into the matrix. However, as
observed from Fig. 11, most of the silicon
was concentrated near the braze interface.
Comparison of Joint Strength
The joint strengths of the boron-containing MBF-1001X alloy and the boronplus-silicon-containing MBF-1003X alloy
were evaluated using single lap shear test
specimens, as described previously in the
Lap Shear Tests section. The results of the
lap shear test are given in Table 8. Analysis of the strength data indicated significant improvement of joint strength after
prolonged brazing in the case of MBF1003X alloy. This is possibly due to diffusion of silicon from the brazed joint, as
illustrated in Fig. 11. The MBF-1001X alloy,
on the other hand, did not exhibit any
noticeable improvement of joint strength
after prolonged brazing for 12 hr. In
general, however, the MBF-1001X alloy
produces much stronger joints compared
to the MBF-1003X alloy. These tests dem-

Fig. 8-Photomicrographs of A1S1-316/MBF100IX joint brazed for 12 hr. A portion of the


base metal near the interface in A (inside black
box) is shown at a higher magnification in B.
C a photomicrograph of Auger elemental
mapping
onstrate that addition of silicon in Ni-Pd
alloy reduces the joint strength. This deleterious effect appears to stem from a
coarse centerline eutectic consisting of
palladium silicide particles.
Corrosion Behavior
The primary objective of the corrosion
tests was to investigate the possibility of
galvanic corrosion at the brazed joint.
The nobilities of the braze alloy (MBF1002X) and the base metal (lnconel-718)
in alkaline and chlorinated alkaline solutions were determined and compared.
The results of the electrochemical behavior are shown in Figs. 12 and 13. From the
intercept of the anodic and cathodic E-i

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 27-s

Q.

AISI-316/MBF-1003x Joint B r a z e f o M O minutes

ui
>
ui
o

Fig. 10 - Silicon profile of AISI-316/MBF- 1003X


10 min brazement, illustrating concentration of
silicon in the joint area

o
tr
<
Ul
tn

o
tr
<
LU

(/>
UJ

tr
ui

E
CL

O
i
ui

>
X

o
tr
<

UJ

t/>
UJ

tr

lines, Ecor in chlorinated solutions was


- 0 . 2 4 and - 0 . 1 6 V versus SCE for lnconel-718 and MBF-1002X alloys, respectively. In the solutions without KCI, the
potentials at both MBF-1002X and lnconel-718 electrodes were close to 0.2 V
versus SCE.
The cathodic components at all elecFig. 9 Photomicrographs of AISI-316/MBF- I003X brazed joints, illustrating presence of palladiumtrodes were oxygen reduction and exhibited characteristic linear Tafel relationsilicides in the centerline eutectic region
ships (Ref. 8). The anodic component at
the early stages of corrosion was the
HfJHjf 'f
I.
formation of anodic oxide or hydroxide
films over the MBF-1002X and lnconel718 electrodes. From the intercepts of
the anodic and cathodic components of
* \a
fit'
Ecor of individual electrodes, corrosion
current densities (icor) were determined.
: ** .
The corrosion current densities of both
electrodes were found to be about 10~7
A / c m 2 in solutions either with or without
the presence of Cl~ ions.
It is evident from these experiments
that the MBF-1002X alloy, though having
different Tafel slopes (i.e., dE/dlogi are
different than those of lnconel-718), has
corrosion potentials close to the Ecor of
lnconel-718. Corrosion current densities
*
X-RAV COUNTS WERE COLLECTED FOR
at MBF-1002X and lnconel-718 are nearly
100 SEC. FROM EACH RECTANGLE
A
equal in both solutions. From these data,
it can be concluded that in alkaline solu100um
tions MBF-1002X is well matched to
Fig. 11 AISI-316/MBF-1003X joint brazed for 12 hr, illustrating dispersion ot centerline eutecticlnconel-718. Slight differences in Ecor
between lnconel-718 and MBF-1002X
and distribution of silicon
may not be significant. When shorted, as
in a brazed system, the lnconel-718/
MBF-1002X couple shows a common
Long
Brazing
Cycles
Table 8Joint Strength for Short anc
corrosion potential of about 0.2 V versus SCE Fig. 12. This potential does not
Area of
Tensile Strength
Shear Strength
Brazing
change significantly with time for about
Failure
MPa (psi)
MPa (psi)
Time
Alloy
20 hr (the end of the experiment). These
400 (58,208)
Joint
200 (29,104)
MBF-1001X
10 min
experiments with coupled electrodes also
430 (62,400)
Joint
215 (31,200)
12 hr
MBF-1001X
showed that the MBF-1002X/lnconel-718
284 (41,200)
Joint
142 (20,600)
10 min
MBF-1003X
brazed system behaves well in alkaline
372 (54,000)
Joint
186 (27,000)
12 hr
MBF-1003X
solutions.
* >

II

28-s | JANUARY 1986

538 a n d 8 1 6 C ( 1 0 0 0 and 1500F)


c o m p a r e d t o those b r a z e d w i t h BAu-4
filler m e t a l . T h e r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e joint
ductility of the Ni-Pd based c o m p o s i t i o n s
have b e e n f o u n d t o be c o m p a r a b l e t o
that o f BAu-4 alloy.

.2
"c

(0

01

*o
>.
UJ

vi

&8

S3
+*

3 'S

o
a.
e
o
'5
o

>
"5

o
o
c
o

1-

1
E
o

_o.-

Q)

o
a.

Anodic C o m p o n e n t Of lnco-718
/ ( D i s s o l u t i o n & Oxide Formation)

i 1

.2
o 17

-w^.

1 *
X

^^-zz>*-^"\Anodic
C o m p o n e n t of MBF-1002X
r^*^
(Dissolution & Oxide Formation)
Cathodic C o m p o n e n t of MBF-1002X
x M 0 , - l - 2 H ; , 0 + 4e = 4 O H ~ )

^^^^"i
X

**
U

v ^
^ v *

UJ 1

C a t h o d i c C o m p o n e n t Of lnco-718
/ ( 0 2 + 2 H 2 0 + 4e = 4 O H " )

10

^ " S a

10
Current Density (Amp/cm2)

10

Fig. 12 - Corrosion beha vior of MBF- 1002X brazing alloy and lnconel-718 base metal in chlorina ted
0. IN KOH solution

a-

Anodic Component of MBF-1002X


(Dissolution & Oxide Formation)

uT +

8m

tn

a^ Anodic Component Of lnco-718


(Dissolution & Oxide Formation)

>
X

Cathodic Component of MBF -1002X


/ ( 0 2 + 2H20 + 4e = 4OH " )

a ^ ~ X _

'

a.
c

2
u
o

Uj

to __

Cathodic Component Of lnco-718


(0 2 + 2H20 + 4e = 4OH")
_i

i i

3 45678

10"

10"

10"

X
10 " 4

Current Density (Amp/cm )


Fig. 13- Corrosion behavior of MBF- I002X brazing alloy and lnconel-718 base metal in 0.1 KOH
solution

Conclusions
Nickel-palladium based filler metals in a
flexible metallic glass foil f o r m h a v e b e e n
d e v e l o p e d primarily as replacements f o r
gold-based filler metals, such as A W S
BAu-4 (82Au-18Ni w t % ) . Like BAu-4, the
brazing t e m p e r a t u r e s of the Ni-Pd alloys
are b e l o w 1 0 1 0 C (1850F), r e n d e r i n g
t h e m suitable f o r joining critical aircraft
engine c o m p o n e n t s m a d e w i t h 7 ' hard-

The c o r r o s i o n studies indicate that


b o t h MBF-1002X and lnconel-718 alloys
have v e r y similar c o r r o s i o n characteristics. T h e c o r r o s i o n current density o f
b o t h materials is a b o u t 1 0 " 7 A / c m 2 . T h e
c o r r o s i o n potentials in 0.1 N K O H solutions are close t o 0.20 V versus SCE.
From these data and the b e h a v i o r of the
M B F - 1 0 0 2 X / l n c o n e l - 7 1 8 c o u p l e d sample,
it can b e c o n c l u d e d the Ni-Pd based
MBF-1002X alloy is w e l l m a t c h e d t o
lnconel-718 base metal.

Acknowledgments

ooo

Effects of b o r o n a n d silicon, t h e p r i m a ry melting p o i n t depressors in Ni-Pd


alloys, have also b e e n studied. The presence o f silicon in c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h b o r o n
in Ni-Pd alloys has b e e n f o u n d t o be
d e t r i m e n t a l , since it l o w e r e d the solidus
t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e r e b y increasing the melting range. Also, the joint strength is
r e d u c e d d u e t o the f o r m a t i o n of palladiu m silicides in the b r a z e d joint.

e n e d superalloys, such as lnconel-718.


Elevated
temperature
mechanical
properties of lnconel-718 joints b r a z e d
w i t h these Ni-Pd based c o m p o s i t i o n s
h a v e b e e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e of g o l d based BAu-4 alloy. T h e joint shear
strengths o f these Ni-Pd alloys at 5 3 8 C
(1000F) h a v e b e e n f o u n d t o b e equal or
superior t o those of BAu-4 filler metal. In
a d d i t i o n , Ni-Pd alloy b r a z e m e n t s exhibited superior stress r u p t u r e b e h a v i o r at

The authors are greatly i n d e b t e d t o Dr.


Aleksander
Damjanovic,
Corporate
R & D , Allied C o r p o r a t i o n , M o r r i s t o w n ,
N. J., f o r c o n d u c t i n g c o r r o s i o n tests. T h e
authors w o u l d also like t o thank M s .
Nancy Testa f o r her technical assistance.

References
1. Schaeffer, R.P., Flynn, I.E., and Doyle, J.R,
1971. Brazing filler metal evaluation for an
aircraft gas turbine engine application. Welding /ournal 50 (9):394-s to 400-s.
2. Eng, R.D., Ryan, E.J., and Doyle, J.R.
1977. Nickel-base brazing filler metals for aircraft gas turbines. Welding journal 56 (10):1521.
3. Bose, D., Datta, A., and DeCristofaro, N.
1981. Comparison of gold-nickel with nickel
base metallic glass brazing foils. Welding /ourna/60(10):29-34.
4. D'Silva, T.L. 1979. Nickel-palladium base
brazing filler metal. Welding journal 58
(10):283-s to 286-s.
5. Omori, S., Hashimoto, Y., Shoji, K., Hidaka, K and Kohira, Y. 1972. Liquidus surfaces
of ternary nickel-boron-silicon alloy for infiltrant. Powder and Powder Metallurgy (Japan)
(Funtai Oyobi Funmatsuyakin) 18:22-26.
6. Hansen, M. 1958. Constitution of Binary
Alloys. McGraw Hill, New York, N.Y.
7. DeCristofaro, N and Henschel, C. 1978.
METGLAS brazing foils. Welding Journal 57
(7):33-38.
8. Bockins J., and Reddy, A. 1970. Modern
Electrochemistry. Vol. 2, Plenum Press, New
York, N.Y.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT | 29-s

WRC Bulletin 301


January 1985
A Parametric Three-Dimensional Finite Element Study of 45 Degree Lateral Connections
By P. P. Raju
This bulletin contains a s u m m a r y of three-dimensional finite element studies carried out on four lateral
configurations subjected independently to internal pressure, external in-plane m o m e n t on the nozzle,
and external in-plane m o m e n t on the run pipe. Stress indices for various critical regions are
summarized.
Publication of this report was sponsored by the Task Group on Laterals t h a t reported to the
Subcommittee on Reinforced Openings and External Loadings and the Subcommittee on Piping Pumps
and Valves of the Pressure Vessel Research C o m m i t t e e of the Welding Research Council.
The price of WRC Bulletin 3 0 1 is $14.00 per copy, plus $5.00 for postage and handling. Orders should
be sent with payment to the Welding Research Council, Room 1 3 0 1 , 345 E. 47 St., New York, NY
10017.

WRC Bulletin 303


April 1985
Interpretive Report on Dynamic Analysis of Pressure ComponentsThird Edition
This third edition provides an update of WRC Bulletin 269, including: a summary of the development
programs t h a t were completed subsequent t o the second edition; an update of the reference list; an
expanded dynamic modeling section, which includes response for stochastic forces; and the inclusion of
a new section on fluid-structure interaction.
This report was prepared and sponsored for publication by the Subcommittee on Dynamic Analysis of
Pressure Components of the Design Division of the Pressure Vessel Research C o m m i t t e e of the Welding
Reseach Council.
The price of WRC Bulletin 303 is $14.00 per copy, plus $5.00 for postage and handling. Orders should
be sent with payment to the Welding Research Council, Rm. 1 3 0 1 , 345 E. 47 St., New York, NY
10017.

WRC Bulletin 305


June 1985
This bulletin contains three summary reports prepared by the Japan Pressure Vessel Research Council
(JPVRC) Subcommittee on Hydrogen Embrittlement:
1) " H y d r o g e n Attack Limit of 2VA Cr-1 Mo S t e e l , " by Task Group I;
2) " E m b r i t t l e m e n t of Pressure Vessel Steels in High Temperature, High Pressure Hydrogen Environm e n t , " by Task Group II; and
3) " H y d r o g e n Embrittlement of Bond Structure Between Stainless Steel Overlay and Base M e t a l , " by
Task Group III.
The three Task Group reports were translated and summarized for publication by JPVRC and have
been reviewed and edited by the U.S. PVRC Subcommittee on Hydrogen Effects for publication in this
bulletin.
The price of WRC Bulletin 305 is $14.00 per copy, plus $5.00 for postage and handling. Orders should
be sent with payment t o the Welding Research Council, Rm. 1 3 0 1 , 345 E. 4 7 t h St., New York, NY
10017.

30-s | JANUARY 1986

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